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人教版高考英语一轮总复习写作专项突破课时学案
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这是一份人教版高考英语一轮总复习写作专项突破课时学案，共43页。学案主要包含了写作技能突破，there be结构，汉语式英语，防范出现错误的2个措施等内容，欢迎下载使用。
一、写作技能突破
第1讲 五种基本句式和there be结构
完成句子
1. 为了保持身体健康，我们应该定期锻炼。
In order to keep fit, we_should_exercise_regularly.
2. 最后，我们应该经常参加运动和户外活动。
Finally, we_should_take_part_in_sports_and_outdoor_activities frequently.
3. 当今，许多大城市的人们在抱怨交通拥堵。
Nowadays, people in many big cities are_complaining_about_the_heavy_traffic.
4. 总之，我的生活会越来越丰富多彩。
In a word, my_life_will_be_much_richer_and_more_colourful.
5. 幸运的是，她答应给我一个重新面试的机会。
Fortunately, she_promised_me_another_chance to interview.
6. 从古代起，人们就把早起视为好习惯。
People_have_regarded_getting_up_early_as_a_good_habit since ancient times.
7. 有几条信息我想与你分享。
There_are_some_pieces_of_information that I'd like to share with you.
一、五种基本句式
1. 主语＋谓语(不及物动词)
该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，这类动词叫作不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
①(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)He works very hard every day but he will also spare some time to accompany me and share many funny things with me about his work.
他每天都十分努力地工作，但是他仍然会抽出一些时间陪伴我，跟我分享他工作中的趣事。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)What's more, the_stadium opens from 9 am to 5 pm Monday to Friday.
另外，体育馆开放时间是周一至周五的上午9点到下午5点。
③(全国卷Ⅱ)It will start from June 16th and last for more than a week.
它将从6月16日开始，持续一周多的时间。
2. 主语＋谓语＋宾语
该句式特点为：谓语动词均为实义动词，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语(宾语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式等来充当)，即动作的承受者，才能表达完整的意思。
①(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Last_Sunday witnessed an extraordinary crosscountry running race, which nearly drew the attention of every student and teacher of our school.
上个星期天见证了一场非凡的越野赛跑，它几乎吸引了我们学校所有师生的注意力。
②(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)On arriving, we saw red ripe peaches hanging on the tree.
一到达(农场)，我们就看到树上挂着的红红的熟透的桃子。
③(全国卷Ⅱ)People often beautify their home with papercutting during spring festivals and weddings.
在春节和婚礼期间，人们常常用剪纸装饰他们的家。
3. 主语＋系动词＋表语
该句式就是常说的主系表结构。此句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，谓语动词需用系动词(主要是be动词)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式及分词等。
①(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)The farm is situated at the foot of a mountain; the_sky is blue and the_air is fresh.
农场坐落在一座小山的脚下；天空是蔚蓝色的，空气是清新的。
②(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)However, the_adaptation is quite a challenge.
然而，改编是一个相当大的挑战。
③(2018·北京卷)To be frank, studying_for_a_degree_in_a_different_culture is never easy.
坦率地讲，在一个不同的文化环境中学习并获得一个学位绝非易事。
④(全国卷Ⅱ)This is surely a good chance for more people to see them.
这确实是一个让更多人看到他们的好机会。
⑤The_“Foreign_Cultures”_section in our newspaper is very popular among us students.
我们报纸的“外国文化”栏目非常受学生们的欢迎。
4. 主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
该句式中的谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语；一个是表示物的直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后面。
①(2020·浙江卷)As soon as we finished the song, all_the_audience gave us warm applause.
一演唱完，所有的观众就给予了我们热烈的掌声。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Now I would like to offer you some advice.
现在我想给你提供一些建议。
③First, he showed us the basic steps and skills of making dough figurines.
首先，他向我们展示了做面人的基本步骤和技能。
5. 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语
该句式中的动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的，直接跟在宾语之后。
①(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The activity was highly spoken of, because not only did it provide chance for us to exercise, but also made us more cohesive.
此次活动受到了高度评价，因为这不仅给我们提供了一个锻炼的机会，也让我们更具有凝聚力。
②(2018·浙江卷) Through this voluntary work, it will enable me to learn English better and meanwhile to broaden my horizons.
通过这次志愿活动，我能够把英语学得更好，同时拓宽我的视野。
③(全国卷Ⅲ)Therefore, I would like you to join our school's table tennis team.
因此，我想邀请你加入我们学校的乒乓球队。
④(江苏卷)In addition，the_Internet makes surveying and voting easy and convenient, regardless of time and space.
另外，互联网使得调查和投票容易且方便，不用考虑时间和地点。
二、there be结构
1. there be结构有不同的时态，而且可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用。
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)For example, there are huge amounts of reference books which I am often confused to choose from.
例如，有大量的参考书，我对于如何选择经常感到困惑。
②(全国卷Ⅱ)The purpose of my writing is to tell you that there will be an outgoing for us these days.
我写信的目的是要告诉你这几天我们要进行一次郊游。
③Today is National Day. I think there should be many cars on the freeway.
今天是国庆节。我认为高速路上应该有很多车辆。
2. there be结构有许多固定句型，它们的适当应用对写作会大有提升。
①There happened to be a lot of people by the road. They helped us pull the car out of the big hole.
路边恰好有很多人，他们帮助我们把车从那个大坑里拉了出来。
②There is no need to worry about it as the government is now making every effort to provide more jobs.
没必要担心，因为政府正在尽一切努力提供更多的工作岗位。
利用5种基本句式和there be结构，结合中文提示补全下面的短文
Dear Sir or Madam，
I am Li Hua from Class One, Senior Three. 1. I'm_writing_to_apply_for(我写信是想申请) becoming one of the host families to accommodate our friends.
In my view, 2. the_activity_is_of_great_significance (这项活动意义重大) since the students participating in this activity will benefit a lot.
3. There_is_no_doubt_that (毫无疑问) my family can undertake the task. To begin with, 4. my_fluent_English_enables_me_to_communicate_with_foreign_friends (我流利的英语使我能与外国朋友交流). In addition, my family can also meet the requirements in housing and means of transportation. 5. My_family_will_offer_ them_the_best_service (我的家人会为他们提供最好的服务). We also plan to invite them to have a taste of local snacks and hot pot.
6. I_would_appreciate_it (我会感激) if my application could be taken into consideration.
Best regards.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
第2讲 写作常见的三类错误及防范措施
改正下列句子中的错误
1. People throwed cans, paper, bags and so on into the river. throwed→threw
2. During my summer vacation, I spent half a month in the country and played very happy. happy→happily
3. We must pay attention our pronunciation when we speak English. attention后加to
4. It's high time we do something to reduce traffic accidents. do→did或在do前面加should
5. There have been more and more road accidents happened in recent years. happened→happening
6. Dr Smith, together with his wife, are to arrive on the evening flight. are→is
7. Would you please meet my uncle at the airport because this is his first time visit to the US？去掉time
8. I have many collections of stamps, some of them are my favourite. some前加and或them→which
考场写作常见错误主要分为三类：词汇类错误、语法类错误和汉语式英语。
一、词汇类错误
考试时，考生很容易出现词形变化错误，而词性不清和词汇运用方面的错误主要还是受汉语的影响。其应对措施是在备考时多注意容易拼错或容易出现词形变化错误的单词，真正用心去体会英语词汇的词性和运用，对一些固定习语更不要想当然地改动。
1. 词形变化错误
误：The car hitted the old man and drived away.
正：The car hit the old man and drove away.
2. 词性不清错误
误：Doing a parttime job always effects study.
正：Doing a parttime job always affects study.
3. 词汇运用错误
误：He opened the light after he entered the room.
正：He turned on the light after he entered the room.
4. 擅自改动习语
误：We lost the game, but we didn't lose our heart.
正：We lost the game, but we didn't lose heart.
二、语法类错误
一个正确的句子除了用词得当外，语法也应该准确无误。如果语法不正确，再好的构思也难以正确地加以表达，语法错误的多少会直接影响作文得分档次。英语写作中语法类错误主要表现在如下几个方面：
1. 时态错误
误：In the morning, we had bicycled in the suburbs to plant trees.
正：In the morning, we bicycled in the suburbs to plant trees.
2. 语态错误
误：Children who raise in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.
正：Children who are raised in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.
3. 非谓语动词使用错误
误：Comparing with other countries, the country pays little attention to the pollution.
正：Compared with other countries, the country pays little attention to the pollution.
4. 主谓一致错误
误：My hobby is widespread, which include drawing, collecting stamps and so on.
正：My hobby is widespread, which includes drawing, collecting stamps and so on.
5. 比较级使用错误
误：With the development of transportation, the world seems to be getting more and more smaller.
正：With the development of transportation, the world seems to be getting smaller and smaller.
三、汉语式英语
一般来说，英汉两种语言既有许多相似之处，又有许多不同之处。在写作时如果想当然地去写，会出现许多汉语式英语，其中主要包括如下几个方面：
1. 纯汉语式思维和汉语式语序
误：At this school studying, I really very happy.
正：Studying at this school, I am really very happy.
2. 句子成分残缺
误：There are many students don't support the project.
正：There are many students who don't support the project.
3. 句子粘连
误：On the other hand, dogs are our best friends, bring us a lot of fun.
正：On the other hand, dogs are our best friends, which/and bring us a lot of fun.
4. 搭配不当
误：Under the help of the teacher, I have made great progress in my English.
正：With the help of the teacher, I have made great progress in my English.
四、防范出现错误的2个措施
1. 确定主语
英语句子无论多长都有自己的主语(祈使句省略了主语you)。动手写句子首先要确定主语，其次要特别注意汉语与英语的区别。例如：
①北京八月多雨。
误：Beijing rains much in August.
正：It rains much in Beijing in August.
②写得很匆忙，我们发现书中满是错误。
误：Written in a hurry, we found the book full of mistakes.
正：Written in a hurry, the book was found full of mistakes (by us)．
2. 确定谓语动词
英文中没有动词就构不成句子，但英语动词千变万化，稍不注意就会写错句子。在写句子时应特别注意以下几个方面：
①注意及物动词与不及物动词的正确运用。
误：The living standard of the people has raised in the past twenty years.
正：The living standard of the people has risen/has been raised in the past twenty years.
