2022-2023初中英语基础知识大全-句子的成分

初中英语基础知识

句子的成分

一个完整的英语句子至少由两部分组成(祈使句除外);主语和谓语.主语是句子叙说的主体,说明句子讲的是谁或者什么情况;谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态,与主语的单复数形式保持一致.除了主语和谓语之外,英语的句子成分还有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和独立成分.

(一)主语

主语通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任.如:

The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起.(名词)

They are playing football.他们正在踢足球.(代词)

Five added to eight makes thirteen.五加八等于十三.(数词)

To do that implies taking responsibility.那样做意味着承担责任.(动词不定式)

Walking on the moon is very difficult.在月球上行走相当困难.(动名词)

(二)谓语

谓语由动词或动词短语担任,具有各种时态、语态的变化.如:

I went to Paris last summer.去年夏天我去了巴黎.

I can speak both French and English.我能说法语和英语.

I have been waiting for you all morning.整个早上我一直在等你.

(三)表语

表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份,位于系动词之后,与之构成系表结构,通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等担任.如:

My mother is a teacher.我妈妈是一名教师.(名词)

It's me.是我.(代词)

You look beautiful in red.你穿红色看起来很漂亮.(形容词)

Our class is the first in the sports meeting.我们班在运动会中是第一名.(数词)

The class is over.下课.(副词)Your ideas are out of date now.你的想法现在已经过时了.(介词短语)

Our plan is to make him a super star.我们的计划是让他成为一个巨星.(动词不定式)

Their job is making toys for children.他们的工作是为儿童做玩具.(动名词)

(四)宾语

宾语用在及物动词的后面,表示动作的对象或内容,常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任.如:

I love our country.我爱我们的国家.(名词)

I love swimming.我喜欢游泳.(动名词)

许多及物动词后可以有两个宾语(双宾语):直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语表示动作的承受者,通常是物;间接宾语表示动作对谁或为谁做,通常是人.如:

Miss Gao teaches Class Three English.高老师教三班英语.

(间接宾语)(直接宾语)

1.可以接双宾语的动词

give, show, send, bring, lend, tell, return, write, pay, teach, make, buy, find等.如:

Charles sent Margaret a letter last month.查尔斯上个月给玛格丽特寄了封信.

2.双宾语通常的语序

间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后.如果想强调直接宾语,也可以把它置于间接宾语之前.这时,间接宾语之前必须加介词to或for(to强调动作对谁而做,for强调动作为谁而做).如:

I lent Tom       a book yesterday.=I lent   a book to   Tom yesterday.

(间接宾语)   (直接宾语)            (直接宾语)  (间接宾语)

昨天,我借给汤姆一本书.

Kate bought   her father   a birthday present.

(间接宾语)   (直接宾语)

＝Kate bought a birthday present for her father.

(直接宾语)      (间接宾语)

凯特给她爸爸买了一份生日礼物.

点拨:除了动词有宾语以外,介词后也跟宾语,叫做介宾结构.

He was interested in collecting stamps.他对集邮感兴趣.

Mother told me to look after my little sister while she was away from home.妈妈让我在她不在家时照顾我的小妹妹.

(五)定语

定语是修饰或限定名词或代词的词,表示被修饰词的所属、性质、数量等,通常由形容词、代词、名词、名词所有格、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等担任.

She is a kind girl.她是个善良的女孩.(形容词)

Your hair needs cutting.你该理发了.(代词)

She has just given birth to a baby girl.她刚刚生下了一个女婴.(名词)

Is this Tom's shirt?这是汤姆的衬衫吗？(名词所有格)

I want to take a day off.我想休一天假.(副词)

I would like to have a look at the book on your desk.我想看看你桌子上的那本书.(介词短语)

She has a wish to travel round the world.她有周游世界的愿望.(不定式短语)

We interviewed a retired worker of this factory.我们采访了这家工厂的一位退休工人.(过去分词)

The car that is parked outside is mine.停在外面的汽车是我的.(从句)

点拨:①英语的定语有前置定语(放在名词之前的定语)和后置定语(放在名词之后的定语)之分.一般来说,副词做定语要放在名词后,其他一般都按“定语放在名(词)前后,短前长后随左右”的方法来排列,也就是说除了副词

虽很短却放在名词后之外,其他的比较短的定语如形容词、代词、数词、名词、动名词、分词做定语时,通常放在名词前,而那些比较长的定语如介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、从句做定语时,通常放在名词后.

