高考英语二轮复习虚拟语气学案（教师版）

高中英语 人教版 高三一轮复习 虚拟语气

【问题查找】

单项选择。

1. Had the governments and scientists not worked together , AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005.

A. had not fallen   B. would not fall         

C. did not fall            D. would not have fallen

2. We _______ back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map.

A. are   B. were   C. will be  D. would be

3. People are recycling many things which they away in the past.

A. had thrown        B. will be throwing

C. were throwing    D. would have thrown

4. They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation, or they _____ to our help.

A. would have come      B. could come             

C. have come            D. had come

5. I should not have laughed if I  ________  you were serious.

A．thought          B．would think      

C．had thought       D．have thought

6. If we ________ a table earlier, we wouldn't be standing here in a queue.

A. have booked    B. booked     

C. book      D. had booked

7. —It rained cats and dogs this morning.I'm glad we took an umbrella.

—Yeah, we would have got wet all over if we   ________. 

A．hadn't     B．haven't      C．didn't     D．don't

8. If he had spent more time practising speaking English before, he ________   able to speak it much better now.

A. will be               B. would be      

C．has been        D．would have been

答案与解释:

1. D 【解析】试题分析：句意：如果政府和科学家不共同努力，艾滋病相关的死亡就不会从2005年的最高点下降。使用虚拟语气， if条件句用的had done，而且省略it，将had提前，主句用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟。故选D。

2. D 【解析】试题分析：本题考查虚拟语气。句意：如果你不丢失地图，我们就已经到旅馆了。根据条件状语从句中“if we didn’t lose the map”可知，主从句都是对现在情况的假设，所以选用D。

3. D 【解析】试题分析：句意：人们现在正在回收过去会扔掉的东西。这句话的which引导的是定语从句，是一个隐含的虚拟语气，因为in the past相当于If they had been in the past，所以句子用虚拟语气，和过去相反用would have done。所以选D。

4. A 【解析】试题分析：这里when引导的是定语从句，修饰前面的名词months;根据谓语动词were可知事情发生过去，or后是对过去的虚拟，所以应该用would have done，故选A。句意：在我们进行调查期间他们在国外，要不然的话他们就来帮忙。

5. C 【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意为：如果我认为你是认真的话，我就不会笑了(实际上我笑了)。根据主句的谓语动词可知是与过去是相反的虚拟，所以if从句的谓语动词用过去完成时，故选C项。

6. D 【解析】考查虚拟语气。条件句“如果我们早订了桌子”是对过去的假设，所以用过去完成时的形式，选D。

7. A 【解析】考查虚拟语气。主句用would have done结构，从句应用had done结构，答语省略了taken the umbrella.

8. B 【 解析】考查虚拟语气。if从句中的had spent暗示从句是跟过去事实相反的，而主句中的now暗示主句跟现在事实相反，故用would do。句意：如果他以前多花点时间练习英语口语，他现在就能说得好多了。

【要点精讲】

虚拟语气

定义：虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设或建议，而不是客观存在的事实，它通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。

1．条件句中的虚拟语气

包含条件从句的句子称为条件句。条件句分为两类：

一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。

(1) 如果假设的情况很可能发生，就用真实条件句。

If he has time，he will come. 如果他有时间，他会来。

If you haven't finished your composition，you can hand it in tomorrow.

如果你还未写完作文，你可以明天交。

(2) 如果假设的情况发生的可能性不大，则用虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句分为三种，见下表：

假设情况 条件从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式

与现在事实相反 过去式(be的过去式常用were) would/should/might/could＋动词原形

与将来事实相反 ①过去式

②should＋动词原形

③were to＋动词原形 would/should/might/could＋动词原形

与过去事实相反 过去完成式(had＋过去分词) would/should/might/could＋have＋过去分词

例句：

If he had time now，he would(could，might)go with you.

要是他现在有时间，他会和你一起去的。(与现在事实相反)

If you had come a few minutes earlier，you would(could，might) have met the famous singer.

