2022-2023初中英语基础知识大全-标点符号

初中英语基础知识

标点符号

(一)逗号、逗点(,)

在英文里,逗号的用途有:连接句子里不同的成分,如词、短语(phrase)、从句(clause)等;分开句子里不同的成分;突出句子里的某个成分;替代句子里的某个成分.

1.连接句子里不同的成分

逗号用在以and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet等连接的两个主要分句之间.如:

My father likes fishing, but my mother likes hiking.

He painted the wall, and she painted the window.

2.分开句子里不同的成分

(1)用逗号分开两个或以上的并列形容词(如果并列的形容词之间可加上and, but等,那就加上逗号;否则不可以).

That tall, good looking fellow.(可写成:He is a tall and good looking fellow.)

She is a little old lady.(不可写成 She is a little and old lady.)

(2)在两个修饰主语的短语之间加上逗号(句子短则可以不加).

While waiting for the bus on that cold rainy night, she started crying.(主语 she)

At 10 o'clock the bus arrived.(不必写成 At 10 o'clock, the bus arrived.)

(3)在Sir., Ph. D.等名称之前及之后都要加上逗号(除了所有格的名称).

(4)在追问句之前加逗号.

Do it, won't you?(Do it 是命令语气,won't you?是追问)

You know the answer, don't you?

It is warm today, isn't it?

(5)一个以副词或副词短语开头的句子,如果它和前面的句子有关联的话,必须在有关副词或副词短语后加上逗号.

She believed he had the talent to succeed. Unfortunately, he was lazy.(后一个句子以副词 unfortunately开头,同时这个句子和前一个句子有直接的关联)

(6)在句子里有超过三个并列词或短语等,在最后一个之前加逗号和and, or, nor等.

He promised to buy the pencils, pens, and notebooks for the class.(pencils, pens, notebooks 要写成 pencils, pens, and notebooks)

Her mother sells tomatoes, potatoes, apples, and peaches.(...apples, and...)

We all agreed that she was beautiful, that she was weak, and that she was clever.(三个 that she was...都是从句)

(7)在句子中加上逗号,以免引起误解.

That she knew where the money was, was news to me.(如果was, was之间不加逗号,容易引起误解.)

(8)用逗号分开引用句.

Tom says, I'm tired.”

(9)逗号用以分开星期、月日、年份.

On Monday, May 5,2000,her first child was born.

On March 8,2020, he bought a new car.

June 2019 is one of the most meaningful month of my life.(只有月和年,就不必加逗号)

(10)逗号用以分开地名、省名、国名和街道名等.

Linda lives at 1234 Amarillo Ave.,#1,Palo Alto, CA 94303,U.S.A.

(11)逗号用在such as和 especially的前面.

They enjoy outdoor sports, such as hiking and riding.

He likes all extracurricular activities, especially basketball playing.

3.突出句子中某个插入成分

插入成分,是句子去掉它也可成立的成分.插入成分一般是感叹词、状语、状语从句等.

(1)句子里插人的词、短语、从句等,加上逗号以示插入成分.

He knew, however, that no one would listen to his warning.(插入 however)

No, you may not come with us.(插入 No)

(2)用逗号分开“乃此非彼”的结构.

Jane, not Shirley, will attend the meeting.(是Jane,不是Shirley)

He wanted to see Mr. Wu, not Mr.Hu.(是吴先生,不是胡先生)

Some say the world will end in ice, not fire.(是冰,不是火)

(3)句中有非限制性的词或短语之类,以逗号标出,以示插入成分.

Her husband, Bill, is a scientist.(Bill 为插入成分)

Kent Howard, my English teacher, is from America.(插入成分 my English teacher)

Her father, who is a famous teacher, teaches English.(插入成分 who is a famous teacher)

(4)句中的城市名如果和它所在省、州、国名并列,省、州、国名前后须加逗号.

Paris, France, is sometimes called “The City of Lights.”(France 为插入成分)

(5)与人说话时,逗号放在对方名字或称谓之后、之前,有时前后都加.

John, come here.(逗号在名字之后)

Open the door, John.(逗号放在名字之前)

It is, Sir, not my fault.(逗号放在称谓前面和后面)

4.替代句子里某个成分

用逗号替代句子里某部分,表示字词的省略.

George was the hard worker, John, the lazy one.(John, the lazy one 原本应该是 John was the lazy one)

(二)句号、句点(.)

句号的写法,在英文里是个小黑点(.).句号的用途有:用在陈述句、祈使句及礼貌问句等的句尾;用在缩写方面;用在数目字方面.

1.句号用在陈述句、祈使句及礼貌问句等的句尾

(1)用在陈述句尾,表示句子结束.

I am leaving now.

They are my friends.

(2)用在祈使句尾,表示句子结束.

Close the door.

Turn off the light, please.

(3)用在礼貌的、祈使性的以及间接疑问句尾,表示句子结束.

Please send me three copies.

He asked if you can come.

