2022-2023初中英语基础知识大全-句子的结构

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初中英语基础知识
句子的结构
句子按结构分,可以分为简单句、并列句和主从复合句.
(一)简单句
简单句是只包含一个主谓结构的句子,它的主语可以是并列主语,谓语也可以是并列谓语.
The book on the table is mine.桌子上的书是我的.
Lucy and I want to go shopping.我和露西想去逛街.
1.简单句的五种基本句型
(1)主语＋连系动词＋表语(S+V+P)
The weather is getting colder and colder.天气变得越来越冷了.
She became a singer.她成了一名歌手.
(2)主语＋不及物动词(S+Vi)
The students are swimming.学生们在游泳.
Classes begin.开始上课了.
(3)主语＋及物动词＋宾语(S+Vt+O)
My foreign friends love Chinese food.我的外国朋友们喜欢中国菜.
We have just watched this film.我们刚刚看过这部电影.
(4)主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(S+Vt+IO+DO)
My sister showed me all her photos.我姐姐给我看了她所有的照片.
Mr. Zhang teaches us Chinese.张老师教我们中文.
(5)主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语(S+Vt+O+C)
We found us in a dark room.我发现我们在一间黑屋子里.
His friends call him Jim.他的朋友叫他吉姆.
2.there be句型
除了以上五种基本句型,英语里还有一个特殊的句型叫 there be句型.There是无意义的引导词,be是谓语动词,它后面的名词是句子的主语,主语和谓语动词保持数的一致.
(1)there be句型的基本结构,如下表:
肯定式
There is/are...
否定式
There is/are not...
疑问式
Is/Are there...?
Yes, there is./No, there isn't.
Yes, there are,/No, there aren't.
There are a lot of people in the hall.大厅里有很多人.
There isn't any milk left in the bottle.瓶子里一点牛奶都没有了.
There aren't any books on the table.桌子上没有书.
点拨:have表示的是“某人、某组织拥有”,是一种“所有、拥有”的关系,主语通常是人和某个由人组成的组织,与there be句型所表示的含义不同.
There are some books in her schoolbag.她书包里有一些书.(只表示存在)
She has some books in her schoolbag.她书包里有一些书.(表示所有、拥有)
(2)there be 句型中的谓语动词.
①there be句型最常用的谓语动词是be动词,除此之外,谓语动词还可以是情态动词或半助动词.如:
There must be a reason for his leaving.他离开一定有某种理由.
There has to be no connection between school education and religion.学校教育不能与宗教有联系.
②某些表状态的动词如remain, seem, lie, exist, live, stand等,以及表示位置转移的动词如arrive, come, enter, follow, rise等,也可以用于there be句型.如:
There exists no life on the moon.月球上不存在生命.
There rose a full moon from the top of the mountain.山巅升起一轮满月.
点拨:在there be句型中,如果是并列主语,则谓语动词与靠近它的那个名词保持数的一致.如:
There are two pens, three pencils and a ruler in my pencil box.我文具盒里有两支钢笔、三支铅笔和一把尺子.
There is a ruler, two pens and three pencils in my pencil box.我文具盒里有一把尺子、两支钢笔和三支铅笔.
(二)并列句
两个或两个以上互相连接而在语法上又属于同一类型的语言结构称为并列结构,并列成分由连词加以连接.如果各个并列成分为意义和结构上互不依从的主谓结构,那么这种并列结构就叫并列句.并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序,常用的并列连词有and, but, or, so, yet, for, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...等.并列句大致可分为五种句型.
1.and型(并列关系)
(1)A and B:A和B
The dress is very nice, and the price is reasonable.这条裙子很漂亮,价格也合理.
My mother knocked at the door, and I went to open the door for her.我妈妈敲门了,我去给她开门.
(2)not only A but (also) B, B as well as A:不但A而且B
这个结构的侧重点在后面的分句,并且连接句子用倒装形式.
Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.这个可怜的人不仅被逮捕了,而且还被送进了监狱.