如果你能早来几分钟，你就会见到那个著名歌手了。(与过去事实相反)

If it were to snow this evening，they would not go out.

如果今天晚上下雪，他们就不会出去。(与将来事实相反)

【重点提示】含有条件状语从句中的虚拟语气使用时要注意以下几点：

(1)主句中的should只用于第一人称I和we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。

(2)在虚拟语气的从句中，动词“be”的过去时态常用“were”，If I were you...句式中，不用was。

(3)虚拟条件句中有were，had，should时，可把if省略，而把were，had，should放在主语前，用倒装结构，这种结构主要用于书面语中。

Were they here now，they could help us.

＝If they were here now，they could help us.

要是他们现在在这儿的话，就会帮助我们了。

Should it rain，the crops would be saved.

＝If it should rain，the crops would be saved.

假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。

【典题精析】

1．I actually believe that we         in Xi'an now if you hadn't been caught drunk driving last month.

A．would be　　       B．would have been  

C．were　　        D．had been

2．—What happened to the young trees we planted last week?

—The trees         well，but I didn't water them.

A．might grow　 B．needn't have grown

C．would have grown D．would grow

答案

1.  A 【解析】句意：事实上，我认为如果上个月你没因酒驾被逮住的话，我们现在就在西安呢。本题考查虚拟语气。if从句中的时间状语为过去时间(last month)，而主句的时间状语为now，所以主句是对现在事实的虚拟，应为would be。本题为“错综时间虚拟条件句”。

2. C 【解析】句意：——我们上周种的小树怎么了？——(如果我浇水的话)那些树会长得很好，但是我没浇水。根据but后的分句可知空格处为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，补全原句为：if I had watered them，the trees would have grown well，but I didn't water them.

2．虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用

主句 从句谓语形式 意义 例句

I wish 过去式(be用were) 从句与现在事实相反 I wish I were ten years younger.

但愿我能年轻10岁。

 could/

would＋动词原形 从句与将来事实相反 I wish I could fly to the moon some day.

如果有一天我能飞到月球上就好了。

 过去完成时 从句与过去事实相反 I wish I had met that film star yesterday.

我真希望昨天见到了那位电影明星。

I would

rather 过去时(be用were) 从句与现在事实相反 I'd rather we had a rest now.

我希望我们现在休息一下。

 过去时(be用were) 从句与将来事实相反 I'd rather you came tomorrow than today.我宁愿你明天来，而不是今天。

 过去完成时 从句与过去事实相反 I'd rather they hadn't dropped out of school.我真希望他们没有退学。

I insist/

demand/

require/

request/

propose/

suggest/

command/order... (should)动词原形 表示“建议、命令、要求”等，从句与

将来事实相反。 My father suggest that I (should) take enough sleep before the final examination.

爸爸建议我期末考试前睡眠要充足。

He insisted that I (should) come to his office at one o'clock.

他坚持要求我一点去他的办公室。

【提示】

（1）除上述列举的动词外，新课标词汇desire，recommend，urge等也符合上述用法。

（2）suggest表示“暗示”，insist表示“坚持某种说法”时，后面的从句不用虚拟语气。

【典题精练】

1．She wishes she ___to the cinema last night．

A．went    B．would go   

C．had gone    D．were going

2． He asks that he ________ an opportunity to explain why he’s refused to go there.

A. is given     B. must give  

C. should give      D. be given

3．The report urged that all the children _______ to swim.

A. are taught      B. be taught      

C. to be taught      D. being taught

答案

1. C【解析】句意：她希望她那晚去了电影院。根据句意，可知道这里是一个虚拟句，对过去事实的一个虚拟，要用过去完成时。

2. D 【解析】表示请求、建议、命令的动词后接宾语从句时，从句中的谓语部分需要用虚拟语气should + 动词原形。He和give an opportunity是被动关系。

3．B【解析】Urge后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气should+动词原形，should可以省略，且本句要使用被动语态；句意：那则报告强烈要求所有的孩子都被教会游泳。故B正确。

3. 错综时间条件句

在错综时间条件句中，条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为发生的时间不一致，因此动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。

If you had listened to the doctor，you would be all right now.