②注意延续性与非延续性动词的正确运用。
误：He has left his hometown for twenty years.
正：He has been away from his hometown for twenty years.
③注意一些不可用作被动语态的动词。
误：Many stars are appeared in the sky at night.
正：Many stars appear in the sky at night.
下面的考生作文中有8处错误，请改正。
Dear Arthur，
It is three weeks since you to hospital. How are you feeling now? Hope you will recover soon because all of our classmates .
As you may know , we have just finished our midterm exam. I am very happy to say that I made great progress this time. I really your encouragement. Besides, our school's sports meeting will be next Friday and Saturday. Our class did really last year and I believe we would get more prizes this year if you were to join us.
We are looking forward to your back.
Yours，
Li Hua
第3讲 亮点词汇
请用亮点词汇替换下列句子中的黑体部分
1. As high school students, we should be neatly dressed when at school. are_ supposed_to
2. The teacher directed the gifted students towards the more difficult courses. challenging
3. I sincerely hope that you will consider my suggestions. take_my_suggestions _into_account
4. Our class thought of the idea to make better use of used materials. came_up_with
5. We should try to improve ourselves through learning and prepare for the future. take_pains;_get_prepared
6. I want to tell you something about my plan for the summer vacation and I'd like you to help me. do_me_a_favour/lend_me_a_hand
7. Cinemas have gradually given way to the rise of the Internet and cellphones, and the ticket price is increasing. on_the_increase/rise
8. When you are bored with the people sometimes, you'd better find a quiet place, listening to some classical music. fed_up_with
一份高考作文在阅卷时往往在1分钟内就被判定优劣，大众化的词汇、平庸的表达已使长时间工作的阅卷老师产生了视觉疲劳。如果一篇作文中突然出现几个与众不同、让人眼前一亮的词汇，老师的给分也绝不会吝啬！
一、使用亮点词汇的4种方法
1. “语”众不同，避免人云亦云
写作时恰当得体地使用别人可能想不到的词汇或表达，会给阅卷人耳目一新的感觉。
①(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The students chosen from every class took part in the competition.
→The students selected from every class took part in the competition.
②(2018·江苏卷)Obviously，blindly following others' advice will affect our own judgment.
→Apparently, blindly following others' advice will affect our own judgment.
③(全国卷Ⅰ)I am very glad to know you are interested in Tang poems.
→I am more than delighted to know you are interested in Tang poems.
④(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)A volleyball match is going to be held in a few weeks and our team will take part.
→A volleyball match is going to be held in a few weeks and our team will participate.
2. 更新换代，避免重复
写作时应尽量避免重复使用相同的词语，要用贴切多样的词语来展示自己的水平。用词不同、表达方式迥异，也是高级用法。
①(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)There are different kinds of fruit trees as well as different kinds of animals.
→There are different kinds of fruit trees as well as a variety of animals.
②The team will hold many activities, some of which will appeal to you, including many matches.
→The team will hold a range of activities, some of which will appeal to you, including many matches.
3. 单词与短语巧妙互用
一般情况下短语优先，应多使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。但有时单词比短语更生动，可以“一词传神”。
①Quite a few things caused the traffic problem.
→Quite a few things gave rise to the traffic problem.
②We can look at this problem in many ways.
→We can view this problem in many ways. (view比look at更有内涵)
4. 用高年级学到的词汇替代低年级学到的词汇
①Second, I am trying my best to get the important knowledge and skills concerning my position.
→Second, I am sparing no efforts to acquire the essential knowledge and skills concerning my position.
②In my opinion, Internet voting has begun to show its negative effects on people and society.
→In my opinion, Internet voting has begun to show its negative impacts on people and society.
二、高分必备的24个亮点词汇
普通词汇
亮点词汇
普通词汇
亮点词汇
名
词
chance
opportunity
choice
alternative
idea
opinion
people
individuals
result
consequence
effect
influence
动
词
have
possess
develop
promote
replace
substitute
bear
put up with
consider
take into
account
understand
make
sense of
形
容
词
enough
adequate
rich
abundant
difficult
challenging
proper
appropriate
important
vital/
significant
interesting
absorbing/
appealing
副
词
finally
eventually
hardly
barely
immediately
in a flash
nowadays
currently
连词
so
therefore
and
as well as
①We'll try our best to develop the traditional friendship between us.
→We'll try our best to promote the traditional friendship between us.
②Finally your child will leave home to lead her own life as a fully independent adult.
→Eventually your child will leave home to lead her own life as a fully independent adult.
请用亮点词汇替换下面考生作文中加黑的部分
Dear Jason，
I'm very happy to hear from you and know about your beautiful home city London. Now I'd like to tell you something about my hometown Quanzhou.
Quanzhou is a beautiful place for people to live in. Its economy has been developing fast during the past ten years. New bridges and roads have been built, highrise buildings standing in many parts of the city. More and more schools and hospitals are useful for the native people. It is developing into a modern and beautiful city. But there are still some problems, such as heavy traffic in rush hours and serious air pollution, which have a bad effect on people's daily life. I think Quanzhou should develop healthily and scientifically, so that we could have a better hometown in future.
Yours，
Li Ming
【答案】
1. very→more than 2. fast→rapidly
3. built→set up
4. More and more→An increasing number of
5. useful→available 6. beautiful→charming
7. But→However 8. serious→severe
9. effect→influence/impact
10. I think→In my opinion/As far as I am concerned
第4讲 非谓语动词
运用非谓语动词转换句子
1. All the people here like the novel. It is written by Tom.
→All the people here like the novel written_by_Tom.
2. The boys were making the most of time. They wanted to finish the work earlier.
→The boys were making the most of time in_order/so_as_to_finish_the_work_ earlier.
3. When we are faced with difficulties, we need friends to give us comfort and help.
→Faced_with_difficulties,we need friends to give us comfort and help.
4. After we had practised playing basketball for almost two months, we strongly desired to be the winner.
→Having_practised_playing_basketball for almost two months, we strongly desired to be the winner.
5. As the society develops rapidly, it's necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English and computer.
→With the society developing_rapidly,it's necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English and computer.
众所周知，作文中出现过多的简单句会让人觉得单调乏味，句子与句子之间的关系显得松散；而文章中过多地出现复合句又显得累赘，读起来费劲。恰当地运用非谓语动词对简单句和复合句进行转换，不仅句型多样，句子活泼，而且读起来结构紧凑，言简意明。
一、运用非谓语动词转换简单句
写作时，我们可以利用非谓语动词对两个简单句进行转换，使其成为较高级的表达方式。转换时可采用以下三步。
第一步：写出两个简单句。
①Consequently, some viewers began to turn away from cinemas.
②It led to a slower growth.
第二步：让句①作主句，用非谓语动词改写句②。
第三步：让句②作结果状语，由于其动词lead to与主语it之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词短语作结果状语。
(江苏卷)Consequently, some viewers began to turn away from cinemas, leading to a slower growth.
例1 (2018·浙江卷) I hear that you are recruiting some volunteers to welcome the coming foreign students. I am gladly writing to apply for this job.
→Hearing that you are recruiting some volunteers to welcome the coming foreign students, I am gladly writing to apply for this job.
例2 (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Then there will be various fantastic performances and they will be played by talented students.
→Then there will be various fantastic performances to be played by talented students.
二、运用非谓语动词转换复合句
用非谓语动词转换复合句比转换简单句要容易一些，因为需转换的一般是从句部分，这时只需要判断用何种非谓语动词，再把握好时态和语态即可，所以只需以下两步。
第一步：写出一个复合句。
Since you have realised that your time is limited, you'll have to study for your goals without anger or hesitation.
第二步：把since引导的原因状语从句转换为非谓语动词，realise与you之间为主谓关系，且表示完成，故用现在分词的完成时作状语。
Having realised that your time is limited, you'll have to study for your goals without anger or hesitation.
例1 If it is carried out continuously, it will benefit all of us greatly and we are sure to make obvious progress.
→Carried out continuously, it will benefit all of us greatly and we are sure to make obvious progress.
例2 (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)As I have been exposed to foreign teachers since a young age, I can communicate freely with others in English.
→Having been exposed to foreign teachers since a young age, I can communicate freely with others in English.
三、写作中非谓语动词的常用句型
1. remain to be done有待于被……
Many questions have to be settled and much remains to be done in our educational work.
我们的教育工作中还有许多问题要解决，还有许多事情要去做。
2. 连词when/while/once/unless/although... ＋doing/done
(2020·天津卷)When faced with the difficulties and failures, I must overcome them.
面对困难和失败时，我必须战胜它们。
When searching for some information, we can operate by touching the screen.
当查找一些信息时，我们可以通过触摸屏来操作。
3. compared with/to... 与……比较
Compared with the escaped driver, I am proud of what I did.
与逃逸的司机相比，我为自己所做之事感到自豪。
4. be said/reported/considered... to do... 据说/报道/认为……
A bus full of passengers was reported to have gone out of control on a highway south of the city.
据报道一辆满载乘客的公共汽车在城南的一条公路上失去了控制。
5. with＋宾语＋宾语补足语
Every runner tried their best to finish the task, with their classmates along the way giving them necessary help as well as encouragement.
每位赛跑者都尽最大努力来完成此次任务，他们的同班同学在途中给他们提供必要的帮助和鼓励。
In the picture, a boy in worn clothes sits beside a wooden table with a pile of bamboo books on it.
在画中，一个穿着破旧衣服的男孩坐在木桌旁边，桌上有一堆竹简。
利用非谓语动词，结合中文提示补全短文
Dear Shirley，
Glad to receive your email. 1. The_problem_mentioned_in_your_email (你邮件中提到的问题) is common among middle school students. Don't worry about it too much. Follow the following advice I give you, and you may 2. get/have_your_problem _settled (使你的问题得到解决)．
First of all, believe in yourself. The first thing you must do is 3. to_smile_at_your _classmates (对你的同班同学微笑). A smile speaks louder about 4. your_wish_to_ make_friends (你交朋友的愿望) than any words. Your smile will show that you are friendly to them. Next 5. try_talking_with_a_student (试着和学生交谈) who is as shy as you or who shares the same interest as you. You can discuss your studies with a classmate, or you can also talk about your hobbies. If anyone is in trouble in life or study, you should be ready to help him or her. 6. Having_regained_your_confidence (在恢复你的自信后), you can make as many friends as possible.
