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(新高考)高考英语二轮复习专用（课件+精练）：专题四 猜测词义 (共2份打包，含答案)
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这是一份(新高考)高考英语二轮复习专用（课件+精练）：专题四 猜测词义 (共2份打包，含答案)，文件包含专题四猜测词义试题部分docx、专题四猜测词义讲解部分pptx等2份课件配套教学资源，其中PPT共17页， 欢迎下载使用。
方法技巧一、猜测词义类题目常见的设问方式1.The word“...”refers to/probably means .2.The underlined word“...”could best be replaced by .3.What do you think the expression“...”stands for?4.By saying“...”we mean .5.“...”as used in the passage can best be defined as .6.Which of the following words can take the place of the word“...”?
二、猜测词义类题目常用的解题方法(一)猜测代词指代意义典例1 (2019课标全国Ⅱ, A片段)My Favourite BooksJo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will se- ries(系列) of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.MatildaRoald DahlI once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds. Matilda's battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny and frightening, but they're also aspirational.
解析 根据第一段可知本文是作者Jo Usmar的书评。再根据文中“I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me...”可推断出“I”指代的具体人物。
Who does “I” refer to in the text?A.Stephen King. B.Gillian Flynn.C.Jo Usmar. D.Roald Dahl.
答案 C
(二)猜测画线单词或短语含义1.利用定义语来猜测词义在许多情况下,作者估计某个词一般读者不熟悉,则会在文章中给出该词的 定义或解释。这种解释可能是一种重复说明或定义。通过阅读定义和解 释部分,读者便可理解该词的基本含义。线索词有that、which、is等。
典例2 Ventilation, as you know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.
解析 句中ventilation可能是个生词,但 is 后面是对该词的明确定义。什 么系统或什么手段才能提供新鲜空气呢?由此推断ventilation意为“通风 系统”。
2.利用同位语来猜测词义通常引出该词同位语的词或短语有or、that is、in other words等,还有的同 位语以括号或破折号的形式出现。在这些标记词后考生可较易找到同画 线词意义相同或相近的词。典例3 Before the main business of a conference begins, the chairman usual- ly makes a short preliminary speech, or make a few preliminary remarks. In other words, he says a few things by way of introduction.
解析 根据下文的线索词In other words和其后面的内容可推断preliminary speech 的意思是在开会之前主席所做的一些简单的介绍,或者说是“开场 白”。
典例4 In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U. S. today.
解析 由同位语an endangered wild cat可迅速推断生词ocelots指一种濒临 灭绝的野猫。
3.利用文章中的举例来猜测词义在阅读理解中考生可以根据文章所举的例子,从具体到一般,猜出该生词的 意思。
典例5 The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as rela- tionship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.
解析 根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子可推断句中的issues 应该是指 “议题”。
4.利用对比或比较的词语来猜测词义当作者强调的事物之间有区别或对立时往往会运用对比的手法,即运用有 对比关系的词语,例如反义词,也可以暗示出生词的含义。注意这些词语和 内容则能帮助判断所需内容。能体现对比关系或比较关系的词汇很多,主 要有but、yet、however、while、unlike、instead、like、similarly、on the other hand、on the contrary、in contrast to等。标点符号中的分号也可表示 对比。
典例6 A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; it can be a bas- ket of fun.A.A party designed by specialists.B.A plan requiring careful thought.C.A situation causing difficulty or trouble.D.A demand made by guests.
解析 根据分号可知句子前后为对比关系,这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是 相反的意义,由此推断答案为C。
典例7 Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
解析 该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间是比较 关系,两者意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈 的”。
5.利用构词法知识来猜测词义分析复合词:如果一个生词是由两个或两个以上的单词构成的复合词,可以 从该词的各个部分的特定意思及联系上下文猜出该词的意思。考生同时 要了解构词法知识,掌握大纲所要求的对前缀、后缀的理解。
典例8 Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?
解析 根据词根educational (教育的),结合前缀co-(共同,一起)和single-sex schools,可猜测co-educational的意思是“男女同校教育的”。
典例9 It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking the bay in an uncommer- cialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point.
解析 后缀“-ize”意思是“使成为……;使……化”,结合词根commer- cial(商业的),可猜测uncommercialized的意思为“未被商业化的”。
6.利用上下文语境,通过对对应结构或平行结构中的同义词、反义词进行 推断来猜测词义。
典例10 Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs?The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.
解析 根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系,可推断Johns Hopkins是一家医疗中心。
7.利用因果关系来猜测词义因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。一 定的原因会导致一定的结果,某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起的。作 者在叙述原因的过程中就必然会把词或句子置于因果关系中。常见的表 示因果关系的词汇有since、as、because、for、so、thus、consequently、 therefore、hence、due to、result in、result from、as a result、for this rea- son、accordingly、so that、so...that、such...that等。
典例11 I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.The word “presumptuous” in the passage is closest in meaning to “ ”.A.full of respect B.too confident and rude C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet
解析 根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容(既然你是我的上司),可以推 断出这里presumptuous的意思为“自负的,放肆的”,故选B。
典例12 (2019课标全国Ⅱ, B片段)I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxi- ety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a lit- tle persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on... At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I'll do it.”What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean?A.Encourage teamwork.B.Appeal to feelings.C.Promote good deeds.D.Provide advice.