如果你当初听医生的话，现在你已经好了。(从句说明过去，主句说明现在)

If I were you，I would have taken her advice.如果我是你，我就接受她的建议。(从句说明现在，主句说明过去)

4．虚拟语气的其他用法

(1)It is (high/about) time that...中的that从句用虚拟语气。从句谓语用过去时或“should＋动词原形”，should不可省略。

It is high time that we had supper.我们该吃晚饭了。

(2)It is important (necessary，essential，strange，a pity等)that...中的that从句用虚拟语气。从句谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”或“should have＋过去分词”。

It is important that we (should) work hard.我们努力工作很重要。

It is a pity that he should have failed in the exam.他考试竟没有及格，真是遗憾。

(3)与表示请求、建议、命令、要求等意义的词相关的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，常用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。

He gave the advice that we (should) do the work carefully.他建议我们认真做这项工作。

It is suggested that we should start before sunset.(人们)建议我们日落前出发。

【拓展记忆】

一主张：insist

二命令：order, command

三建议：suggest, advise, recommend

四要求：request, require, ask, demand

外加一个敦促：urge

(4)as if/though引导的从句用虚拟语气时，从句谓语形式：

He talked as if he had known it. 他谈起来好像已知道此事。

(5)在if only引导的感叹句中也要求用虚拟语气，表示愿望。

用一般过去时或“would/could＋动词原形”，表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望；

用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望，常译为“要是……就好了”。

If only I were a flying bird!= If I were a bird, I would...

如果我是一只飞鸟该多好啊！

If only I had seen the film!= If I had seen the film, I would/ might/ should have done...

如果我看过那部电影该多好啊！

【典题精析】

1．I should not have laughed if I________you were serious.

A．thought  B would think  C．had thought D．have thought

【答案】　C  【解析】　考查虚拟语气。此处为if虚拟条件句，其主句使用的是should have done，可知是对过去的虚拟，故从句用过去完成时态表示对过去的虚拟。

2．My mom suggests that we________eat out for a change this weekend.

A．should B．might   C．could D．would

【答案】　A【解析】　考查虚拟语气。题干关键词为suggest，表示建议，其后所接的名词性从句应用“(should＋)动词原形”的虚拟语气，故选A。

3．The present situation is very complex，so I think it will take me some time to ________ its reality.

A．make up B．figure out  C．look through D．put off

【答案】　B 【解析】　考查动词词组辨析。句意：目前的形势非常复杂，要经过一段时间我才能弄明白它的实际情况。figure out“弄清楚；弄明白”，符合句意。make up“弥补；编造；构成”；look through“浏览”；put off“推迟；延期”

4．Grace doesn't want to move to New York because she thinks if she ________ there，she wouldn't be able to see her parents very often.

A．lives B．would live  C．has lived     D．were to live

【答案】　D 【解析】这是与将来情况相反的虚拟条件句。主句“Grace doesn't want to move to New York”说明她还没有搬到纽约去，搬到纽约去是对“未来”的虚拟。if引导的虚拟条件句中表示与将来的事实相反时可使用过去式、“should＋v.”或“were to＋v.”的形式，故选D。

5．If we ________ adequate preparations，the conference wouldn't have been so successful.

A．haven't made              B．wouldn't make  

C．didn't make              D．hadn't made

【答案】　D  【解析】由语境可知“会议是成功的”，因为“我们作了充分的准备”，由此推断此题考查与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，if从句用过去完成时，主句用“would/could/should/might ＋ have done” 形式，故D项正确。掌握与过去、现在或将来事实相反的虚拟语气的构成是解答此类题目的关键。

【查漏补缺】

单项选择。

1．If my car ________ more reliable，I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer.

A．was    B．had been   C．should be D．would be

【答案】　B【解析】　句意：如果我的汽车性能更可靠些，去年夏天我就会开车去拉萨而不是坐飞机去了。结合句意可知考查虚拟语气。由主句谓语would have driven和时间状语last summer可知，if条件句表示对过去情况的虚拟，故用过去完成时。解题关键是弄清虚拟的时间。

2．We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold ________ us a ride home.