Yours，
Li Hua
第5讲 并列句
用适当的并列连词填空
1. Some choose to avoid them while others decide to deal with them.
2. First, my English is very good and I'm openminded and warmhearted, so I'm getting along well with everyone.
3. You can contact me either by phone or by email if you want to know more about our university.
4. I worked hard at English and devoted all my spare time to practising it, but I failed to pass the midterm examination.
5. It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do that benefits our work most.
6. It's really very dangerous. One more step, and the baby will fall into the well.
7. I was walking along the river when I heard a boy crying for help.
8. Not_only can students improve their writing ability in this way but_also they can strengthen their selfconfidence.
并列句是用并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来，在这一句型中需要注意连接并列主语时，有些句型采取“就近原则”。
一、常见并列句的类型及并列连词
类型
连词
并列关系
(递进关系)
and, as well as, both... and...，
not only... but also..., neither... nor...
转折关系
but, yet, whereas
选择关系
or, otherwise, or else，either... or..., not... but...
因果关系
for, so, therefore, thus
对比关系
while
①Actually, I've been doing pretty well in my studies as well as in my life.
实际上，我的学习和生活一直都很顺利。
②Everyone in our society should help those in need, but it is more important to be sincere and earnest.
在我们的社会中每个人都应该帮助那些有困难的人，但更重要的是真诚和认真。
③All the classmates are friendly and kind, so you don't need to worry about the difficulty.
所有的同班同学都非常友好和善良，因此你没必要担心有什么困难。
二、并列句的常用句型
1. both... and... 既……又……
On the Internet, people can seek information about their favourite stars and buy tickets at a discount as well, which is both timesaving and economical.
在网上，人们可以搜寻他们最喜欢的明星的信息，也可以买打折的票，既省时又实惠。
2. either... or... 或者……或者……；不是……就是……
(全国卷Ⅲ)If you are interested in it, you may either send an email to 12345@sina. com or sign up in person.
如果你感兴趣，可以发送电子邮件至12345@sina. com或亲自报名。
3. neither... nor... 既不……也不……
In autumn, it's neither too hot nor too cold.
秋天，既不太热又不太冷。
4. not only... but also... 不仅……而且……
(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Not only would I be able to experience fruit picking, but I could also feast on the sweetness!
我不仅可以体验水果采摘，还可以尽情享受水果的甜美！
5. not... but... 不是……，而是……
So, from now on, let's not waste our time on unimportant things but have a hearttoheart chat with our parents once in a while.
因此，从现在起，让我们不要把时间浪费在不重要的事情上，而是时不时地与父母做面对面的交谈。
6. ... while/whereas ……而，……却
Most of my classmates wanted to go to a park while I had an idea of going to a nicer place.
我的大部分同班同学都想去公园，而我想去一个更好的地方。
7. 祈使句/名词词组＋and/or/otherwise＋陈述句
①Learn to understand, and you will keep away from a world full of sadness and disappointment.
学会理解，你就会从满是悲伤和失望的世界中摆脱出来。
②More healthy food, or you'll break down sooner or later.
多吃健康食品，不然你的身体迟早会垮掉。
8. had done/be doing/be about to do... when... 刚做完某事/正做某事/正要做某事，这时……
①One day, I was walking to my school when I found an old lady lying on the street, looking very painful.
一天，我正步行去上学，这时我发现一位老太太躺在街上，看上去很痛苦。
②I was about to give up when my best friend encouraged me to go on.
我正要放弃，这时我最好的朋友鼓励我继续下去。
用适当的并列连词填空
Dear Ms Jenkins，
I'm Li Hua. 1. And I'm writing to ask you for help. I've determined to take a parttime job during the summer holiday 2. for I intend to accumulate some social experience. I am quite interested in a position in a foreignfunded company 3. and I have already written my application in English. 4. However,I am not sure of the vocabulary and grammar that I used and the formats of application letter and resume. 5. So would you please 6. not_only correct the mistakes 7. but_also polish the formats if it is convenient for you?
I'll be grateful if you can help me with that. I have attached my application letter 8. and/as_well_as resume to this letter.
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
第6讲 三大从句
用三大从句完成句子
1. 我最大的爱好是读书看报，这已经成为我日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。
My favourite hobby is reading books and newspapers, which_has_become_a_ necessary_part_of_my_daily_life.
2. 我们都知道，当我们需要帮助时，我们的朋友会伸出援手，帮我们渡过难关。
As_we_all_know,our friends lend us a helping hand when we need help and they help us get through difficult situations.
3. 使我印象最深的是他们都经过了专业培训。
What_impressed_me_most was that_they_had_had_professional_training.
4. 我想知道你能否给我提供一些如何交朋友的建议。
I wonder if/whether_you_can_give_me_some_advice_on_how_to_make_friends.
5. 每当见到有人需要帮助，我就会尽力去帮助他。
Whenever_I_see_someone_in_need,I will spare no efforts to help him.
复合句可划分为状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句三大类，而名词性从句又分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、条理分明的状语从句
状语从句主要包括时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、比较、方式、目的和结果九类从句。在英语写作中，状语从句是经常用到的句型，它的灵活运用使作文更具吸引力。
①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)First of all, you'd better arrive on time because it is polite to be punctual in China.
首先，你最好按时到达，因为在中国守时是礼貌的行为。
②(全国卷Ⅲ)If you want to apply for membership, you are required to fill in the application form and send an email to pingpong@123. com.
如果你想申请成为会员，就需要填个表格并发送到pingpong@123. com。
③(2019·浙江卷)Whenever I encounter difficulties, you always cheer me up and help me out.
无论我何时遇到困难，你总是使我振作起来，帮助我摆脱困境。
④(2019·北京卷)When I came back home, I shared my experiences with my parents.
我回家后，和父母分享了我的经历。
二、润色添彩的定语从句
定语从句能够比较清楚地反映出考生对于语言较高的掌握能力，所以建议考生一定要在写作中至少使用一个恰到好处的定语从句。
①(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)During the comingofage ceremony, the headmaster congratulated us on stepping into the adult, reviewing the growth period that we had experienced.
在成人礼仪式上，校长向我们迈入成人阶段表示祝贺，回顾了我们成长的经历。
②(2020·江苏卷)It has always been an attraction for those who are keen on anything that is Chinese.
它对跟中国有关的任何东西都狂热的人一直都有吸引力。
③(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The film is mainly related to the development of our school，which will greatly help us students know the school's history better and appeal to us to make contributions to our school's development.
这部影片主要与我们学校的发展有关联，它不仅很大程度上帮助我们学生更好地了解学校的历史，也呼吁我们要为学校的发展做出贡献。
④(2018·江苏卷)As we all know, most of the ratings are based on others' judgment on the product or service concerned.
我们大家都知道，大部分排名是基于其他人对有关产品和服务的评价。
⑤(全国卷Ⅰ)We are to meet on Sunday morning in the People's Park, where the air is fresh and the scenery is beautiful.
我们打算周日上午在人民公园会面，那里空气清新、风景优美。
在写作中如果我们可以把两个简单句合并为一个定语从句，就是从低级到高级的转换。
①(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)What's more, years of being monitor makes me a brilliant organizer, and it will help a lot to keep the exhibition in order.
→What's more, years of being monitor makes me a brilliant organizer, which will help a lot to keep the exhibition in order.
②During holiday seasons, I will live in the countryside. In the countryside air is fresh and people are friendly.
→During holiday seasons, I will live in the countryside, where air is fresh and people are friendly.
三、丰富多样的名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，是写作中常见的高级表达方式。
①(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Through the activity, what I felt is that I am able to shoulder the responsibility and it makes us stronger and more determined.
通过此次活动，我感到我能够承担责任了，这使我们更加坚强、更加坚定。
②(全国卷Ⅲ)It is known that we can benefit a lot from playing ping pong.
众所周知，我们可以从打乒乓球中获益匪浅。
③(全国卷Ⅲ)I hope the change will not cause you too much trouble.
我希望这种改变不会给你带来太多麻烦。
④To practise as much as possible is where the secret lies.
尽可能多地练习就是秘密之所在。
⑤I hold the opinion that we should go to help them (to) overcome the present difficulty.
我认为，我们应该去帮助他们克服目前的困难。
在写作中如果我们能够把两个简单句合并为一个含有名词性从句的复合句，对写作是一种质的升华。
①He said a lot at the meeting. His words were very attractive.
→What he said at the meeting was very attractive.
②Our women volleyball team had won the championship. The news encouraged us all greatly.
→The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.
利用从句，结合中文提示补全短文
Dear David,
I'm writing to express my grateful feeling to you. Thank you for inviting me to your birthday party last week, 1. which_brought_me_lots_of_entertainment (它给我带来了很多快乐)．
During the party, 2. what_impressed_me_most (使我印象最深的) was your happy family. Both your parents were enthusiastic over me. I really enjoyed it 3. because_it_made_me_feel_at_home(因为它使我感到非常轻松自在). The dessert and other snacks 4. (that)_you_offered_us (你们提供给我们的) were tasty. In addition, the light music and candle light created a nice and warm atmosphere, 5. in_which_I_was_able_to_open_my_heart_to_your_other_friends (在这种氛围中，我能够向你的其他朋友敞开心扉)．
Thanks again for your dinner. I am sure 6. (that)_the_unforgettable_experience_ will_be_stored_in_my_mind_forever (这次难忘的经历会永远储藏在我的心中)．
Yours，
Li Hua
第7讲 特殊句式(强调句型、倒装句型、it句式)
用强调句型、倒装句型或it句式完成句子
1. 正是多年艰苦的工作造就了他今天的成功。
It_was_years_of_hard_work_that has made him successful today.
2. 只有通过练习你才能发现这种语言的魅力。
Only_through_practice_can_you_find the beauty of this language.
3. 非常荣幸我能够站在这里谈一些对于友谊的感悟。
It's_my_honour_to_stand here and say something about friendship.
4. 显而易见，iPad对我们的学习有很大帮助，尤其是对我们的英语听力。
It_is_obvious_that iPad is of great help to our study, especially to our English listening.
