2023届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解词义猜测题课件

这是一份2023届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解词义猜测题课件，共34页。PPT课件主要包含了content，Part 01，大猜词技巧，Part 02，解题技巧详解，Part 03，选项特征等内容，欢迎下载使用。

1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
①Annealing is a way f making metal sfter by heating it and then letting it cl very slwly.句子给予了annealing一个明确的定义，即“退火”。②It will be very hard but als very brittle — that is, it will break easily.从that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。③The herdsman,_wh lks after sheep, earns abut 650 yuan a year.定语从句中lks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。
④The weather in this area is treacherus;_its sudden changes ften endanger the lives f sailrs.分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是treacherus, sudden change与treacherus在语义上相对应，因此含义是“突变的”。⑤Sme gd readers find it helpful t use their sense t visualize — r picture — what they read.visualize的意思由破折号后的picture(想象)给出了说明，因此含义为“想象”⑥When President Trrijs f Panama met Carter, he tried t give him a friendly abraz (hug)．abraz对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的hug(拥抱)，我们不难推测abraz也是“拥抱”的意思。.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisatin, the develpment f the natin­state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.29．Which f the fllwing best explains “dminant” underlined in paragraph 2?A．Cmplex.　　 B．Advanced. C．Pwerful. D．Mdern.
根据画线词所在句子可知，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被英语、西班牙语、汉语等语言取代，画线词前后的解释暗示了这些语言逐渐占主导地位，故选C项pwerful (强大的，有影响力的)。
2.根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。
①They traveled a lng way, at last gt t a castle,_a large building in ld times.同位语部分“a large building in ld times”给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。②We are n the night_shift — frm midnight t 8 a．m. — this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。③The “Chunnel”， a tunnel (隧道) cnnecting England and France, is nw cmplete.此句中“a tunnel (隧道) cnnecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位语。因此，Chunnel指的就是英法之间的海底隧道。
I am Peter Hdes, a vlunteer stem cell curier. Since March 2012, I've dne 89 trips — f thse, 51 have been abrad. I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little bx because I've gt tw ice packs and that's hw lng they last. In all, frm the time the stem cells are harvested frm a dnr (捐献者) t the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've gt 72 hurs at mst. S I am always cnscius f time.29．Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd “curier” in Paragraph 1?A．prvider B．delivery man C．cllectr D．medical dctr
“a vlunteer stem cell curier”是“Peter Hdes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little bx”可知，Peter Hdes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择B项。
3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。
①“Our parties are aimed fr children 2 t 10，” Anacleri said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense f drama based n a subject.”文中interactive是由前缀inter­(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。②Perhaps, we can see sme pssibilities fr next fifty years. But the next hundred?pssibility是pssible的同根名词，据此可以判断pssibility的意思是“可能性”。A silence in a cnversatin may als shw stubbrnness, uneasiness,_r wrry.[分析]　根据构词法知识我们可知，un­为否定前缀，­ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
4.根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
①The lack f mvement caused the muscles t weaken. Smetimes the weakness was permanent. S the player culd never play the sprt again.从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。②Mary didn't ntice me when I came int the classrm, because she was cmpletely engrssed in her reading.从前面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测engrssed的意思为“全神贯注的”。③Our visin was bscured by the trees, s we culdn't see the lake frm ur windw.由后面的结果culdn't see(看不见)可知，我们的视线被树遮挡住(bscured)了。
If yu have a_juicer,_yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sftserve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children's party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?A．A dessert. B．A drink. C．A cntainer. D．A machine.
该段第一句含有一个if引导的条件状语从句，若满足该条件，则产生的结果是第一句的后半句和第二句， “yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a ‘sft­serve’ creamy dessert, t be eaten right away.” 即“将冰冻香蕉和其他莓类、水果片放进去，出来的是奶油状甜品”。由此因果关系可推知juicer指的是榨汁机。故选择D项。
5.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。
①Like Schmid, the editrs f several self­published art magazines als champin (捍卫) fund phtgraphs. One f them,_called simply Fund, was brn ne snwy night in Chicag, when Davy Rthbard returned t his car t find under his wiper (雨刷) an angry nte intended fr smene else：“Why's yur car HERE at HER place？”them指的是前面出现的self­published art magazines。②Hwever, the questin that “mn peple” asked is still an interesting ne. A grwing number f scientists are seriusly thinking abut it.it指的是月球人(mn peple)所问的问题(the questin)。
[2]Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U．S.the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins.[3]It's Jasn Mran's jb t help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser fr jazz, Mran hpes t widen the audience fr jazz, make the music mre accessible, and preserve its histry and culture.…29．What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 3 refer t?A．Jazz becming mre accessible.B．The prductin f jazz grwing faster.C．Jazz being less ppular with the yung.D．The jazz audience becming larger.