A．didn't offer              B．wouldn't offer

C．hasn't offered        D．hadn't offered

答案D 【解析】根据句意以及题干中关键信息词would have called，yesterday以及if可知，强调的是虚拟语气的意思。根据过去时的时间状语提示，联想虚拟语气在过去时中的主句和从句各自的结构可知，答案为D。

3．—Where are the children？The dinner's going to be completely ruined.

—I wish they________always late.

A．weren't         B．hadn't been 

C．wouldn' be        D．wouldn't have been

【答案】　A   【解析】　wish引出虚拟语气，题干中出现了always，故从句虚拟应使用一般过去时。

4．I________through that bitter period without your generous help.

A．couldn't have gone        B．didn't go 

C．wouldn't go               D．hadn't gone

答案 A 【解析】without，with，or等可构成委婉虚拟语气，且that bitter period表示过去的时间，故对过去的虚拟语气用“主语＋should/would/could/might＋have done”表达，所以选A。

5．If I________long enough to have a job, I would choose to be a doctor________those AIDS patients.

A．had lived；helping        B．should live；help

C．were to live；to help        D．should have lived；help

答案 C【解析】　本句表示的是与将来事实相反的虚拟语气；第二空应用动词不定式作目的状语。故答案为C项。

6．If we________a table earlier, we wouldn't be standing here in a queue.

A. have booked     B.booked     C.book    D. had booked

【答案】　D 【解析】　考查虚拟语气。根据句意：如果我们早点订桌的话，我们就不会在这里站着排队了。可知if从句是对过去的虚拟，用过去完成时态。

7．Maybe if I________science，and not literature then，I would be able to give you more help.

A．studied B．would study  C．had studied D．was studying

【答案】　C   【解析】then表示过去的时间，if引导的从句是对过去的虚拟，因此使用过去完成时。

8．I am not going to sit here and let her abuse me.I demand that she immediately________for what she just said.

A．apologize         B．would apologize 

C．apologized        D．must apologize

答案 A 【解析】demand后表“要求”时，用“should＋动词原形”的形式，should也可省略，故选A。

9．If only I ________ a few days ago！Then I wouldn't have been feeling so worried now.

A．looked ahead        B．could look ahead

C．were to look ahead      D．had looked ahead

【答案】　D 【解析】 此处是对过去情况的假设，故用过去完成时。

10．It's high time that we________morning exercises.

A．do B．does  C．did D．doing

【答案】　C  【解析】　It's high time that...中的从句用虚拟语气，从句谓语可用过去时或“should＋动词原形”，should不可省略。

【梳理优化】

虚拟条件句

假设情况 条件从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式

与现在事实相反 过去式(be的过去式常用were) would/should/might/could＋动词原形

与过去事实相反 过去完成式(had＋过去分词) would/should/might/could＋have＋过去分词

与将来事实相反 ①过去式

②should＋动词原形

③were to＋动词原形 would/should/might/could＋动词原形

虚拟语气在宾语从句

①在动词wish后的宾语从句中，用法如下表：

主句 从句谓语形式

I wish 

从句与现在事实相反 过去式(be用were)

从句与过去事实相反 过去完成时

从句与将来事实相反 could/would/might ＋动词原形

②在动词would rather后的宾语从句中，用法如下表：

主句 从句谓语形式

I would rather 

从句与现在事实相反 过去时(be用were)

从句与过去事实相反 过去完成时

从句与将来事实相反 过去时(be用were)

③在表示愿望、建议、命令、请求等动词后的宾语从句中，从句谓语动词形式：(should)动词原形，从句与将来事实相反。

这类动词可按下列口诀记忆。

一坚持：insist

二命令：order，command

三建议：suggest，propose，advise

四要求：request，require，demand，ask

【强化巩固】

Ⅰ.使用虚拟语气改写下列句子,句意保持不变

1.She will be given enough money.She will buy the book.

If she 　　　　　enough money,she 　　　　　the book. 

