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2023届高考英语二轮复习动词不定式课件
展开动词不定式,为非谓语动词。在英语语法中,动词不定式是指动词中的一种不带词形变化从而不指示人称、数量、时态的一种形式。它之所以被称做不定式,是因为动词不被限定,或者说不被词性变化所局限。不定式属于非谓语动词形式。然而在一些语言里(例如葡萄牙语),存在受时态、人称和数量影响的不定式形态。亦有些语言完全没有不定式,例如阿拉伯语、保加利亚语和现代希腊语。
在英语学习的课程中,动词不定式的一般现在时被称作“词典用词”,因为它一般被用作词典中该动词的词头。动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者(动词的使用者)发出。这一使动者(动词的使用者)我们称之为逻辑主语。
对于英语来说接不定式的单词多为“打算”“计划”“希望”“将要做某事”等表示未来(未做的事)的动词。同样与不定式表示不同,现在分词表示正在进行,一般性或经常性发生的行为。注意manage t d中的动词不定式表示的是已做的事。
语态:动词和参与此动作的主语之间关系的一个术语。当主语是动作的发起者(或之一)时,称为主动语态;如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:It's a great hnur t be invited t Mary's birthday party.(不定式作主语是被动语态t be invited是被邀请)It was impssible fr lst time t be made up.(不定式作主语)I wish t be sent t wrk in the cuntry.(不定式作宾语)Can yu tell me which is the car t be repaired?(不定式作定语)My wrk is t clean the rm every day.(不定式作表语)
在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如:There are still many things t take care f (t be taken care f).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:There is nthing t d nw.( We have nthing t d nw.)There is nthing t be dne nw.(We can d nthing nw.)
形式1) 一般式:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。一般为:动词+ t d smethingHe seems t knw this.I hpe t see yu again. = I hpe that I'll see yu again. 我希望再见到你。2) 完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。I'm srry t have given yu s much truble.He seems t have caught a cld.
3)进行式:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems t be eating smething.4)完成进行式:She is knwn t have been wreaking n the prblem fr many years.一般在表示情绪的动词后加t d也表将来
疑问词疑问词wh,what,which,when,where,whether,hw后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如:①When t leave fr Lndn has nt been decided yet. (不定式在句子中做主语)②Mr. Smith didn't knw whether t leave r stay there. (不定式在句子中做宾语)③I asked Prfessr Xu hw t learn English well. (不定式在句子中做直接宾语)④The questin was where t get the medicine needed. (不定式在句子中表语)
以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:①When we shall leave…③…hw Iculd learn……经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:cnsider,decide,discver,explain,find ut,frget,hear,knw,lea rn,bserve,understand,wnder等。
作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:(1)把不定式置于句首。如:T get there by bike will take us half an hur.骑自行车到那儿将花费我们半个小时。T make up fr lst time is nt pssible.要弥补失去的时光是不可能的。T lean ut f the windw is dangerus.身子探出窗外很危险。T save mney nw seems impssible.现在好像不可能存钱。
(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:①It+is+名词+t dIt's ur duty t take gd care f the ld.照顾老人是我们的责任。It is an ffence t drp litter in the street.在马路上乱丢废物是违章的。②It takes sb+sme time+t dHw lng did it take yu t finish the wrk?你花了多少时间来完成这项工作?
③It+be+形容词+fr/f sb+t dIt is difficult fr us t finish writing the cmpsitin in a quarter f an hur.我们难以在四分之一小时内完成这篇作文。It is stupid f yu t write dwn everything (that) the teacher says.你把老师说的所有东西都记下来的行为是很愚蠢的。④It seems(appears)+形容词+t dIt seemed impssible t save mney.
在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,imprtant,impssible,necessary 等;在句型③的第二个例句中,常用careless,clever,gd,flish,hnest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb be+形容词+t d句式 ,如:It's kind f yu t help me with my English.=Yu are kind t help me with my English.⑤It + 不定式结构可位于believe/cnsider/discver/expect/find/think和wnder之后He thught it wuld be safer t g by train.他认为乘火车比较安全。He will find it is hard t make friends.他会感觉到交朋友困难。
⑥不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语T have made the same mistake twice was unfrgivable.两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。It is better t have lved and lst than never t have lved at all.爱过而后失去了爱,比从未爱过要好。
(3)举例(1) It's easy (fr me) t d that.我做这事太容易了easy, difficult, hard, imprtant, pssible, impssible, cmfrtable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, t much, t little, nt enughIt's s nice t hear yur vice.听到你的声音真高兴。It's necessary fr yu t lck the car when yu d nt use it.当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
(2) It's very kind f him t help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, flish, thughtful, thughtless, brave, cnsiderate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)例句:It was silly f us t believe him. 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish f him nt t give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。注意:(1) 其他系动词如,lk,appear等也可用于此句型
(2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。(3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… t…的句型(对)T see is t believe. 眼见为实。(错)It is t believe t see.