②如果被修饰的词为some, any, every, no等构成的不定代词(如something, anywhere等)时,则无论是什么做定语都要放在这些词的后面.

He has just moved somewhere interesting.他刚搬到了一个有趣的地方.

(六)状语

状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或句子的成分,通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词或从句等担任,可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、伴随、条件、程度、让步和频率等.如:

When the rain stopped, we set out.雨一停我们就出发了.(时间状语)

The children were playing in the garden.孩子们在花园里玩.(地点状语)

She goes to school by bus.她乘公共汽车去上学.(方式状语)

I lent him the money because he needed it.因为他需要,我借了钱给他.(原因状语)

To improve the railway service, we are electrifying the main lines.为改善铁路服务,我们正在主干线上实施电气化.(目的状语)

It rained so heavily that we cancelled the travel plan.雨下得很大,我们不得不取消了旅行计划.(结果状语)

He stood there, saying nothing.他站在那儿,什么也没说.(伴随状语)

In case of rain bring your raincoat with you.你最好带着雨衣,以防下雨.(条件状语)

I like the film very much.我非常喜欢这部电影.(程度状语)

They continued to work in spite of the bad weather.尽管天气很恶劣,他们仍然继续工作.(让步状语)

He always wears that white shirt.他总是穿着那件白衬衣.(频率状语)

点拨:①状语的位置比较灵活,可置于句末、句首、句中.如:

He speaks English badly.他英语说得很差.(置于句末)

Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors.当然我们希望旅馆的旅客把门锁上.(置于句首)

He often goes to that bookstore to buy books.他经常去那家书店买书.

(置于句中)但副词enough作状语时需后置.如:

This room is big enough for a party.这间房间足够开一个晚会.

②时间状语和地点状语修饰同一动词时,地点状语放在前面,时间状语放在后面.

He was born in Beijing in 1986.他 1986年出生于北京.

③如果有多个时间状语或地点状语修饰一个动词,则一般按照“由小到大”的顺序排列.

She was born on January 28'hin 1985.她出生于1985年1月28日.

He lived in Chengdu, Sichuan Province.他住在四川成都.

(七)补语

补语用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征、状态或身份,通常由形容词、名词、动词不定式、分词、副词、介词短语等担任.又分主语补足语和宾语补足语.

1.主语补足语

Abraham Lincoln was elected president again.亚伯拉罕·林肯又被选为总统了.

He was considered to have cheated in the exams.有人认为他考试作弊.

2.宾语补足语

I found the film very scaring.我发现那部电影很吓人.

He tried to make himself heard in the noisy room.他试图在这个嘈杂的房间里能让别人听到自己.

(八)同位语

同位语对前面的名词或代词做进一步说明或解释,通常由名词、数词、代词或从句等充当.同位语与它所补充说明的成分之间一般用逗号隔开.如:

I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.我刚收到弟弟蒂姆的来信.

(九)独立成分

独立成分与句子的其他成分没有语法上的联系,通常由感叹语、呼语和插入语等充当.

感叹语:Hey, where are you going?嘿,你到哪里去？

Here! Don't cry!好了！别哭了！

Oh, what a beautiful garden this is!啊！多美丽的花园啊！

呼语:Lucy, you look tired.露西,你看起来很疲劳.

Mom, could I watch TV for a while?妈妈,我可以看会儿电视吗？

Kate, don't forget to post the letter for me.凯特,别忘了帮我邮信.

插入语:He may be late for the meeting, I am afraid.恐怕他要开会迟到了.

The performance, I think, was very interesting.我认为那场演出很有趣.

To tell you the truth, I don't love you at all.老实跟你说,我一点都不爱你.

点拨:插入语是插入的一个与全句句义无直接关系的附加部分,表示说话人的态度,解释或说明整个句子而不是某个词.它和句子的联系不是很紧密,与句子的其他成分用逗号隔开.常用的插入语有:

above all 尤其是,as a result 因此,as a rule 照例,as above 如上,as before 如前,as follows如下,so to speak可以说,I admit我承认,I believe 我相信,I guess我猜想,I think我认为,I'm afraid 我恐怕,in my opinion 依我看,you know 你知道,as it appears to me 照我看来,for example/instance例如,if convenient 如果方便的话,if necessary如果必要的话,if you please/like如果你高兴,in a word(=in sum)总而言之,in other words 换句话说,in that case 如果那样的话,on the contrary 相反的,that is to say 也就是说,to be short简而言之,to tell you the truth 说老实话,what's more 更有甚者