5. 作为中学生，我们应该把对食物浪费说“不”当成一项规定。
As middle school students, we should make_it_a_rule_to_say “No” to food waste.
一、重点突出的强调句型
强调句型可强调除谓语动词和表语外的其他任何成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。它的灵活运用不仅有助于增强表达效果，突出要强调的重点，更能彰显考生对英语表达的把握能力。其基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他。
①It is not only your enthusiasm but also your teamwork and good spirits that impress us.
不仅是你们的热情，而且是你们的团队合作和良好的精神给我们留下了深刻的印象。
②It is not the story itself but what is reflected in the story that counts.
重要的并不是故事本身而是它所反映出来的东西。
在写作中，我们可以通过强调句型将句子提高到一个新的层次。
①The teacher's praise contributes to my success.
→It is the teacher's praise that contributes to my success.
②They didn't realise the importance of environmental protection until all the fish in the river died out.
→It was not until all the fish in the river died out that they realised the importance of environmental protection.
二、平衡句子的倒装句型
在写作中倒装句型应用比较广泛，涉及的句型也比较多，包括部分倒装和全部倒装。
1. “only＋状语”置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
Only in this way can we students study happily and effectively.
只有以这种方式我们学生才能愉快、有效地学习。
2. none, neither, nor, not, never, hardly, little, seldom等否定词，由no构成的否定短语，如at no time, by no means等，以及not only置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Not only do I feel the pains the farmers take but also the happiness that labour brings me.
我不仅感受到了农民的辛苦，也感受到了劳动带来的快乐。
3. 在so/such... that... 结构中，当so/such... 位于句首时，其后的句子用部分倒装。
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)So excited am I that I can't wait to join in it.
我太兴奋了，急于想加入。
4. as/though尽管……
Child as he is, he knows a lot about astronomy.
虽然他是个孩子，但他知道很多天文学知识。
5. here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, on the wall, in the room等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首，且主语是名词而不是代词时，句子用全部倒装。
In that picture, around the table with three books on it sit three students.
在图画中，三个学生坐在桌子周围，桌上有三本书。
在写作中，我们可以通过倒装让句子更高级。
①We can help to construct an energysaving society only with joint efforts.
→Only with joint efforts can we help to construct an energysaving society.
② We don't know its value until we lose health.
→Not until we lose health do we know its value.
三、避免头重脚轻的it句式
1. it作形式主语
在英语中，为了避免头重脚轻，经常运用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语后置，作真正主语的常为不定式或从句，有时也可用动名词。灵活地运用it句式可使文章更高级，结构更紧凑。
①(2018·江苏卷)In that case, it is both convenient and economical to buy books according to the ratings.
在那种情况下，按照排名买书既方便又经济。
②It is true that a smartphone plays an important role in our daily life.
智能手机确实在我们日常生活中扮演重要的角色。
③It is no use trying to persuade him to change his mind; he is too stubborn.
劝他改变主意是没用的；他太固执了。
2. it作形式宾语及其他
it除了可以作形式主语外，作形式宾语和在一些常见句型中的应用都可以提升文章的档次，使文章更高级。
①(全国卷Ⅰ)I think it great fun to learn the poems written in the Tang Dynasty with you.
我认为与你一起学习唐诗非常有趣。
②(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)I'd appreciate it if you could take my application into consideration.
如果你能考虑我的申请，我将不胜感激。
③Listening and speaking is where my weakness lies when it comes to English.
当谈及英语时，听和说是我的弱项之所在。
利用强调句型、倒装句型或it句式，结合中文提示补全短文
1. When_it_came_to_my_hometown (当谈到我的家乡时), I always felt warmth in my heart. There used to be a river to the south of my village, in which fish were swimming happily. 2. It_was_the_river_that (正是这条河) gave me a lot of wonderful memory.
But 3. it_is_a_great_pity_that (真遗憾) all these good things are gone. 4. Not_only_are_there_no_fish_left (不仅河中没有了鱼) but also it gives off a terrible smell. 5. It_is_a_chemical_works_nearby_that (是附近的一家化工厂) makes the river so polluted. I think the government should take measures to stop the pollution. Only when we have blue sky, white clouds and clean water 6. can_we_live_a_happy_life (我们才能过着幸福的生活).
第8讲 合理恰当的细节
根据括号内的提示完成句子
1. However, it seems that people are not aware of the negative effects of mobile phones on communication. For_example,_many_people_begin_to_pay_less_attention_ to_facetoface_communication (比如，很多人越来越不重视面对面的交流)．
2. At that moment, I became the focus of the whole class and was_full_of_great_ pride_and_confidence (充满了自豪和自信)．
3. I suggest that the teacher should choose more English films, thus making English learning more interesting (这样就使得我们的英语学习更加有趣)．
4. If_possible (如果可能的话), I'll take part in social activities so_that_I_can_ know_more_about_the_society (以便我能更多地了解这个社会)．
5. I also helped children in the neighbourhood with their English lessons. To_my_joy,_they_made_rapid_progress_and_their_parents_thought_highly_of_me (令我高兴的是，他们进步很快而且他们的父母对我评价很高)．
6. Let's develop good habits of saving energy in our daily life and try_to_make_more_contributions_to_our_environment (尽力为我们的环境做出更多贡献)．
在试题“注意”中有明确规定：1. 词数80左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。这里既规定了词数，又指出了充实文章的方法，即“适当增加细节”。适当添加细节的方法具体如下：
1. 列举具体的实例进行补充说明
①我要花一些时间和父母在一起。
I'll spend some time staying with my parents.
→I'll spend some time staying with my parents, chatting with them and doing some housework.
②我发现了一些不良行为。
I found some bad behaviour.
→I found some bad behaviour. Some people scribbled on the wall; some played on the lawn and some threw rubbish everywhere.
③我是一个充满活力的健康男孩，我非常喜欢体育运动。
I am a healthy boy full of energy and I like sports very much.
→I am a healthy boy full of energy and I like sports very much. Whenever I have time, I'll go hiking or mountain climbing with my classmates.
2. 增添相关的神态、动作、心理描写以及背景渲染等内容
①我有时去村西的小河游泳。
I went swimming in the river in the west of the village now and then.
→Weather permitting, I went swimming in the river in the west of the village now and then, in which the water was very clear.
②旅行了一周后，他回到了家。
After a week's trip, he returned home.
→After a week's trip, he returned home, tired but happy.
3. 增添相关的原因、结果、条件、让步、手段、目的等内容
①我需要好好休息，我要做些阅读。
I need a good rest. I'll do some reading.
→I need a good rest because I do feel tired after the hard work of all these years. I'll do some reading for fun, as well as for knowledge.
②募捐得来的钱将送给急需的人。
The money collected in the charity sale will be sent to those in great need.
→The money collected in the charity sale will be sent to those in great need. This will not only help them through difficulties, but also give them warmth and happiness.
③演讲时要面带微笑；要讲慢些，讲清楚。
You should wear a smile on your face when you speak. Besides, remember to speak slowly and clearly.
→You should wear a smile on your face when you speak, which will make you relaxed. Besides, remember to speak slowly and clearly so that you can leave a good impression on the audience and judges.
4. 结尾适当发挥，写出个人感受、评价、愿望、倡议等
①Although I was very tired this summer holiday, I felt very happy for what I did. (个人感受)
尽管我这个暑假很累，但是我为我所做的感到高兴。
②I think such activities are necessary and meaningful. (评价)
我认为这样的活动很有必要也很有意义。
③I sincerely hope my advice can be helpful to you and that you can enjoy your new school life. (愿望)
我衷心希望我的建议能够对你有所帮助，你能够享受你在新学校的生活。
④As a student, it's our duty to protect our school environment and make it clean. (倡议)
作为一名学生，保护我们校园的环境并使之干净是我们的职责。
根据提示，给下面的短文增添合理恰当的细节
假设你是李华，你的美国网友Peter打算到中国留学，他写信询问怎样才能受到中国高校的青睐。请你根据下列要点用英语给对方写一封回信：
1. 语言是道硬门槛；
2. 适应能力很重要；
3. 兴趣爱好被看重。
注意：1. 词数80左右；
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Peter，
In your letter you mentioned how to get the preference of Chinese universities. I believe there would be three main aspects to be considered.
Firstly, mastering Chinese is a basic need to live in China. 1. With_this_ability,_ you_can_communicate_with_native_speakers_easily_and_have_access_to_many_resources (有了这种能力，你与当地人交流就会很容易，而且还可以获得很多资源). Besides, it is important to adapt to the new environment quickly. 2. The_sooner_you_ can_get_used_to_the_new_environment,_the_more_beneficial_it_will_become_to_you (你熟悉新环境越早，好处就越多). Finally, personal interests and hobbies are also highly valued. 3. You_should_choose_a_major_that_you_want_to_ take_up (你应该选择一个想要从事的专业)．
With all the strengths I mentioned above, 4. I_believe_you_can_overcome_all_ the_difficulties_and_make_greater_progress_in_China (我相信在中国你能够克服所有困难，取得更大的进步)．
Best wishes and good luck!
Yours，
Li Hua
第9讲 衔接
根据括号内的提示完成句子
1. With_the_development_of (随着……的发展) the Internet, computers play an important role in people's life.
2. First_of_all (首先), the most significant thing is to set a goal, work out a plan and carry out your plan step by step.
3. As a result, travelling will help you to relax yourself as_well_as (也) build up your body.
4. On_the_contrary (相反), smartphones not only take up our valuable time, but also do great harm to our health.
5. Therefore (因此), I suggest we should be given more time for sports and sleep.
6. Besides/In_addition/What's_more/Moreover (况且), listening to some soft music does relax your mood and give you a new start.
7. We have many subjects, such_as (例如) Chinese, math, English, music and art.
8. As_far_as_I_am_concerned (就我而言), I love wealth, but I value health more.
9. Generally_speaking (总的来说), the more you practise, the more skillfully you can write in English.
衔接与过渡性词语的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的最常用手段。在句与句之间，段与段之间恰当地使用一些承上启下的衔接(过渡)性词语是非常必要的。中学阶段应该掌握的衔接(过渡)性词语可以归纳如下：
1. 表示起始关系的过渡性词语
above all, to begin/start with, recently, nowadays, according to, with the development of... 等。
(全国卷Ⅰ)To begin with, the final exam of this term is around the corner, so I am busy preparing for it.