作宾语1) 以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语affrd (付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到),appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt (试图),care(想要),chse(决定),claim(声称),cndescend(屈尊),cnsent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavr(竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hpe(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),ffer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),prceed(接着做),prmise(答应),prve(证明),refuse(拒绝),reslve(解
决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(预示),undertake(承诺),vlunteer(自愿做),vw(发誓),want(想要),wish(希望)举例:The driver failed t see the ther car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen t knw the answer t yur questin.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2) 动词+疑问词+ 不定式decide,knw,cnsider frget,learn,remember,shw,understand,see,wnder,hear,find ut,explain,tellPlease shw us hw t d that. 请演示给我们如何去做。There are s many kinds f tape-recrders n sale that I can't make up my mind which t buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。The questin is hw t put it int practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+t d句式。如:We think it quite imprtant fr us t learn a freign language well.He feels it his duty t help the pr.I find it difficult t learn English well.
作补语1) 动词+宾语+不定式(t d)常见动词:advise,allw,believe,cause,challenge,cmpel,declare,encurage,frbid,frce, find,hire,induce,instruct,invite,like,rder,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,select,send,suppse,tell,train,urge例句:a. Father will nt allw us t play n the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b. We believe him t be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。
2) t + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。常见动词:Acknwledge, believe, cnsider, think, declare(声称), discver, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, knw, prve, see(理解), shw, suppse, take(以为), understandWe cnsider Tm t be ne f the best students in ur class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。3) t be +形容词常见动词:Seem, appear, be said, be suppsed, be believed, be thught, be knwn, be reprted, hpe, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…The bk is believed t be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式常见动词:believe,expect,intend,like,lve,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstandWe didn't expect there t be s many peple there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard,think believe,take,cnsider.We regard Tm as ur best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary tk him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
作定语⒈不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:①The next train t arrive is frm Washingtn.②D yu have anything t be taken t yur sister?③D yu have anything t say n the questin?④Wuld yu please give me sme paper t write n?⑤My wish t visit France has cme true at last.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:(1)表示将来的动作(例①)。(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④)。
(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍 用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例②)。(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①t arrive=that will arrive。注意:作定语的不定式,如果是不及物动词或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面需有相应的介词。如:He fund a gd huse t live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。The child has nthing t wrry abut. 这个孩子无忧无虑。What did yu pen it with? 你用什么打开它?
如果不定式修饰time,place,way,可以省略介词:He has n place t live. 他无处安身。This is the best way t wrk ut this prblem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:Have yu gt anything t send? 你要送什么东西吗?Have yu gt anything t be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗?
1.Fill in the blanks with the prper frms f the verbs given.
I’m afraid it’ll be very hard fr yu _________ (adapt) this stry fr children.After __________ (think) everything ver, she decided _______________ (nt resign) her pst.Yu’d better nt get __________ (anny) at his ignrance.All f us are satisfied, since everything seems _____________(g) n smthly.
nt t resign
5. It might be better __________ (try) ______________ (discuss) in his wn language as he isn’t used t _____________(speak) in English yet.6. _________(see) frm the hilltp, the lake is extremely beautiful.7. If yu culdn’t get anything _________ (pen) the beer bttle with, why nt ________ (try) __________(pen) it with yur teeth.8. When I pen the dr I nticed smene _________(sit) by her side ____________(talk) with her.
discussing
9. He ran all the way t the statin nly __________ (find) the train had left.10. ----Did he manage _____________ (carry) the truck upstairs?----N, he didn’t. he isn’t strng enugh even __________ (mve) it.11. She remembered ___________ (pass) n mst f the infrmatin, but she frgt ____________ (mentin) ne r tw f the mst imprtant facts.12. The enemy was reprted ________________ (run) away tw days befre.
2.Translatin
1.我能听到你的声音真高兴。
It is s nice fr me t hear yur vice.
I am srry t have frgtten t turn ff the light.
3.Lucy告诉他不要哭。
Lucy tld him nt t cry.
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