Not only is he good at computer, but he can speak English fluently.他不仅擅长计算机,还能说一口流利的英语.
2.but型(转折关系)
该类型的并列句表示转折和对比的意义,常用的连接词有but, still和yet.如:
He is not a super clever boy, but he is very diligent.他不是一个绝顶聪明的男孩儿,但是他很勤奋.
He doesn't earn much, but he can arrange the money reasonably.他赚的不多,但能合理安排钱的使用.
3.or型(选择关系)
这类结构表示选择意义.
(1)or:否则
表示否定的条件(表示肯定的条件用and连接),也可以用or else或otherwise连接.如:
Take a map with you, or you will get lost.(=If you don't take a map with you, you will get lost.)带上地图,否则你会迷路的.(如果你不带地图,你就会迷路的.)
Work hard, or/or else/otherwise you won't be successful.努力工作,否则你不会成功的.
(2)either...or...:或是······或是······,不是······就是······
Either she is to blame or you are.不是她该受责备,就是你该受责备.
Either she is right or he is.或者她对,或者他对.
4.so型(因果关系)
这类结构表示因果关系,常用的连接词是so(因此,所以).如:
He worked all night, so he looked very tired and sleepy in the morning.他工作了一整夜,所以早上看起来十分疲惫和困倦.
I have a meeting at 10 o'clock in the morning, so I must leave now.我上午十点钟有个会,所以我现在得走了.
点拨:so不能与 because同时出现在一个句子中.5.for型(因果关系)这类结构表示因果关系,常用的连词为for(因为).for表因果关系时不用于句首,所引导的分句对前面的分句做解释,或对前面发生的事情进行推断,通常与前一个分句用逗号隔开;它所表示的因果意思不如because强烈和直接.because从句讲述的通常是直接原因,可用于回答why引起的问句,而for不可以.如:
He must have done something wrong, for the teacher called him to the office angrily.他一定做错了什么事,因为老师很生气地把他叫到了办公室.
It must have rained just now, for the road is wet.刚才一定下雨了,因为路面湿了.
(三)主从复合句
如果一个句子充当另一个句子的组成部分,如主语、宾语、表语、补语、同位语、定语和状语等,那么具有这样结构的句子组合就叫做主从复合句.充当某一成分的句子称为从句,带有从句的句子称为主句.从句常有连接词引导,起修饰、说明主句的作用,与主句之间是从属的关系.根据从句在全句中充当的成分不同,从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句.由于前四种从句在复合句中起名词的作用,它们又统称为名词性从句.
1.宾语从句
从句在复合句中充当宾语的就叫宾语从句.最常见的宾语从句有动词的宾语从句和介词的宾语从句.常用的引导宾语从句的引导词有that, whether, if, who, what, which, when, where, how, why等.
(1)that引导的宾语从句
that引导宾语从句时,只起连接词的作用,在从句中不做任何成分.that引导的宾语从句主要有三种结构.
①动词＋that从句.如:
I hope that you will have a good time here.我希望你在这儿玩得愉快.
His parents expect that he can pass the college entrance examination.他的父母期待他能通过大学人学考试.
We all agree that it would be interesting to have a picnic in the countryside.我们都认为到乡下去野炊会很有趣.
We advised that the company should not raise its prices.我们建议公司不要涨价.
点拨:A.在这种结构中,that常常可以省略,尤其在口语和非正式文体中.
I know it is not easy to finish this task alone.我知道独立完成这项任务不容易.
I think he is right.我觉得他是对的.
B.动词doubt的否定结构后接that引导的宾语从句,它的肯定结构后接whether/if引导的宾语从句.
I don't doubt that he will be against the idea.我毫不怀疑他会反对这一想法.
I doubt whether he will be against the idea.我怀疑他是否会反对这一想法.
②动词＋间接宾语＋that从句.如:
He explained to us that he wanted to help us.他向我们解释他想帮助我们.
He reminded us that we should get up at six o'clock tomorrow morning.他提醒我们明天早上应该六点起床.