根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U．S. the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins.”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选C。
6.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects. Why d we ften assume that mre_is_mre when it cmes t kids and their belngings? The gd news is that I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less.32．What d the wrds “mre is mre” in paragraph 1 prbably mean?A．The mre, the better. B．Enugh is enugh.C．Mre mney, mre wrries. D．Earn mre and spend mre.
根据该段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects.”可知，作者认为成年人都理解物质过剩的那种感觉，后面又用反问句提出了问题：但是，说到孩子们和他们的物品，我们为什么通常又认定mre is mre呢？由此推知，这里的 mre is mre与前面的 flded with为近义呼应，指“越多越好”。故选A。
7.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
根据上下句的连接词，如but, hwever, therwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。
①A child's birthday party desn't have t be a hassle;_it can be a basket f fun.从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket f fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。②She is usually prmpt fr all her class, but tday she arrived in the middle f her first class.but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。③The players in the Wrld Cup are prfessinals, while thse wh play in the Olympics must be amateurs.由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出amateurs是prfessinals(专业人士)的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。
Gray wlves nce were seen here and there in the Yellwstne area and much f the cntinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human develpment. By the 1920s, wlves had practically disappeared frm the Yellwstne area. They went farther nrth int the deep frests f Canada, where there were fewer humans arund.…29．What des the underlined wrd “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?A．Tested. B．Separated. C．Frced ut. D．Tracked dwn.
画线词的前句说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词but转折了句子意义，后来由于人类的发展，灰狼数量逐渐减少，几乎消失，由此可推断出画线词的意思为“被迫离开”，故选择C项。
考法1 ：猜测生僻词或短语的含义
词义猜测题的重点就是对于生僻词汇及短语含义的理解,这也是高考中词义猜测题最常见的类型。
做题小技巧：若画线词完全是生词,考生能采用的方法主要有三种:一是依据构词法知识;二是靠文章显性或者隐性的逻辑关系、语法关系;三是利用上下文语境。当然,在很多情况下,这三种方法可以共同使用,以确保答案正确。
I had been educated in the rhythms f the muntain, rhythms in which change was never fundamental, nly cyclical. The same sun appeared each mrning, swept ver the valley and drpped behind the peak. The snws that fell in the winter always melted in the spring. Our lives were a cycle — the cycle f the day, the cycle f the seasns — circles f lasting change that, when cmplete, meant nthing had changed at all. I believed my family was a part f this immrtal(永生的) pattern, and that we were, in sme sense, eternal(永恒的). But eternity belnged nly t the muntain. des the underlined wrd "cyclical" in the passage mean?　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 A. Nrmal. B. Irregular. C. Circular. D. Traditinal.
根据构词法可知,cyclical是cycle(周期,循环)的派生词,所以可以猜测cyclical表示"周期的,循环的"。再结合选项可知,A、D两项意思不符,可排除。regular意为"规则的",irregular是由regular加否定前缀ir-构成的,意为"不规则的",意思与cyclical不符,可排除。circular由circle(圆圈)变化而来,所以可猜测其含义为"环形的,圆形的"。然后再将C项代入语境并结合文中"Our lives were a cycle — the cycle f the day, the cycle f the seasns — circles f lasting change"中的"circles"可知,该题选C项。