首先，本学期的期末考试就要到了，因此我正忙着准备考试。
2. 表示时间顺序的过渡性词语
firstly, first of all, then, later, in the end, finally, at last, after that, afterwards, since then, meanwhile等。
(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Using baskets and ladders, we first picked the ones that were most beautiful in colour, then those that were ripe and soft.
我们先用篮子和梯子挑选颜色最漂亮的，然后再挑选成熟柔软的。
(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)At last, all the runners managed to arrive the finish line, receiving cheers from all the directions.
最后，所有赛跑者都成功到达了终点线，他们收到了来自四面八方的欢呼声。
(2019·北京卷)After that, you can go to Shanghai, where you can stay for a week.
过后，你可以去上海，你可以在那里待一周。
3. 表示并列关系的过渡性词语
and, or, as well as, not only... but also..., either... or..., neither... nor..., not... but... 等。
She finally earned respect of them, who eventually became confident as well as wellbehaved.
她最后赢得了他们的尊重，他们最终变得自信，表现也不错。
4. 表示转折关系的过渡性词语
but, yet, however, while, otherwise, on the contrary, in spite of, regardless of等。
(江苏卷)However, the film market may witness a slowdown in the near future.
然而，电影市场在不久的将来或许会有所下滑。
5. 表示因果关系的过渡性词语
because, as, since, for, thanks to, due to, as a result of, so, therefore, as a result/consequence等。
①(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)So would you please spare some time to review the draft script attached to this email and make necessary changes?
因此，您能抽出一些时间来审阅这封邮件所附的草稿剧本，并进行必要的修改吗？
②(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Therefore, we must make enough preparations before the match.
因此，我们在比赛前要做好充足的准备。
6. 表示递进关系的过渡性词语
besides, in addition, what's more, furthermore, moreover, what's worse, still less, to make matters worse, worse still, on the one hand... on the other hand..., for one thing... for another... 等。
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Besides, my related knowledge will help the audience learn more about the unique Chinese art form.
此外，我的相关知识能帮助观众更好地了解这种独特的中国艺术形式。
7. 表示列举事实的过渡性词语
such as, for example/instance, take... for example, that is to say, as follows, in other words等。
In my free time, I'll continue to take regular exercise, such as swimming, running and various ball games.
在我的业余时间，我将继续做常规训练，诸如游泳、跑步和各种各样的球类活动。
8. 表示观点的过渡性词语
in my opinion, in my view, from my point of view, as far as I am concerned, as for me, personally等。
①(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)As for me, my father is the person I respect most.
对于我来说，我的爸爸是我最尊敬的人。
②In my opinion, we can share information with each other to make a better understanding.
按照我的观点，我们能够互相共享信息，以便更好地相互理解。
9. 表示总结的过渡性词语
in short, in brief, in conclusion, in a/one word, to sum up, all in all, on the whole, in general, generally speaking等。
In conclusion, more and more people fall in love with Chinese language and culture.
综上所述，越来越多的人们喜爱中国的语言和文化。
阅读下面短文，选择适当的过渡词或短语填空
above all, recently, besides, meanwhile, for one thing, for another, personally, in a word
1. Recently,it has been a great public concern that the students lack selfprotection awareness.
There is a lack of social experience among students and therefore learning how to protect ourselves is of great significance to us all. 2. For_one_thing,security comes first. Without security, we can achieve nothing and cannot live up to parents' expectations. 3. For_another,protecting ourselves contributes to the healthy development of the students, which is associated with the happiness of every family. 4. Meanwhile,it also helps to build a more harmonious society.
5. Personally,in order to protect us students, 6. above_all,we should strengthen our security awareness. 7. Besides,when accidents occur, we should calm down and turn to teachers or parents for help. The government also plays a leading role in protecting students. 8. In_a_word,only by the combined efforts of every side involved can we live and study in harmony.
二、写作题型突破
题型一 应用文写作
一、题型分析
应用文写作常以短文提示、要点提示的形式出现。它要求考生根据所给出的提示性文字，首先确定文章的中心思想，然后紧紧围绕中心思想展开论述，表达主旨。它的特点是：提纲既体现了文章的层次，又规定了各段大致的内容，为考生提供了写作思路。
二、解题指导
[注意事项]
1. 按照提纲的思路写，既不能偏离，也不能随意增减；
2. 有时所提供的要点顺序并非就是写作时的顺序，写作前先将要点标出，并按照一定的逻辑关系把这些要点排列并整理好，要考虑各要点之间该用什么样的连接词或连接句进行有效的衔接过渡；
3. 提纲只是对文章的提示或概括，不是主题句。考生需要根据提纲的性质，写出体现提纲主旨的句子作为主题句，然后围绕主题句进行扩展。
[典题示例]
(2020·江西省重点中学联考)假定你是高三学生李华。去年你作为交换生去了美国新泽西州布莱尔中学(Blair Academy)游学。回国后用英语给你的host family的小伙伴Bill写一封感谢信，要点如下：
1. 写信的目的；
2. 分享游学体会；
3. 寄上答谢礼物并邀请他们一家来中国游玩。
注意：1. 词数80左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Bill，
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li Hua
[审题谋篇]
文章体裁
应用文
中心人称
第一人称和第三人称
主要时态
一般现在时和一般过去时
信息要点
1. 我写信对你的家人在我游学期间为我所做的一切表示感谢；
2. 你们的善意和体谅使我非常愉快；
3. 优美的风景和好心的当地人都给我留下了深刻的印象，我不仅学到了你们丰富的文化而且练习了我的口语；
4. 希望你们能够喜欢我送给你们的礼物，并期待着你们全家来中国做客。
[词句构建]
1. 词汇
汉语
一般词汇
高级词汇
感谢
thanks
gratitude
愉快的
happy
enjoyable/delighted
使印象
深刻
impress
deeply
leave a deep
impression on
期待
expect
look forward to
2. 句式
①你们的善意和体谅使我非常愉快。
一般表达：Your kindness and consideration made my stay in your country so happy.
高级表达：It_was_your_kindness_and_consideration_that made my stay in your country so enjoyable/delighted. (用强调句型进行改写，并用高级词汇替代happy)
②我不仅学到了你们丰富的文化而且练习了我的口语。
一般表达：I not only learned a lot about your rich culture, but also I practised my spoken English.
高级表达：Not_only_did_I_learn a lot about your rich culture, but also I practised my spoken English. (用not only开头的部分倒装进行改写)
③我希望你们能够喜欢这些礼物，这是专门为你们准备的。
一般表达：I hope you will like the gifts. They are specially prepared for you.
高级表达：I hope you will like the gifts specially prepared_for_you. (用过去分词短语作定语进行改写)
3. 连句成篇
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Dear Bill，
I am writing to express my sincere gratitude to your whole family for what you did for me when I was studying in Blair Academy as an exchange student last year. It was your kindness and consideration that made my stay in your country so enjoyable.
The beautiful scenery and kind local people left a deep impression on me. Not only did I learn a lot about your rich culture, but also I practised my spoken English. I'll never forget the meaningful and unforgettable experience!
By the way, have you received the silk scarf and tea? I hope you will like the gifts specially prepared for you. I am looking forward to your family's visit to China!
Yours，
Li Hua
附录 常用书信的开头结尾黄金句式
一、引人入胜的开头
1. 开门见山式
①(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)How is everything going? I am writing in sincerity to ask you a favor regarding a play we adapted according to the textbook.
②(全国卷Ⅱ)I am writing to invite you to attend the Chinese papercutting art exhibition to be held in the art gallery from 8：00 am to 5：00 pm next Sunday in our city center.
③(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)How are you doing？Learning that you are about to pay a visit to a Chinese friend and confused about the Chinese customs，I'm writing to inform you of some relevant details.
④(2019·浙江卷)Learning that you're leaving for the United States soon, I'm eagerly writing to express my heartfelt gratitude to you for your help.
⑤I'd like to invite you to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home next Saturday for the Double Ninth Festival.
2. 自我介绍式
①I'm Li Hua, a student from Class 2, Grade 3. I'm writing to apply for the position as a student volunteer.
②This is Li Xia. I learned from your post that you want to improve your Mandarin.
3. 询问问候式
①(全国卷Ⅲ)How is everything going? I have good news to tell you that our school's table tennis team is recruiting new members.
②(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)How are you doing these days？You asked me about how our school performs our PE classes in your last letter, so I'm writing to share with you some details.
4. 情感表达式
①(2020·浙江卷)I am sorry to hear that you have gone back home on sick leave.
②(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)I am delighted to know you are invited to a dinner party by your Chinese friend.
③(北京卷)I'm happy to receive your letter and know you are coming to China.
④(全国卷Ⅲ)I am sorry to say that I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.
⑤(北京卷)It's great to hear from you. I feel proud knowing your interest in Chinese history.
⑥(天津卷)How time flies! Two weeks went by, and our exchange activities ended. On behalf of my school, I would like to express my feelings.
在书信开头我们可用“I'm writing to do sth.” 来表达目的；用“I'd like to do sth.”来表示打算。
求职信可说：I'm writing to apply for the position...
或Learning from..., I'd like to apply for the post...
咨询信可说：I'm writing to inquire/ask for some information about...
感谢信可说：I'm writing to express my thanks for...
或I'd like to convey my heartfelt thanks to you for...
建议信可说：I'm writing to express my view concerning...
投诉信可说：I'm writing to complain about...
道歉信可说：I'm writing to make an apology to you for...
邀请信可说：I'm writing to tell you something about... Would you like to... ?
二、回味无穷的结尾
1. 表达期待式
①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)I'm sure you will have a great time.
②(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I'm looking forward to your arrival and joining me in experiencing it in the near future.
③(全国卷Ⅲ)I wish you success in your application!
④(北京卷)Hope you'll have a good time in China.
⑤(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)You are definitely welcome to show up on stage, which will add color and fun to our festival.
2. 表达感谢式
①(2019·浙江卷)No words are strong enough to convey how grateful I am.
②I would be grateful if you could give me a kind consideration.
3. 请求询问式
①(2018·北京卷)If you have any other questions, do let me know.
②(北京卷)Interested in knowing more？I can find you some books！Just let me know.
4. 补充细节式
By the way, if you need any other kind of books, please do tell me.