③动词＋it+形容词或惯用搭配＋that从句,这类结构中it做的是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的宾语从句.如:
We think it necessary that everybody should protect the environment.我们认为每个人都保护环境是必要的.
We consider it a pity that a man like him should not succeed.我们觉得像他那样的人不能成功很遗憾.
点拨:that引导的宾语从句通常不能充当介词的宾语,介词except, but和in例外.如:
I know little about Dutch except that it is an European country.除了知道荷兰是一个欧洲国家以外,我对它一无所知.
He would have succeeded but that he gave it up.若不是他放弃了,他会成功的.(but that 意为“若不是”.)
(2)whether/if引导的宾语从句
宾语从句常用 whether/if引导,意为“是否”.如:
I wonder whether/if it is necessary to spend so much money on the party.我不知道是否有必要花那么多钱开这个晚会.
He didn't know whether/if he can finish the task on time.他不知道他是否能按时完成这项任务.
点拨:whether和if虽然都能引导宾语从句,但是有一些区别.以下几种情况只能用whether不能用if.
①引导介词的宾语从句时.
It all depends on whether he can pass the exam.这要看他是否能通过考试.
②引导词后面直接跟有or not时.
I don't know whether or not he will receive the letter.我不知道他是否会收到那封信.
③将宾语从句放在句首表强调时.
Whether the news is believable or not, I don't know yet.消息是否可信,我还不知道.
(3)wh-疑问词引导的宾语从句
wh-疑问词引导的宾语从句既可以做动词的宾语又可以做介词的宾语.如:
They want to know how they can get to the nearest hospital.他们想知道怎样去最近的医院.
This book gives us some advice on how to get on with other people.这本书给了我们一些如何与他人相处的建议.
点拨:wh-疑问词引导的宾语从句,宾语从句中都用陈述句语序(见上面的例句).
(4)直接引语和间接引语
当我们引用别人的话时,可以一字不差地引用原话,放在引号内,叫直接引语.也可以间接地转述别人的话,不加引号,叫间接引语.直接引语转换成间接引语时,间接引语多是带有宾语从句的主从复合句.
① He said,“I will choose a birthday present for my mother.”他说:“我将为妈妈选一份生日礼物.”
He said that he would choose a birthday present for his mother.他说他将为妈妈选一份生日礼物.
②He said to me,“I've left my book in your room.”他对我说:“我把书放在你的房间里了.”
He told me that he had left his book in my room.他告诉我他把书放在我的房间里了.
直接引语转换成间接引语时,会产生一些变化.
①句型的变化.
直接引语

间接引语

陈述句

一般疑问句
选择疑问句
特殊疑问句
祈使句
感叹句
say+that从句
tell+间接宾语＋that从句
ask/wonder+whether/if从句
ask/wonder + whether...or.../or not
ask/wonder+wh-疑问词＋陈述句语序
ask/tell/order+宾语＋(not)to do
say/remark+how/what/that+句子
He said,“ I've just received an invitation from an international
medical conference.”他说:“我刚刚收到一个国际医学会议的邀请函.”
He said that he had just received an invitation from an international
medical conference.他说他刚刚收到一个国际医学会议的邀请函.
He said to me,“ Have you seen the film before?”
他对我说:“你以前看过这部电影吗？”
He asked me whether/if I had seen the film before.
他问我以前是否看过这部电影.
She asked,“ Is he leaving for America or Canada?”
她问,“他是要去美国还是要去加拿大？”
She wondered he was leaving for America or Canada.
她不知道他是要去美国还是加拿大.
“Where is the post office?”said Henry.亨利问:“邮局在哪儿？”
Henry asked where the post office was.亨利问邮局在哪儿.

The teacher said,“ Keep quiet, class.”老师说:“同学们,保持安静.”
The teacher told the students to keep quiet.老师吩咐学生们保持安静.
He said,“ How beautiful she is.”他说:“她多么漂亮啊.”
how beautiful she was.
He remarked 他说她很漂亮.
that she was beautiful.