答案:were given;would buy

2.He wants to come to the party,but he can’t because he has to work.

He 　　　　　to the party if he 　　　　　　to work.

答案:would go;didn’t have

3.Li Ping is easygoing,so she has a number of friends.

If she 　　　　　easygoing,Li Ping 　　　　　　a number of friends. 

答案:were not;wouldn’t have

Ⅱ. 完成句子。

1.没有战争的经历,海明威不会创作出著名的小说《永别了,武器》。

Without his wartime experiences,Hemingway 　　　　　　　　　　his famous novel A Farewell to Arms. 

答案:wouldn’t have written

2.我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。他肯定盼望着收到信。

I’d rather you 　　　　the letter right away.He must be looking forward to it. 

答案:posted

3.我们需要尽快完成工作。但愿他不会那么懒惰。

We need to finish the work as soon as possible.I wish that he　　　　　so lazy. 

答案:weren’t

4.要是我昨晚陪你去就好了。

I wish that I 　　　　　　　with you last night. 

答案:had gone

5.她建议我们把门锁上。

She advised that we　　　　　　 the gate locked. 

答案:(should) keep

【课后练习】

一、用所给词的适当形式填空。

1．He urged that we ____________(give)up the plan.

2．The boss demanded that Mary ____________(finish)it within a week.

3．Her pale face suggested she ____________(be)ill and I suggested that she ____________(see)the doctor.

4．He insisted that he ____________(be)right.

5．I wish I ____________(have)a little lab of my own.

6．I wish I ____________(be)as strong as you.

【答案】1.(should)give　2.(should)finish　3.was；(should)see　4.was　5.had　6.were

二、语法填空。

Once a farmer's donkey(驴) fell into a deep well. The animal cried loudly for hours, but the farmer couldn't figure out what to do __1__ it. Finally, he decided that the animal was old and that the well needed to be covered anyway, so he__2__(think) the donkey wasn't worth saving.

Then, he invited some of his neighbors to come over and help__3__. They all took a shovel (铁铲) and began to put dirt into the well.

At first, the donkey realized what was happening and cried__4__(pitiful). Then, to everyone's surprise, the donkey became quiet. A few shovel loads later, the farmer looked down into the well and was astonished at__5__he saw.

Each shovel of dirt hit its back, but the donkey was doing something __6__(amaze). It was shaking the dirt off and taking a step up.__7__ the neighbors continued to put more dirt on top of the animal, it would shake the dirt off and take one more step up.

Pretty soon everyone was surprised as the donkey stepped up over the edge of__8__ well and ran off happily!

When life sometimes __9__(put) dirt on you, the best way of getting out of the well is to shake the dirt off and take a step up. Each of your troubles is a stepping stone. You can get out of the deepest well just__10__ never giving up!

1.           2.            3.            4.            5.           

6.            7.            8.           9.            10.           

答案：1．with/for/about　根据语境可知，此处可以指“应对、处理这件事”的意思，与“do”连用，故可以填with或about；同时“it”也可以指代“驴”，此时可以填“for”。

2．thought　根据上句时态“decided”可知，本句也用一般过去时。故填thought。

3．him　根据上下文语境可知，他邀请邻居过来帮他一起填埋这头驴。故填him。

4．pitifully　所给词是用来修饰谓语动词“cried”的，修饰动词应用副词。故填pitifully。

5．what　根据题干结构可知，本句话包含一个宾语从句，从句中缺少“saw”的宾语，意为“所……的”。故填what。

6．amazing　所给词在句中用来修饰不定代词“something”，意为“令人感到惊奇的”。故填amazing。

7．As/When　根据两句话之间的语境逻辑可知，此处所缺词应意为“随着……”或者“当……时”。故填As/When。注意首字母应大写。

8．the　此处特指上文提到的这口井。故填the。

9．puts　根据题干可知，所给词作谓语；同时这是这则寓言故事的道理，因此时态应用一般现在时。故填puts。

10．by　根据语境可知，此处所填词与动名词连用，表示方式手段。