2.句号用于表示缩写

(1)将一个字词省略其中某些字母形成的缩写词

①称呼:Mr.(=Mister),Mrs.(=Mistress),Dr.(=Doctor)

②时间:yr.(=year),min,(=minute)

③星期:Mon.(=Monday),Tues.(=Tuesday),Wed.(=Wednesday),Thurs(＝Thursday),Fri.(=Friday),Sat.(=Saturday), Sun.(=Sunday)

④月份:Jan.(=January),Feb.(=February),Mar.(=March),Apr.(=April),Jun.(＝June),Jul.(=July), Aug.(=August), Sept.(==September),Oct.(=October),Nov.(＝November),Dec.(=December)

⑤国名:Afr.(=Africa/African.),Aus(=Austria/Austrian), Fr.(=France/French),   Ger.(=Germany),It.(=Italy/Italian)

⑥其他:etc.(=et cetera)(等),Xmas.(=Christmas),min.(=minimum/minor),max.(=maximum),num.(＝number/

numbers)

(No.=Number第几号之意)

(2)只取首字母的缩写词

①公元:A..D.=Anno Domini(公元),B.C.=Before Christ(公元前)

②邮政:G.P.O.=General Post Office, R.T.S.=Return To Sender(退回寄信人)

③时间:a.m./A.M.(=ante meridian)上午,p.m./P.M.(= post meridian)下午

④国名:U.K.(＝United,U.S.A.(=United States of America)

(3)不加句点的缩写词

①组织名:WTO

②数目:＄75,  2nd,  5th

③度量衡:km, g, mg

(4)句号用作小数点

＄12.50,  ¥200.20,  RM4.45,  50.45%,  5.2kg

(5)用于大纲列表

如:I.第一学期体育教学

(三)省略号(...)

英文省略号主要用于表示删节,其写法是三个小黑点(...),而中文是则是六点(......).

1.表示在引号中的删节

“You won't...”Lois began.(错误:“You won’t..., ”)

2.在句子中间删节,跟着省略号的字母必须小写

He agreed that prices were...reasonable.

3.句尾删节,要点四点(....)

She disagreed with the decision....(最后一点是句号)

4.表示在对话或叙述中的停顿、犹豫、踌躇、语气强调等

You mean...I...uh...we have a test today?

5.段落的删节

6.删节一段以上,以一行小点代之

This is paragraph 1.

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (表示删节第2-4段)

This is paragraph 5.

7.如果段落删节开始于某段的中间,点四点表示下面的文字被删节

This is....(这里点四点,表示从这里开始删节)

...........(这里点一行,表示其中的段落被删节)

This is paragraph 5.

8.如果删节的最后一段只省略中间的一部分,最后一段的开始处点三点

This is paragraph 1.

.................................

...is paragraph 5.(...表示它之前的第五段文字被省略)

9.用于目录

Chapter 3. ..................................page45

(四)省字符号、所有格符号(’)

这个标点在中文里是没有的;但在英文里却随处可见.主要用在表示所有格(所有格的变化也不少,详细情形后面会再谈)和缩写式.

1.所有格(注意:下列所有格只用在有生命的人物方面)

(1)在名词(有生命的)后加上’s表示单数所有格

①Sarah's coat is black.莎拉的外套是黑色的.(Sarah's=莎莎拉的)

②The boy's hat.(这男孩的一顶帽子)

③The boy's hats.(这男孩的好几顶帽子)

④Jones's office.(Jones只有一个音节,结尾是s,所有格加’s)

⑤Jones' sweet tooth is legendary.(Jones的结尾是s,而接下来的词又以s开始,那么,所有格就只加’)

⑥Moses' mouth is wide.(Moses的尾音有重复的z音,所有格只加’)

⑦Louis' candy is sticky.(Louis 有不止一个音节,结尾s,所有格只加’)

⑧My mother-in-law's house.(mother-in-law之类的复合名词,所有格’s加在结尾处)

(2)二人(或动物)以上的所有格表示法

①The boys' shoes(在复数boys尾加上’而不是’s)

②The women's bags(woman的复数是women,所有格是’s)

③The children's caps(child的复数是 children,和women一样所有格加’s)

④The actresses' hats(actress的复数是actresses,因为结尾是es,因此所有格只加’)

⑤The babies' toys(baby的复数是babies,结尾有es,因此所有格只加’)

⑥the Joneses' house(Joneses 是Jones的复数)

2.缩写式

(1)在字词、日期中一部分字母或数字被省略,以,代替

She wouldn't work for the government.(wouldn't=would not)

(2)名字、头衔的缩写格式可省略

Lt. Wm. Jones visited us. (Lt.=Lieutenant)

(五)引号(“”)

1.直接引用

这是最常见的用法,引号内的引用句为原句.

She said,“Hurry up.”她说:“快点儿.”(注意中、英标点用法不同处)

“I can come today,” she said,“ but not tomorrow.”

“I'm finally tired enough to get to sleep,”she said.(这里的引用句结尾是逗号,不可用句号)

2.文章、报告、评论、短篇故事、诗歌、戏剧、电影等标题／篇名都用引号

3.在句子中提到的标题或篇名用双引号(“”)

My favorite short story is “The Treasure.”(句尾的句号放在引号内是美国式的;英国式的则放在引号外)

My favorite poem is Robert Frost's“ Design.”

The poem“Trees”was written by Joyce Kilmer.(“Trees”在句中,不可加其他标点)

“The Time Machine” is my favorite film.

What do you think of William Shakespeare's“ Henry V”?(除了句号及逗号,其他如问号等的位置,须视句子而定)

(六)冒号(:)

冒号在中文或英文里都是一个相当常见的标点符号,在用法上也大致一样.注意:冒号前不可有空格;冒号后可加一空格;冒号后千万不要加“-”.

1.冒号用在公函上收信人的称呼后

Dear Sir:(冒号前没有任何空格)

We were very honored to have you come visit our company.

2.冒号用于表示比例

4:1(4:1=4比1)

3.冒号用于表示时间(美式)

2:15(两点十五分)(英式2.15)

11:30(A)(上午十一点三十分)(英式11.30 a.m.)