②人称和代词的变化.
直接引语
间接引语
第一、二人称
第二人称
this
that
第三人称
第一人称
these
those
My mother asked me,“ Betty, have you washed your clothes?”妈妈问我:“贝蒂,你洗完你的衣服了吗？”
My mother asked me whether I had washed my clothes.妈妈问我是否洗完了衣服.
He said to me,“ Keep your eyes closed for a while.”他对我说:“闭一会儿眼睛.”
He told me to keep my eyes closed for a while.他让我闭一会儿眼睛.
They said,“ We want to buy this car.”他们说:“我们想买这辆车.”
They said that they wanted to buy that car.他们说他们想买那辆车.
③动词时态的变化.
直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时
现在进行时
现在完成时
一般将来时
一般过去时
过去进行时
过去完成时
过去将来时
He said,“ We are playing basketball on the playground.”他说:“我们正在操场上打篮球.”
He said that they were playing basketball on the playground.他说他们正在操场上打篮球.
They said,“ We have lived in Beijing for four years.”他说:“我们在北京住了四年了.”
They said that they had lived in Beijing for four years.他说他们在北京住了四年了.
She said,“I will go to French for studying.”她说:“我要到法国去学习.”
She said that she would go to French for 'studying.
她说她要到法国去学习.
She said,“ My brother wants to go with me tomorrow.”
她说:“我哥哥明天想和我一起去.”
She said that her brother wanted to go with her the next day.
她说她哥哥第二天想和她一起去.
点拨:①时态的变化也不是绝对的.若直接引语为自然真理、谚语或直接引语中有确定的表示过去的时间状语,间接引语中的动词无时态变化.
He said,“ The sun rises in the east and falls down in the west.”
He said that the sun rises in the east and falls down in the west.他说太阳从东边升起,西边落下.
The teacher said,“ Columbus discovered America in 1492.”
The teacher said that Columbus discovered America in 1492.老师说哥伦布1492年发现美洲.
②情态动词的时态变化和普通动词一样.下面是一些情态动词的时态变化表.
直接引语
间接引语
can
may
must

dare not
need not


ought to
could
might
must(表示推测意义)
must/had to/would have to
dare not/didn't dare to
need not/didn't have to
didn't need to
wouldn't have to
ought to/should
He said,“ You may borrow this book.”他说:“你可以借这本书.”
He said that I might borrow that book.他说我可以借那本书.
She said,“ Mum must be very tired.”她说:“妈妈一定很累.”
(She said that Mum must be very tired.她说妈妈一定很累.
She said,“ I dare not go out alone in the evening.”她说:“我晚上不敢一个人出去.”
She said that she dare not/didn't dare to go out alone in the evening.她说她晚上不敢一个人出去.
④时间状语和地点状语的变化.
直接引语
间接引语
Today
this morning
yesterday
yesterday morning
the day before yesterday
tomorrow
that day
that morning
the day before
the morning before
two days before
the next day/the following day
the day after tomorrow
next month
last week
two years ago
now
here
in two days' time/two days after
the next month/the following month
the week before
two years before
then
there
He said to me,“ Where did you find this watch three days ago?”他对我说:“三天前,你在哪儿找到这块表的？”
He asked me where I had found that watch three days before.他问我三天前我是在哪儿找到那块表的.
2.状语从句
修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫状语从句.状语从句可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、结果、条件、方式、让步和比较等.
(1)时间状语从句
时间状语从句由 when, whenever, as, while, before, after, until, till, since, as soon as等表示时间的从属连词引导.如:
When he comes here tomorrow, I will call you.明天他来时我给你打电话.
Just call me whenever you need help.无论何时需要帮助,尽管打电话给我.
While he was walking down the street, he met Richard.当他走在街上时,他遇到了理查德.
It will not be long before she finishes her writing.她不久就能写完了.
I have worked here since I graduated from the university.大学毕业后我一直在这里工作.
As soon as she got home from work, she cooked dinner.她一下班回家就做晚饭.