在书信结尾处我们可以使用一些功能句式，向对方表示友善的感谢或亲切的问候，表达愿望或期待等。
求职信可说：I would be grateful if you would consider my application.
I hope to have the opportunity of an interview.
咨询信可说：I'm waiting for your early reply.
感谢信可说：I must thank you again for your generous help.
Please accept my gratitude, now and always.
建议信可说：In the end, I will be very glad if you find my suggestions useful.
I hope you will find these suggestions practical.
I'll appreciate you taking my suggestions into account.
投诉信可说：I'd appreciate it if you... as soon as possible.
邀请信可说：I'm longing to hear from you.
题型二 读后续写
一、题型分析
(一)读后续写试题特点
[题型特点]
1. 原文材料 350 词以内，所续写文章 150 词左右；
2. 原文多是情节丰富的记叙文，偶有议论文；
3. 续写部分分为两段，每段开头语已经给出；
4. 续写部分有两大类别：半开放性质，必须依据文章的语境逻辑推理续写；完全开放性质，可以依据文章的思路自己发挥。
[评分基本要求]
阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：
①与所给短文及段落开头语的衔接程度；
②内容的丰富性和对所给关键词语的应用情况；
③应用语法结构和词汇的丰富性和准确性；
④上下文的连贯性。
(二)读后续写考查能力
读后续写是一种将阅读与写作紧密结合的考查形式，旨在考查考生的综合语言运用能力。与应用文不同，故事续写除了要求考生掌握丰富的词汇和句式外，还注重考生的内容构思和情节衔接的能力。主要聚焦在以下四个方面：
1. 把握短文关键信息和语言特点的能力。考生需要了解所给短文的主要内容，清楚其关键词和语言结构的使用情况，并通过续写短文表现出来。
2. 语言运用的准确性和丰富性。期望考生在词汇和语言结构的使用方面准确、恰当，能够根据内容需要使用较高级的词汇和语言结构。
3. 对语篇结构的把控能力。考查考生对上下文逻辑关系的掌握情况，希望考生续写的短文语句连贯、有序。
4. 创造性思维能力。这是对考生续写短文内容的要求，期望考生续写的短文具有较丰富的内容。该试题具有一定的开放性，要求考生详细、生动地描述情景、态度和感情，符合课程标准的要求。
(三)读后续写考查要点
读后续写考查要点：与给定材料有逻辑衔接；情节和结构完整。
逻辑衔接：逻辑衔接的主要作用是保持文章的中心思想、意义上的连贯以及文句的流畅。一篇具有较强的逻辑性且衔接自然的文章层次清晰、语言流畅、过渡自然，词、句、段、篇能做到上下衔接合理、前后相照应。
情节完整：情节由一系列能够显示人物与人物之间关系的具体事件构成，完整的情节通常包括开端、发展、高潮、结局四部分。
结构完整：结构是谋篇布局的手段。完整的结构需要作者把一系列人物和事件以不同的轻重主次合理地进行组织安排，搭建好文章架构。
二、解题指导
(一)续写步骤
1. 精读文章，确定文章线索。每篇文章都有各自独特的写作思路，通过精读文章，找到该篇文章的写作线索，如是以时间为线索还是以空间为线索等，这样有利于考生“顺藤摸瓜(结尾)”。
2. 仔细审题，明确续写要求。一般短文后面的“注意”都有对此次短文续写的具体要求，如词数限制、续写段落的首句提示，这样考生能做到心中有数。
3. 回顾原文，揣摩续写思路。根据文章后面的要求，再次快速回读短文，抓住文章的思路，结合段首的提示语，最终确定续写段落的思路，确定续写段落的内容。
4. 拟写草稿，修改错词、病句。在确定思路和内容之后，最关键的就是结合提示语拟写草稿。拟写时，注意句子结构的多样性，并通过句与句之间连接词的正确使用使上下文连贯。
(二)学会审题
1. 审要求：阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。明确作文是读后续写。
2. 审体裁：确定是记叙文，说明文还是议论文。
3. 审时态：确定是一般过去时、一般现在时，还是一般将来时，或是各种时态混合出现。
4. 审前文大意：读懂前文。
5. 审前文要点：读后续写一般是记叙文，所以要找到记叙文的六要素：who, when, where, what, how, why。
6. 审续写所给首句：仔细研读续写题目给出的第一句话，有助于我们续写后续故事时与前文叙述的高度融合。
(三)学会如何归纳故事大意，进行发散性思维
1. 看懂原文意思是续写的前提。续写基本上提供的是记叙文，一个情节饱满的故事。在读原文时，要寻求故事的发展顺序，准确抓住故事发生的时间、地点、主人公、做的事情，以及为什么要做、怎么做的。只有这样，才能为后来的续写做充分的准备。
2. 在续写时，学生要想把故事继续编写下去，就必须先找出文中留下的未解之谜，即文中的悬念点。最后，根据给出的段落开头语，选择性地将这些悬念点运用到续写中去，这样可以帮助学生克服想象不出故事情节、无话可说的窘境，打消对续写的畏惧感。
(四)训练时态意识，明确人物以及事件线索
在阅读前文时，有意识地关注时态问题，以及相关的人物、事件等。
(五)合理发挥想象，续写的内容应该充满正能量
读后续写两步走口诀
读透(审题)
细读文章，线索清；
续写首句，要研读；
语言风格，须沿用；
写好(续写)
确定基调，思路形；
先列提纲，初稿成；
检查要点，写工整。
注：
1. 文章基调是指文章的立意，即真善美的具体体现，如关爱、分享、付出与收获等。
2. 语言风格是指记叙文纯粹旁白的写人叙事，还是对话与旁白的交替使用等。
题型三 概要写作
一、题型分析
概要写作，简言之，就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的主旨大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句子表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心。要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。
这一题型主要考查考生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是阅读理解和书面表达相结合的题型，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达之间的桥梁。
(一)概要写作题型要求
1. 提供一篇350 词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60 词左右的内容概要。词数少于40和多于80 的，从总分中减去2 分。
2. 所给文章以说明文或议论文为主。
3. 评分侧重四个方面：
(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；
(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
(3)上下文的连贯性；
(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。
注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要点，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高；相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。
4. 拼写、标点符号、书写情况都是评分的考虑范围。
5. 总分25 分。
(二)概要写作对考生能力的要求
对文章主旨大意的概括能力和准确获取关键词的能力；用简洁、有力的语言概括文章重要信息的能力；对文章整体结构的把握能力。
二、解题指导
(一)概要写作步骤
1. 细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。
2. 弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3. 列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容简明、扼要地表述出来，并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4. 在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
(1)概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节；
(2)安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容；
(3)注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬；
(4)不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
5. 计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
(二)概要写作首先要掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。如：
记叙文：what/who/when/where/why/how
议论文：opinion/idea ＋ argument (supporting ideas / reasons)
说明文：phenomenon/problem ＋ reason ＋ solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)
新闻：a focus on the first paragraph and the first and last sentences of the other paragraphs
一、写作技能突破
第1讲 五种基本句式和there be结构
完成句子
1. 为了保持身体健康，我们应该定期锻炼。
In order to keep fit, we_should_exercise_regularly.
2. 最后，我们应该经常参加运动和户外活动。
Finally, we_should_take_part_in_sports_and_outdoor_activities frequently.
3. 当今，许多大城市的人们在抱怨交通拥堵。
Nowadays, people in many big cities are_complaining_about_the_heavy_traffic.
4. 总之，我的生活会越来越丰富多彩。
In a word, my_life_will_be_much_richer_and_more_colourful.
5. 幸运的是，她答应给我一个重新面试的机会。
Fortunately, she_promised_me_another_chance to interview.
6. 从古代起，人们就把早起视为好习惯。
People_have_regarded_getting_up_early_as_a_good_habit since ancient times.
7. 有几条信息我想与你分享。
There_are_some_pieces_of_information that I'd like to share with you.
一、五种基本句式
1. 主语＋谓语(不及物动词)
该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，这类动词叫作不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
①(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)He works very hard every day but he will also spare some time to accompany me and share many funny things with me about his work.
他每天都十分努力地工作，但是他仍然会抽出一些时间陪伴我，跟我分享他工作中的趣事。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)What's more, the_stadium opens from 9 am to 5 pm Monday to Friday.
另外，体育馆开放时间是周一至周五的上午9点到下午5点。
③(全国卷Ⅱ)It will start from June 16th and last for more than a week.
它将从6月16日开始，持续一周多的时间。
2. 主语＋谓语＋宾语
该句式特点为：谓语动词均为实义动词，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语(宾语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式等来充当)，即动作的承受者，才能表达完整的意思。
①(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Last_Sunday witnessed an extraordinary crosscountry running race, which nearly drew the attention of every student and teacher of our school.
上个星期天见证了一场非凡的越野赛跑，它几乎吸引了我们学校所有师生的注意力。
②(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)On arriving, we saw red ripe peaches hanging on the tree.
一到达(农场)，我们就看到树上挂着的红红的熟透的桃子。
③(全国卷Ⅱ)People often beautify their home with papercutting during spring festivals and weddings.
在春节和婚礼期间，人们常常用剪纸装饰他们的家。
3. 主语＋系动词＋表语
该句式就是常说的主系表结构。此句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，谓语动词需用系动词(主要是be动词)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式及分词等。
①(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)The farm is situated at the foot of a mountain; the_sky is blue and the_air is fresh.
农场坐落在一座小山的脚下；天空是蔚蓝色的，空气是清新的。
②(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)However, the_adaptation is quite a challenge.
然而，改编是一个相当大的挑战。
③(2018·北京卷)To be frank, studying_for_a_degree_in_a_different_culture is never easy.
坦率地讲，在一个不同的文化环境中学习并获得一个学位绝非易事。
④(全国卷Ⅱ)This is surely a good chance for more people to see them.
这确实是一个让更多人看到他们的好机会。
⑤The_“Foreign_Cultures”_section in our newspaper is very popular among us students.
我们报纸的“外国文化”栏目非常受学生们的欢迎。
4. 主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
该句式中的谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语；一个是表示物的直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后面。
①(2020·浙江卷)As soon as we finished the song, all_the_audience gave us warm applause.