利用构词法猜测词义1.合成法一般来讲,我们可以先识别合成词的组成部分,再通过组成部分的词义推断出合成词的词义。但是有时合成词的词义不是各个组成部分意思的简单叠加,可能还需要借助语境猜测其具体含义。2.派生法词根是英语单词最基本的部分,表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上词缀(即前缀或后缀),可以改变原词的意义或词性。掌握前缀和后缀的意义有助于理解词义。如un-,im-,in-,dis-,il-等前缀与-less等后缀可构成反义词,后缀-ful,-ly,-ism,-ness等可改变词性。3.转化法把一种词性的词用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。如: "He insisted n staying up t nurse the child."中的nurse常用作名词"护士",在这里用作动词"护理,看护"。又如:"Dn't let yur persnal feelings clud yur judgment."中的clud常用作名词,意为"云",此处用作动词,意为"把……搞糊涂"。
Lighting matters, t. When Berlin restaurant custmers ate in darkness, they culdn't tell hw much they'd had: thse given extra-large shares ate mre than everyne else, but were nne the wiser — they didn't feel fuller, and they were just as ready fr dessert.   underlined phrase "nne the wiser" in paragraph 3 mst prbably implies that the custmers were 　　　　. A. nt aware f eating mre than usualB. nt willing t share fd with thersC. nt cnscius f the fd qualityD. nt fnd f the fd prvided
根据本段内容可知,在餐馆里,顾客在黑暗中吃东西时,判断不出自己吃了多少,那些被给予超大份量食物的人吃的比其他所有人都多,但是他们是"nne the wiser",破折号后面的内容对"nne the wiser"进行了解释说明,即他们没有感觉到更饱,而且他们还准备着吃饭后甜点;由此可知,他们没有意识到自己比平时吃得多,故选A。
利用语法关系猜测词义1.下定义:refer t, is, that is,t be defined as,t be called,meaning等后的内容往往是对前面内容的注解性说明,相当于对前面的词汇下定义,可以帮助猜测词义。如:Ventilatin, as yu knw, is a system r means f prviding fresh air. It plays a very imprtant part in the field f engineering.分析:句中画线词是个生僻词, is 后面的内容是对该词的解释——一种提供新鲜空气的系统或工具。所以不难猜出 ventilatin 的意思,它在此表示"通风设备"。2.同位关系:常见的表示同位关系的方式有同位语从句或者用标点符号(包括破折号、逗号、冒号或括号等)隔开。如上述典例2通过破折号解释说明前面的短语。再如:As a matter f fact, nly abut 80 celts, an endangered wild cat, exist in the tday. 分析:an endangered wild cat是画线词celts的同位语,解释了它的意思,即一种濒危野猫。3.举例:作者在解释比较难以理解的内容的时候,往往会举例阐述,这也能帮助我们准确把握文章内容,进而猜测词义。4.定语从句:定语从句通过对前面的名词进行修饰限定,让我们大致明白这个名词的含义。
考法2 ： 猜测熟词或短语的生僻含义
高考近几年开始侧重于考查熟词生义,如2020年全国Ⅰ第26题考查了课标词汇currency在具体语境中的生僻含义,这就要求考生掌握并灵活运用课标词汇。
做题小技巧：在猜测熟词的生僻含义时,我们可以依据上下文语境、文章的逻辑关系等来判断正确答案。
We've all knwn peple wh run ut f steam befre they reach life's halfway mark. I'm nt talking abut thse wh fail t get t the tp. We can't all get there. I'm talking abut peple wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years. …52.What des the underlined part in Paragraph 3 prbably mean? A. End ne's struggle fr liberty. B. Waste ne's energy taking risks.C. Miss the pprtunity t succeed. D. Lse the interest t cntinue learning.
画线部分中的run ut f原本意为"用完;耗尽",steam原本意为"蒸汽"。此时考生会发现,每个单词都认识,但连在一起就不知所云了。此时可借助逻辑关系来猜测词义。下文使用了"I'm nt talking abut… I'm talking abut…"这种暗含转折的表达来解释这个短语的意思,根据"I'm talking abut"后面的内容"peple wh have stpped learning n grwing"可推出,画线部分表示"失去了继续学习的兴趣"。
利用逻辑关系猜测词义1.同义逻辑关系als, , similarly, and, r, just as, likewise等表示前后意思相同或者相近,我们可利用它们表示的同义逻辑关系推测生词意思。如:Like her yunger sister wh is gregarius, Alice als likes t make friends.分析: 根据句中的"Like"和"als"可知,Alice和她的妹妹一样喜欢交朋友,由此可推测gregarius与"喜欢交朋友"意思相近,意为"合群的,爱交朋友的"。2.反义逻辑关系in cntrast, n the cntrary, unlike, hwever, but, despite, while, quite the reverse等常用来表示前后意思相反,我们可以根据它们表示的反义逻辑关系推断单词或短语的意思。如:Unlike the United States, where many different natinalities make up the ppulatin, Japan's ppulatin is quite hmgeneus.分析: 本句通过Unlike将美国和日本进行对比,美国的人口由多个民族组成,根据反义关系推测,hmgeneus的意思应是"由同类人组成的"。