点拨:时间状语从句的语序是陈述句语序.从句既可以放在主句的前边,也可以放在主句的后边.当从句在主句前边时,要用逗号把主句和从句隔开;当从句在主句后边时,则无需用逗号与主句隔开;当主句是疑问句时,时间状语从句只能在主句的后边.
When Mary was young, she lived with her aunt in a big house.玛丽小时候跟她的姑姑住在一座大房子里.
He had finished his homework when I got home.当我到家时他已经完成作业了.
(2)地点状语从句
地点状语从句由 where, wherever, everywhere等连词引导.如:
There are plenty of trees where I live.我住的地方有很多树.
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者,事竟成.
点拨:指具体地点时,从句可放在主句前,也可放在主句后;兼有抽象条件的含义时,从句须放在主句前.
(3)原因状语从句
原因状语从句由because, since, as等连词引导.如:
Jim is trying to find a place of his own because he wants to live independently.吉姆在设法找一个属于他自己的住处,因为他想独立生活.
She didn't come back yesterday because it was raining hard.她昨天没有回来,因为雨下得很大.
点拨:①because常用来回答why的提问.
-Why didn't you come to my birthday party last night?你昨晚怎么没来我的生日晚会啊？
-Because I was ill.因为我病了.
②区分 because和 because of的用法:because后加从句;because of 后加名词、代词或名词短语.
I failed because of you,因为你,我失败了.
He didn't go out today because of the heavy snow.由于下大雪,他今天没有出门.
(4)结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句由so...that, so that来引导.如:
He ran so quickly that he caught the bus.他跑得很快,终于赶上了公共汽车.
There are so many books in the store that I do not know which one to choose.店里有那么多书,以至于我都不知道选哪一本了.
I did not take notice of him so that he got very angry.我没有理睬他,结果他生气了.
点拨:如果so...that引导的结果状语从句表示否定意义,那么它可以由too...to(太······而不能)来代替.如:
The boy is so young that he cannot go to school.(＝The boy is too young to go to school.)这男孩太小了,不能去上学.
(5)条件状语从句
条件状语从句由if(如果),unless(除非)等连词来引导.如:
If you are tired, sit there and have a rest.如果你累了,就坐在那儿休息一下吧.
We will go out to have a picnic unless it rains tomorrow.除非明天下雨,否则我们就出去野餐.
You will not lose weight unless you exercise more.除非多锻炼,否则你减不了肥.
点拨:①条件状语从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来.
If it rains tomorrow, I will not come.(正)
If it will rain tomorrow, I will not come.(误)
②在祈使句及表意愿的条件状语从句中,主句常用一般现在时表示将来.
Close the window if you feel cold.如果你冷的话,就把窗户关上吧.
I want to help you if I can.如果我能的话,我就帮助你.
③由and连接的简单句,可以用条件状语从句来改写.
Think harder and you will get the answer.(＝If you think harder, you will get the answer.)再努力地想想,你会得到答案的.
(6)让步状语从句
让步状语从句一般由though(虽然),although(虽然),even though(即使)来引导.如:
Though it is raining, they are still working in the field.尽管天在下雨,但他们仍还在地里干活.
Although he is only a small child, he can recite many poems.虽然他还只是个小孩子,却可以背诵很多诗.
点拨:①though和although引导让步状语从句时,不可以与but连用.汉语中用“虽然······但是······”,但英语中只用though, although或but即可.
Although/Though he is very old, he still works very hard.(＝He is very old, but he still works very hard.)虽然他很老了,但他仍然很努力地工作.
不可说:Although/Though he is very old, but he still works very hard.
②though和although可以与yet连用.
Though I knew the fact, yet I didn't say anything.尽管我知道事实,但是我什么都没说.
(7)比较状语从句
比较状语从句可以由as...as(和······一样),not so/as...as(不如······),than(比)来引导.如:
I tried as hard as you.我和你一样努力.
This picture is not so/as beautiful as that one.这幅画不如那幅画漂亮.