一演唱完，所有的观众就给予了我们热烈的掌声。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Now I would like to offer you some advice.
现在我想给你提供一些建议。
③First, he showed us the basic steps and skills of making dough figurines.
首先，他向我们展示了做面人的基本步骤和技能。
5. 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语
该句式中的动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的，直接跟在宾语之后。
①(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The activity was highly spoken of, because not only did it provide chance for us to exercise, but also made us more cohesive.
此次活动受到了高度评价，因为这不仅给我们提供了一个锻炼的机会，也让我们更具有凝聚力。
②(2018·浙江卷) Through this voluntary work, it will enable me to learn English better and meanwhile to broaden my horizons.
通过这次志愿活动，我能够把英语学得更好，同时拓宽我的视野。
③(全国卷Ⅲ)Therefore, I would like you to join our school's table tennis team.
因此，我想邀请你加入我们学校的乒乓球队。
④(江苏卷)In addition，the_Internet makes surveying and voting easy and convenient, regardless of time and space.
另外，互联网使得调查和投票容易且方便，不用考虑时间和地点。
二、there be结构
1. there be结构有不同的时态，而且可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用。
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)For example, there are huge amounts of reference books which I am often confused to choose from.
例如，有大量的参考书，我对于如何选择经常感到困惑。
②(全国卷Ⅱ)The purpose of my writing is to tell you that there will be an outgoing for us these days.
我写信的目的是要告诉你这几天我们要进行一次郊游。
③Today is National Day. I think there should be many cars on the freeway.
今天是国庆节。我认为高速路上应该有很多车辆。
2. there be结构有许多固定句型，它们的适当应用对写作会大有提升。
①There happened to be a lot of people by the road. They helped us pull the car out of the big hole.
路边恰好有很多人，他们帮助我们把车从那个大坑里拉了出来。
②There is no need to worry about it as the government is now making every effort to provide more jobs.
没必要担心，因为政府正在尽一切努力提供更多的工作岗位。
利用5种基本句式和there be结构，结合中文提示补全下面的短文
Dear Sir or Madam，
I am Li Hua from Class One, Senior Three. 1. I'm_writing_to_apply_for(我写信是想申请) becoming one of the host families to accommodate our friends.
In my view, 2. the_activity_is_of_great_significance (这项活动意义重大) since the students participating in this activity will benefit a lot.
3. There_is_no_doubt_that (毫无疑问) my family can undertake the task. To begin with, 4. my_fluent_English_enables_me_to_communicate_with_foreign_friends (我流利的英语使我能与外国朋友交流). In addition, my family can also meet the requirements in housing and means of transportation. 5. My_family_will_offer_ them_the_best_service (我的家人会为他们提供最好的服务). We also plan to invite them to have a taste of local snacks and hot pot.
6. I_would_appreciate_it (我会感激) if my application could be taken into consideration.
Best regards.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
第2讲 写作常见的三类错误及防范措施
改正下列句子中的错误
1. People throwed cans, paper, bags and so on into the river. throwed→threw
2. During my summer vacation, I spent half a month in the country and played very happy. happy→happily
3. We must pay attention our pronunciation when we speak English. attention后加to
4. It's high time we do something to reduce traffic accidents. do→did或在do前面加should
5. There have been more and more road accidents happened in recent years. happened→happening
6. Dr Smith, together with his wife, are to arrive on the evening flight. are→is
7. Would you please meet my uncle at the airport because this is his first time visit to the US？去掉time
8. I have many collections of stamps, some of them are my favourite. some前加and或them→which
考场写作常见错误主要分为三类：词汇类错误、语法类错误和汉语式英语。
一、词汇类错误
考试时，考生很容易出现词形变化错误，而词性不清和词汇运用方面的错误主要还是受汉语的影响。其应对措施是在备考时多注意容易拼错或容易出现词形变化错误的单词，真正用心去体会英语词汇的词性和运用，对一些固定习语更不要想当然地改动。
1. 词形变化错误
误：The car hitted the old man and drived away.
正：The car hit the old man and drove away.
2. 词性不清错误
误：Doing a parttime job always effects study.
正：Doing a parttime job always affects study.
3. 词汇运用错误
误：He opened the light after he entered the room.
正：He turned on the light after he entered the room.
4. 擅自改动习语
误：We lost the game, but we didn't lose our heart.
正：We lost the game, but we didn't lose heart.
二、语法类错误
一个正确的句子除了用词得当外，语法也应该准确无误。如果语法不正确，再好的构思也难以正确地加以表达，语法错误的多少会直接影响作文得分档次。英语写作中语法类错误主要表现在如下几个方面：
1. 时态错误
误：In the morning, we had bicycled in the suburbs to plant trees.
正：In the morning, we bicycled in the suburbs to plant trees.
2. 语态错误
误：Children who raise in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.
正：Children who are raised in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.
3. 非谓语动词使用错误
误：Comparing with other countries, the country pays little attention to the pollution.
正：Compared with other countries, the country pays little attention to the pollution.
4. 主谓一致错误
误：My hobby is widespread, which include drawing, collecting stamps and so on.
正：My hobby is widespread, which includes drawing, collecting stamps and so on.
5. 比较级使用错误
误：With the development of transportation, the world seems to be getting more and more smaller.
正：With the development of transportation, the world seems to be getting smaller and smaller.
三、汉语式英语
一般来说，英汉两种语言既有许多相似之处，又有许多不同之处。在写作时如果想当然地去写，会出现许多汉语式英语，其中主要包括如下几个方面：
1. 纯汉语式思维和汉语式语序
误：At this school studying, I really very happy.
正：Studying at this school, I am really very happy.
2. 句子成分残缺
误：There are many students don't support the project.
正：There are many students who don't support the project.
3. 句子粘连
误：On the other hand, dogs are our best friends, bring us a lot of fun.
正：On the other hand, dogs are our best friends, which/and bring us a lot of fun.
4. 搭配不当
误：Under the help of the teacher, I have made great progress in my English.
正：With the help of the teacher, I have made great progress in my English.
四、防范出现错误的2个措施
1. 确定主语
英语句子无论多长都有自己的主语(祈使句省略了主语you)。动手写句子首先要确定主语，其次要特别注意汉语与英语的区别。例如：
①北京八月多雨。
误：Beijing rains much in August.
正：It rains much in Beijing in August.
②写得很匆忙，我们发现书中满是错误。
误：Written in a hurry, we found the book full of mistakes.
正：Written in a hurry, the book was found full of mistakes (by us)．
2. 确定谓语动词
英文中没有动词就构不成句子，但英语动词千变万化，稍不注意就会写错句子。在写句子时应特别注意以下几个方面：
①注意及物动词与不及物动词的正确运用。
误：The living standard of the people has raised in the past twenty years.
正：The living standard of the people has risen/has been raised in the past twenty years.
②注意延续性与非延续性动词的正确运用。
误：He has left his hometown for twenty years.
正：He has been away from his hometown for twenty years.
③注意一些不可用作被动语态的动词。
误：Many stars are appeared in the sky at night.
正：Many stars appear in the sky at night.
下面的考生作文中有8处错误，请改正。
Dear Arthur，
It is three weeks since you to hospital. How are you feeling now? Hope you will recover soon because all of our classmates .
As you may know , we have just finished our midterm exam. I am very happy to say that I made great progress this time. I really your encouragement. Besides, our school's sports meeting will be next Friday and Saturday. Our class did really last year and I believe we would get more prizes this year if you were to join us.
We are looking forward to your back.
Yours，
Li Hua
第3讲 亮点词汇
请用亮点词汇替换下列句子中的黑体部分
1. As high school students, we should be neatly dressed when at school. are_ supposed_to
2. The teacher directed the gifted students towards the more difficult courses. challenging
3. I sincerely hope that you will consider my suggestions. take_my_suggestions _into_account
4. Our class thought of the idea to make better use of used materials. came_up_with
5. We should try to improve ourselves through learning and prepare for the future. take_pains;_get_prepared
6. I want to tell you something about my plan for the summer vacation and I'd like you to help me. do_me_a_favour/lend_me_a_hand
7. Cinemas have gradually given way to the rise of the Internet and cellphones, and the ticket price is increasing. on_the_increase/rise
8. When you are bored with the people sometimes, you'd better find a quiet place, listening to some classical music. fed_up_with
一份高考作文在阅卷时往往在1分钟内就被判定优劣，大众化的词汇、平庸的表达已使长时间工作的阅卷老师产生了视觉疲劳。如果一篇作文中突然出现几个与众不同、让人眼前一亮的词汇，老师的给分也绝不会吝啬！
一、使用亮点词汇的4种方法
1. “语”众不同，避免人云亦云
写作时恰当得体地使用别人可能想不到的词汇或表达，会给阅卷人耳目一新的感觉。
①(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The students chosen from every class took part in the competition.
→The students selected from every class took part in the competition.
②(2018·江苏卷)Obviously，blindly following others' advice will affect our own judgment.
→Apparently, blindly following others' advice will affect our own judgment.
③(全国卷Ⅰ)I am very glad to know you are interested in Tang poems.
→I am more than delighted to know you are interested in Tang poems.
④(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)A volleyball match is going to be held in a few weeks and our team will take part.
→A volleyball match is going to be held in a few weeks and our team will participate.
2. 更新换代，避免重复
写作时应尽量避免重复使用相同的词语，要用贴切多样的词语来展示自己的水平。用词不同、表达方式迥异，也是高级用法。
①(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)There are different kinds of fruit trees as well as different kinds of animals.
→There are different kinds of fruit trees as well as a variety of animals.
②The team will hold many activities, some of which will appeal to you, including many matches.
→The team will hold a range of activities, some of which will appeal to you, including many matches.
3. 单词与短语巧妙互用
一般情况下短语优先，应多使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。但有时单词比短语更生动，可以“一词传神”。
①Quite a few things caused the traffic problem.
→Quite a few things gave rise to the traffic problem.
②We can look at this problem in many ways.
→We can view this problem in many ways. (view比look at更有内涵)
4. 用高年级学到的词汇替代低年级学到的词汇
①Second, I am trying my best to get the important knowledge and skills concerning my position.
→Second, I am sparing no efforts to acquire the essential knowledge and skills concerning my position.
②In my opinion, Internet voting has begun to show its negative effects on people and society.