利用逻辑关系猜测词义3.因果逻辑关系也可以借助因果关系来猜测词义。英语中常用的表示因果关系的词或短语有since,as, because, fr, s, thus, cnsequently, therefre, hence, due t, wing t, thanks t, n accunt f, result in, result frm, as a result, fr this reasn, accrdingly, s/such…that…等。如:Tm is cnsidered an autcratic administratr because he makes decisins withut seeking the pinins f thers.分析: because表明主从句是因果关系,从后面的原因"他不征求别人的意见就作出决定"可以推测,autcratic的意思为"独裁的,专制的"。
考法3 ： 猜测代词的指代意义
纵观近五年高考阅读理解中的代词指代题可以看出,高考中常考的是人称代词(I, it, them)以及指示代词that的指代对象, 2020年新高考Ⅰ(山东)第9题考查了指示代词that的指代, 2019年全国Ⅱ第21题考查了人称代词I的指代。
做题小技巧：1.文章中的代词it, that, them等通常指代上文提到的人或事物,因此其指代含义也通常在其前的内容中寻找。2.有时代词与指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事物。3.一般来讲,代词指代题不会单纯从语法角度考查指代对象,都需要借助上下文语境以及逻辑关系来进行猜测。
The traffic signals alng Factria Bulevard in Bellevue, Washingtn, generally dn't flash the same length f green twice in a rw, especially at rush hur. At 9:30 am, the full red/yellw/green signal cycle might be 140 secnds. By 9:33 am, a burst f additinal traffic might push it t 145 secnds. Less traffic at 9:37 am culd push it dwn t 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing f the signals changes. That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-grwing city just east f Seattle, uses a system that is gaining ppularity arund the US: intersectin (十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time t traffic cnditins. These lights, knwn as adaptive signals, have led t significant declines in bth the truble and cst f travels between wrk and hme. ...
25.What des the underlined wrd "that" in paragraph 2 refer t?A. Increased length f green lights.B. The shrtened traffic signal cycle.C. Flexible timing f traffic signals.D. Smth traffic flw n the rad.
根据第一段尾句"Just like the traffic itself, the timing f the signals changes"并结合前文可知,华盛顿该地区的交通信号灯会根据交通情况灵活安排红绿灯时间,同时根据画线词后的"by design"可知,这种灵活时间是专门设计的,故that指的是灵活的交通信号灯时间安排。故选C。
考法4 ： 猜测句子含义
猜测句子含义题是近几年新出现的一种设问方式。一般来讲,画线句中生词不占主导地位,但无法单独通过字面意思理解句子的隐含意义。如2019浙江6月第24题猜测"Mney with n strings attached"在文中的含义,2018全国Ⅲ第32题猜测"mre is mre"在文中的含义。
做题小技巧：针对猜测句子含义的试题,考生必须回归原文,将画线句的前后句,甚至前后段进行归纳总结,再将自己理解的意思与选项的意思逐个比较,选出最为接近的选项。解答此类试题的线索主要有两个:一是上下文语境,二是句子的字面含义。
Archelgy(考古学) isn't the dusty science which was a generatin ag. New technlgies that nce seemed ut f sci-fi are nw lcating buried traces f buildings and revealing the ruins f cities... Nw Sarah Parcak and her team are abut t take n a new challenge as they fcus GlbalXplrer citizen-science prject n India. ... In the future, she hpes ther cuntries will cntact her t launch their wn satellite surveys. The pssibilities are huge. Parcak estimates that there are at least 12 millin ptential archaelgical sites yet t be discvered. That means the sky is the limit fr her prject ... 11.What des the underlined sentence "The pssibilities are huge" mean?A. Parcak's prject will becme successful.B. Few cuntries will start satellite surveys.C. There will be amazing discveries in India.D. Mre archaelgical sites will be identified.
根据画线句的前一句"In the future, she hpes ther cuntries will cntact her t launch their wn satellite surveys"可知,将来Parcak希望其他国家会联系她发起他们自己的卫星调查;根据后一句"Parcak estimates that there are at least 12 millin ptential archaelgical sites yet t be discvered"可知,Parcak估计至少有1 200万潜在的古迹遗址有待发现;再根据画线句本义"可能性很大"可知,古迹遗址被发现的可能性是很大的,由此可以推断会有更多的考古遗址被确认。故选D。
(1)相应词语的同义词语。(2)对相应语句的解释、复述或概括。