Tom doesn't run so/as fast as Jim.汤姆不如吉姆跑得快.
点拨:not so/as...as是as...as的否定形式,两者中间都是加形容词或副词的原级.than前加形容词或副词的比较级.形容词、副词的比较级参见“形容词和副词”部分.
(8)方式状语从句
方式状语从句一般由as引导.如:
We must do as the teacher tells us.我们必须按老师告诉我们的那样去做.
The moon circles round the earth as the earth circles round the sun.月球绕着地球转,正如地球绕着太阳转.
3.定语从句
用作定语修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词.定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后,由一定的连接词引导,这些先行词一般是关系代词如which, that, as, who(m), whose或关系副词如when, where, why.
(1)限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
①定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句.限定性定语从句起对先行词进行限定、区分的作用,如果去掉,主句的意义就会变得不明确.书面上,限定性定语从句前后没有逗号.如:
This is a factory that produces cars.这是一家生产汽车的工厂.
The dress that my mother bought for me is very beautiful.我妈妈给我买的裙子很漂亮.
②非限定性定语从句与先行词之间的关系比较松散,只对先行词起说明和描述的作用,如果省去,剩余的部分意义仍然完整,表达清楚.书面上,非限定性定语从句的前后用逗号与主句分开.如:
Shakespeare, whose plays are popular, was a great writer.莎士比亚是个伟大的作家,他的剧作很受欢迎.
Your writings, which everyone admires, are really marvelous.你的作品人人赞赏,实在是太了不起了.
点拨:that和why一般不引导非限定性定语从句,其他引导限定性定语从句的关系代词和关系副词都可以引导非限定性定语从句.如:
Newton, whose name was known worldwide, is a great scientist.牛顿是一位伟大的科学家,他的名字家喻户晓.
The year 1949,when the People's Republic of China was set up, is very important for the Chinese people.
1949年对中国人民来说是很重要的,这一年中华人民共和国成立了.
(2)关系代词的选择
关系代词who, whom, that在限定性定语从句中指人,做主语、宾语或介词宾语;that和which在限定性定语从句中指物,做主语、宾语或介词宾语;whose在限定或非限定性定语从句中做定语,表示所属关系.它们的具体关系如下表:
指代对象
人
事物
人+事物
主格
who/that
which/that
that
宾格
who(m)/that
which/that
that
所有格
whose
whose/of which
－
①which和that指事物.
which和that引导的限定性定语从句表事物,可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语.当他们在定语从句中做宾语时,that和which常常可以省略.在多数情况下,that和which可以通用.
This is the book (that/which) I want to buy.这就是我想买的那本书.(作buy的宾语)
We must respect the custom here that has existed for hundreds of years.我们必须尊重这里存在了数百年的习俗.(作主语)
在下列几种情况下,引导定语从句的关系代词只能用that,不用which:
A.先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词或the only, the very, the last等表绝对意义的词做修饰语时.
This is the oldest tree that existed in the world.这是世界上现存最古老的一棵树.
The first place (that) we visited was the Forbidden City. 我们参观的第一个地方是紫禁城.
The only thing (that) he is interested in is collecting stamps.他唯一感兴趣的事情就是集邮.
B.先行词为不定代词如 anything, nothing, everything 或被 little, few, much, any, no等修饰时.
Everything that should be done has been done.一切应该做的事情都已经做了.
All the songs (that) he sang are very popular here.他唱的所有的歌在这儿都很流行.
点拨:若先行词是 something,定语从句用that和which都可以.
C.先行词既包括人又包括物时.
They talked of persons and things (that) they remembered in England.他们谈起了记忆中在英国的人和事.
D.当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时.
She is not the little girl (that) she used to be.她不再是过去的那个小女孩了.
E.若句中已有wh-疑问词,有时为了避免重复,用that引导定语从句而不用which.
点拨:a. that和which在从句中也可以作介词的宾语.介词可以放在从句末也可以提到关系代词的前面.介词放在从句末时,关系代词用that和which都可以,并且可以省略;介词提前到关系代词前时,只能用which不能用that,并且关系代词不可省.