解析 根据逻辑信号词So和关键词persuading可初步推断画线短语的意思 与“说服”或“劝说”相关;再根据下文作者为打感情牌所列举的种种困 难以及关键信息“Alright. Yes, I'll do it.”可综合推断“我”成功地打动 了对方的心弦。
答案 B
方法技巧一、猜测词义类题目常见的设问方式1.The word“...”refers to/probably means .2.The underlined word“...”could best be replaced by .3.What do you think the expression“...”stands for?4.By saying“...”we mean .5.“...”as used in the passage can best be defined as .6.Which of the following words can take the place of the word“...”?
二、猜测词义类题目常用的解题方法(一)猜测代词指代意义典例1 (2019课标全国Ⅱ, A片段)My Favourite BooksJo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will se- ries(系列) of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.MatildaRoald DahlI once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds. Matilda's battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny and frightening, but they're also aspirational.
解析 根据第一段可知本文是作者Jo Usmar的书评。再根据文中“I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me...”可推断出“I”指代的具体人物。
Who does “I” refer to in the text?A.Stephen King. B.Gillian Flynn.C.Jo Usmar. D.Roald Dahl.
答案 C
(二)猜测画线单词或短语含义1.利用定义语来猜测词义在许多情况下,作者估计某个词一般读者不熟悉,则会在文章中给出该词的 定义或解释。这种解释可能是一种重复说明或定义。通过阅读定义和解 释部分,读者便可理解该词的基本含义。线索词有that、which、is等。
典例2 Ventilation, as you know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.
解析 句中ventilation可能是个生词,但 is 后面是对该词的明确定义。什 么系统或什么手段才能提供新鲜空气呢?由此推断ventilation意为“通风 系统”。
2.利用同位语来猜测词义通常引出该词同位语的词或短语有or、that is、in other words等,还有的同 位语以括号或破折号的形式出现。在这些标记词后考生可较易找到同画 线词意义相同或相近的词。典例3 Before the main business of a conference begins, the chairman usual- ly makes a short preliminary speech, or make a few preliminary remarks. In other words, he says a few things by way of introduction.
解析 根据下文的线索词In other words和其后面的内容可推断preliminary speech 的意思是在开会之前主席所做的一些简单的介绍,或者说是“开场 白”。
典例4 In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U. S. today.
解析 由同位语an endangered wild cat可迅速推断生词ocelots指一种濒临 灭绝的野猫。
3.利用文章中的举例来猜测词义在阅读理解中考生可以根据文章所举的例子,从具体到一般,猜出该生词的 意思。
典例5 The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as rela- tionship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.
解析 根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子可推断句中的issues 应该是指 “议题”。
4.利用对比或比较的词语来猜测词义当作者强调的事物之间有区别或对立时往往会运用对比的手法,即运用有 对比关系的词语,例如反义词,也可以暗示出生词的含义。注意这些词语和 内容则能帮助判断所需内容。能体现对比关系或比较关系的词汇很多,主 要有but、yet、however、while、unlike、instead、like、similarly、on the other hand、on the contrary、in contrast to等。标点符号中的分号也可表示 对比。
典例6 A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; it can be a bas- ket of fun.A.A party designed by specialists.B.A plan requiring careful thought.C.A situation causing difficulty or trouble.D.A demand made by guests.
解析 根据分号可知句子前后为对比关系,这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是 相反的意义,由此推断答案为C。
典例7 Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
解析 该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间是比较 关系,两者意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈 的”。
5.利用构词法知识来猜测词义分析复合词:如果一个生词是由两个或两个以上的单词构成的复合词,可以 从该词的各个部分的特定意思及联系上下文猜出该词的意思。考生同时 要了解构词法知识,掌握大纲所要求的对前缀、后缀的理解。
典例8 Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?
解析 根据词根educational (教育的),结合前缀co-(共同,一起)和single-sex schools,可猜测co-educational的意思是“男女同校教育的”。
典例9 It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking the bay in an uncommer- cialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point.
解析 后缀“-ize”意思是“使成为……;使……化”,结合词根commer- cial(商业的),可猜测uncommercialized的意思为“未被商业化的”。
6.利用上下文语境,通过对对应结构或平行结构中的同义词、反义词进行 推断来猜测词义。
典例10 Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs?The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.
解析 根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系,可推断Johns Hopkins是一家医疗中心。
7.利用因果关系来猜测词义因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。一 定的原因会导致一定的结果,某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起的。作 者在叙述原因的过程中就必然会把词或句子置于因果关系中。常见的表 示因果关系的词汇有since、as、because、for、so、thus、consequently、 therefore、hence、due to、result in、result from、as a result、for this rea- son、accordingly、so that、so...that、such...that等。
典例11 I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.The word “presumptuous” in the passage is closest in meaning to “ ”.A.full of respect B.too confident and rude C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet
解析 根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容(既然你是我的上司),可以推 断出这里presumptuous的意思为“自负的,放肆的”,故选B。
典例12 (2019课标全国Ⅱ, B片段)I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxi- ety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a lit- tle persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on... At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I'll do it.”What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean?A.Encourage teamwork.B.Appeal to feelings.C.Promote good deeds.D.Provide advice.
解析 根据逻辑信号词So和关键词persuading可初步推断画线短语的意思 与“说服”或“劝说”相关;再根据下文作者为打感情牌所列举的种种困 难以及关键信息“Alright. Yes, I'll do it.”可综合推断“我”成功地打动 了对方的心弦。
答案 B
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