A bottle opener is a tool (which/that) bottles are opened with.(＝ A bottle opener is a tool with which bottles are opened.)
b.先行词是way时,引导定语从句的关系代词有三种形式:in which/that或不用引导词.
The way(in which/that) he speaks is unique.他说话的方式很奇特.
②who, whom和that指人.
这三个关系代词都可以指人,who和that在从句中既可以作主语又可以作宾语(包括介词的宾语),而whom在从句中只能作宾语.当who, whom 和that在从句中作宾语时,可以省略.
Do you know the girl who/that is talking with John over there?你认识那边和约翰说话的那个女孩吗？
The man(who/whom/that) you have just talked with is our teacher.刚才和你说话的那个人是我们老师.
点拨:关系代词who, whom和that在从句中也可以作介词的宾语.介词可以放在从句末也可以提到关系代词的前面.介词放在从句末时,关系代词用who, whom和that都可以,并且可以省略;介词提前到关系代词前时,只能
用whom,不能用who或that,并且关系代词whom不可省.
The man(who/whom/that) you have just talked with is our teacher.(＝The man with whom you have just talked is our teacher.)
③whose指人或指物,充当名词的修饰语,表示所属关系.
在限定或非限定性定语从句中,“whose+名词”在从句中作主语或宾语,对名词起修饰限制的作用.
Look at the house whose windows are round.看那座窗户是圆形的房子.
Granny Liu, whose husband died in the Anti-Japanese war, lives next to my house.刘奶奶住在我隔壁,她丈夫在抗日战争中牺牲了.
(3)关系副词when, where, why的用法
关系副词 when, where, why在从句中分别作地点状语、时间状语和原因状语.它们经常可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换.
I still remember the day when/on which we first met.我还记得我们初次见面的那一天.
This is the reason why/for which he was late.这就是他为什么迟到的原因.
4.其他专项知识
(1)主谓一致
谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数保持一致,这就叫主谓一致.初中阶段涉及的主谓一致主要有以下情况.
①一般情况下,主语和谓语的人称和数很明确.
I am a student.我是名学生.
My parents are doctors.我父母是医生.
She goes to see her grandparents every weekend.她每周末都去看她的祖父母.
②主语由 and或 both...and连接,谓语动词用复数.
My father and my mother are teachers.我父母是教师.
Both you and he like that film very much.他和你都很喜欢这部影片.
③并列主语由 either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also 连接时,谓语动词与其邻近的主语保持人称和数的一致.
Neither the students nor the teacher is wrong.学生们和老师都没有错.
Not only he but also I don't agree with your plan.不仅是他,我也不同意你的计划.
④there be句型中有并列主语时也存在就近一致原则,即be和与它最近的主语保持人称和数的一致.
There is a pen and two pencils on the desk.桌上有一支钢笔,两支铅笔.
There are two pencils and a pen on the desk.桌上有两支铅笔,一支钢笔.
⑤主语后面带有由with引导的短语时,谓语动词的单复数与with前的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致.
The girl with her dog is here.女孩和她的狗在这儿呢.
Alice with her two friends is going to Mary's birthday party tonight.爱丽丝和她的两个朋友今晚要去参加玛丽的生日晚会.
⑥each, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, everything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, nothing等作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数.
Nobody is able to stop me from doing this.没人能够阻止我这样做.
Everyone is against his plan.每个人都反对他的计划.
Everything is going on well here.这里一切进展顺利.
⑦数量作为整体看,谓语动词通常用单数形式.
One and three is four.一加三等于四.
Three seconds is enough.三秒钟就够了.
⑧people, police, cattle等本身就表示复数的名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式.
People want to know his present situation.人们想知道他现在的状况.
The police are after a thief.警察正在追捕一个贼.
⑨集合名词class, group, family, team等作主语时,若强调整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若强调的是整体中的每一个个体,谓语动词用复数形式.
Our football team are having a rest.我们的足球队员正在休息.
Our football team is playing well,我们的球队打得很好.
His family is not a large one.他的家庭并不大.
His family are watching TV together.他的家人正在一起看电视.
⑩代词 what, which, any, who作主语时,谓语动词的数根据意思而定.
Who is the boy in the picture?照片里的那个男孩是谁？
Who are those persons in the picture?照片里的那些人是谁？
(2)语序倒装
英语中句子的自然语序是主语在谓语动词前面,宾语、表语、和补语在谓语动词后面.如果把宾语、表语、补语或谓语动词的全部或部分放在主语前,就叫做倒装语序.有这样语序的句子就是倒装句.常见的采用倒装语序的情况有如下几种.
①表示祝愿的句子.
May you succeed!祝你成功！
May you be happy!祝你快乐！
②so, neither, nor放于句首,表示前面说的话也适用于另一个人或物时,句子采用部分倒装语序.其形式为:so/neither/nor+be或助动词或情态动词＋主语.so与前边的肯定句呼应,neither或nor与前边的否定句呼应.
He cannot see the blackboard clearly. Neither can I.他看不清楚黑板,我也看不清.
I don't like that film. Nor does he.我不喜欢那部电影,他也不喜欢.
③为强调否定而把否定词放在句首.
Little do I know about him.我对他了解很少.
Not until my mother came back did I went to bed.直到我妈妈回来我才上床睡觉.
④为了强调突出某一成分而把此成分放在句首.
In front of the house is a beautiful garden.房子前边是一个美丽的花园.(强调状语)
Lucky is he, who has been admitted into a famous university.他真幸运,被一所名牌大学录取了.(强调表语)
What I have said I'll never take back.我说过的话,我将永远不会收回.(强调宾语)
(3)句子成分的省略
在简略回答句中被省略的成分通常有以下几种.
①省略主语.
A.在一些简单的句子中,常常省略主语.
Thank you very much.非常感谢.(Thank前省略主语I)
B.在祈使句中,常常省略主语.
Be quiet, please!请安静！
②省略动词.
Do you want to have dinner with me?你想跟我一块吃饭吗？
Why not?为什么不呢？(not后省略 have dinner with you)
Some of us like English, some not.我们中有些人喜欢英语,有些人不喜欢.(not前后省略 do...like English)
He studies harder than I.他比我学习努力.(I后省略 study)
Who is dancing?谁在跳舞？
Jane is.简.(is后省略dancing)
③省略表语.
Are you a student?你是学生吗？
Yes, I am.是的,我是.(am后省略 a student)
Is this your bag?这是你的包吗？
No, it isn't.不,不是.(isn't后省略 mine)
④省略宾语.
Where does he come from?他是哪里人？
I don't know.我不知道.(know后省略 where he comes from)
⑤省略主语和联系动词.
How old are you?你几岁了？
Twelve years old.十二岁.(Twelve前省略I am)
What time is it?几点了？
Three o'clock.三点.(Three前省略 It is)
Glad to meet you.很高兴见到你.(Glad前省略It is)
⑥省略主语和谓语动词(或谓语动词的一部分).
Any questions?有问题吗？(Any前省略 Is there)
When were you born?你什么时候出生的？
In September.九月.(In前省略I was born)
⑦省略不定式中的动词原形及其以后部分.
Do you want to come with me?你想跟我一块去吗？
I'd like to, but I am too busy.我倒是想去,但是我太忙了.(to后省略 go with you)
I haven't watched that film yet, but I am going to.我还没看过那部电影呢,但我要去看了.(to后省略 watch that film)
⑧回答别人问题或接着别人说话时,常用省略形式.
What are you doing?你在干什么？
Nothing.没什么.
I didn't know the truth until yesterday.直到昨天我才知道事情的真相.
Me, too,我也是.
⑨在并列句中,后面的句子结构中与前面相同的部分通常被省略.
My father is a doctor, my mother a teacher.我的爸爸是医生,妈妈是老师.(my mother后省略了is)