→In my opinion, Internet voting has begun to show its negative impacts on people and society.
二、高分必备的24个亮点词汇
普通词汇
亮点词汇
普通词汇
亮点词汇
名
词
chance
opportunity
choice
alternative
idea
opinion
people
individuals
result
consequence
effect
influence
动
词
have
possess
develop
promote
replace
substitute
bear
put up with
consider
take into
account
understand
make
sense of
形
容
词
enough
adequate
rich
abundant
difficult
challenging
proper
appropriate
important
vital/
significant
interesting
absorbing/
appealing
副
词
finally
eventually
hardly
barely
immediately
in a flash
nowadays
currently
连词
so
therefore
and
as well as
①We'll try our best to develop the traditional friendship between us.
→We'll try our best to promote the traditional friendship between us.
②Finally your child will leave home to lead her own life as a fully independent adult.
→Eventually your child will leave home to lead her own life as a fully independent adult.
请用亮点词汇替换下面考生作文中加黑的部分
Dear Jason，
I'm very happy to hear from you and know about your beautiful home city London. Now I'd like to tell you something about my hometown Quanzhou.
Quanzhou is a beautiful place for people to live in. Its economy has been developing fast during the past ten years. New bridges and roads have been built, highrise buildings standing in many parts of the city. More and more schools and hospitals are useful for the native people. It is developing into a modern and beautiful city. But there are still some problems, such as heavy traffic in rush hours and serious air pollution, which have a bad effect on people's daily life. I think Quanzhou should develop healthily and scientifically, so that we could have a better hometown in future.
Yours，
Li Ming
【答案】
1. very→more than 2. fast→rapidly
3. built→set up
4. More and more→An increasing number of
5. useful→available 6. beautiful→charming
7. But→However 8. serious→severe
9. effect→influence/impact
10. I think→In my opinion/As far as I am concerned
第4讲 非谓语动词
运用非谓语动词转换句子
1. All the people here like the novel. It is written by Tom.
→All the people here like the novel written_by_Tom.
2. The boys were making the most of time. They wanted to finish the work earlier.
→The boys were making the most of time in_order/so_as_to_finish_the_work_ earlier.
3. When we are faced with difficulties, we need friends to give us comfort and help.
→Faced_with_difficulties,we need friends to give us comfort and help.
4. After we had practised playing basketball for almost two months, we strongly desired to be the winner.
→Having_practised_playing_basketball for almost two months, we strongly desired to be the winner.
5. As the society develops rapidly, it's necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English and computer.
→With the society developing_rapidly,it's necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English and computer.
众所周知，作文中出现过多的简单句会让人觉得单调乏味，句子与句子之间的关系显得松散；而文章中过多地出现复合句又显得累赘，读起来费劲。恰当地运用非谓语动词对简单句和复合句进行转换，不仅句型多样，句子活泼，而且读起来结构紧凑，言简意明。
一、运用非谓语动词转换简单句
写作时，我们可以利用非谓语动词对两个简单句进行转换，使其成为较高级的表达方式。转换时可采用以下三步。
第一步：写出两个简单句。
①Consequently, some viewers began to turn away from cinemas.
②It led to a slower growth.
第二步：让句①作主句，用非谓语动词改写句②。
第三步：让句②作结果状语，由于其动词lead to与主语it之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词短语作结果状语。
(江苏卷)Consequently, some viewers began to turn away from cinemas, leading to a slower growth.
例1 (2018·浙江卷) I hear that you are recruiting some volunteers to welcome the coming foreign students. I am gladly writing to apply for this job.
→Hearing that you are recruiting some volunteers to welcome the coming foreign students, I am gladly writing to apply for this job.
例2 (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Then there will be various fantastic performances and they will be played by talented students.
→Then there will be various fantastic performances to be played by talented students.
二、运用非谓语动词转换复合句
用非谓语动词转换复合句比转换简单句要容易一些，因为需转换的一般是从句部分，这时只需要判断用何种非谓语动词，再把握好时态和语态即可，所以只需以下两步。
第一步：写出一个复合句。
Since you have realised that your time is limited, you'll have to study for your goals without anger or hesitation.
第二步：把since引导的原因状语从句转换为非谓语动词，realise与you之间为主谓关系，且表示完成，故用现在分词的完成时作状语。
Having realised that your time is limited, you'll have to study for your goals without anger or hesitation.
例1 If it is carried out continuously, it will benefit all of us greatly and we are sure to make obvious progress.
→Carried out continuously, it will benefit all of us greatly and we are sure to make obvious progress.
例2 (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)As I have been exposed to foreign teachers since a young age, I can communicate freely with others in English.
→Having been exposed to foreign teachers since a young age, I can communicate freely with others in English.
三、写作中非谓语动词的常用句型
1. remain to be done有待于被……
Many questions have to be settled and much remains to be done in our educational work.
我们的教育工作中还有许多问题要解决，还有许多事情要去做。
2. 连词when/while/once/unless/although... ＋doing/done
(2020·天津卷)When faced with the difficulties and failures, I must overcome them.
面对困难和失败时，我必须战胜它们。
When searching for some information, we can operate by touching the screen.
当查找一些信息时，我们可以通过触摸屏来操作。
3. compared with/to... 与……比较
Compared with the escaped driver, I am proud of what I did.
与逃逸的司机相比，我为自己所做之事感到自豪。
4. be said/reported/considered... to do... 据说/报道/认为……
A bus full of passengers was reported to have gone out of control on a highway south of the city.
据报道一辆满载乘客的公共汽车在城南的一条公路上失去了控制。
5. with＋宾语＋宾语补足语
Every runner tried their best to finish the task, with their classmates along the way giving them necessary help as well as encouragement.
每位赛跑者都尽最大努力来完成此次任务，他们的同班同学在途中给他们提供必要的帮助和鼓励。
In the picture, a boy in worn clothes sits beside a wooden table with a pile of bamboo books on it.
在画中，一个穿着破旧衣服的男孩坐在木桌旁边，桌上有一堆竹简。
利用非谓语动词，结合中文提示补全短文
Dear Shirley，
Glad to receive your email. 1. The_problem_mentioned_in_your_email (你邮件中提到的问题) is common among middle school students. Don't worry about it too much. Follow the following advice I give you, and you may 2. get/have_your_problem _settled (使你的问题得到解决)．
First of all, believe in yourself. The first thing you must do is 3. to_smile_at_your _classmates (对你的同班同学微笑). A smile speaks louder about 4. your_wish_to_ make_friends (你交朋友的愿望) than any words. Your smile will show that you are friendly to them. Next 5. try_talking_with_a_student (试着和学生交谈) who is as shy as you or who shares the same interest as you. You can discuss your studies with a classmate, or you can also talk about your hobbies. If anyone is in trouble in life or study, you should be ready to help him or her. 6. Having_regained_your_confidence (在恢复你的自信后), you can make as many friends as possible.
Yours，
Li Hua
第5讲 并列句
用适当的并列连词填空
1. Some choose to avoid them while others decide to deal with them.
2. First, my English is very good and I'm openminded and warmhearted, so I'm getting along well with everyone.
3. You can contact me either by phone or by email if you want to know more about our university.
4. I worked hard at English and devoted all my spare time to practising it, but I failed to pass the midterm examination.
5. It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do that benefits our work most.
6. It's really very dangerous. One more step, and the baby will fall into the well.
7. I was walking along the river when I heard a boy crying for help.
8. Not_only can students improve their writing ability in this way but_also they can strengthen their selfconfidence.
并列句是用并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来，在这一句型中需要注意连接并列主语时，有些句型采取“就近原则”。
一、常见并列句的类型及并列连词
类型
连词
并列关系
(递进关系)
and, as well as, both... and...，
not only... but also..., neither... nor...
转折关系
but, yet, whereas
选择关系
or, otherwise, or else，either... or..., not... but...
因果关系
for, so, therefore, thus
对比关系
while
①Actually, I've been doing pretty well in my studies as well as in my life.
实际上，我的学习和生活一直都很顺利。
②Everyone in our society should help those in need, but it is more important to be sincere and earnest.
在我们的社会中每个人都应该帮助那些有困难的人，但更重要的是真诚和认真。
③All the classmates are friendly and kind, so you don't need to worry about the difficulty.
所有的同班同学都非常友好和善良，因此你没必要担心有什么困难。
二、并列句的常用句型
1. both... and... 既……又……
On the Internet, people can seek information about their favourite stars and buy tickets at a discount as well, which is both timesaving and economical.
在网上，人们可以搜寻他们最喜欢的明星的信息，也可以买打折的票，既省时又实惠。
2. either... or... 或者……或者……；不是……就是……
(全国卷Ⅲ)If you are interested in it, you may either send an email to 12345@sina. com or sign up in person.
如果你感兴趣，可以发送电子邮件至12345@sina. com或亲自报名。
3. neither... nor... 既不……也不……
In autumn, it's neither too hot nor too cold.
秋天，既不太热又不太冷。
4. not only... but also... 不仅……而且……
(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Not only would I be able to experience fruit picking, but I could also feast on the sweetness!
我不仅可以体验水果采摘，还可以尽情享受水果的甜美！
5. not... but... 不是……，而是……
So, from now on, let's not waste our time on unimportant things but have a hearttoheart chat with our parents once in a while.
因此，从现在起，让我们不要把时间浪费在不重要的事情上，而是时不时地与父母做面对面的交谈。
6. ... while/whereas ……而，……却
Most of my classmates wanted to go to a park while I had an idea of going to a nicer place.
我的大部分同班同学都想去公园，而我想去一个更好的地方。
7. 祈使句/名词词组＋and/or/otherwise＋陈述句
①Learn to understand, and you will keep away from a world full of sadness and disappointment.
学会理解，你就会从满是悲伤和失望的世界中摆脱出来。
②More healthy food, or you'll break down sooner or later.
多吃健康食品，不然你的身体迟早会垮掉。
8. had done/be doing/be about to do... when... 刚做完某事/正做某事/正要做某事，这时……
①One day, I was walking to my school when I found an old lady lying on the street, looking very painful.
一天，我正步行去上学，这时我发现一位老太太躺在街上，看上去很痛苦。
②I was about to give up when my best friend encouraged me to go on.
我正要放弃，这时我最好的朋友鼓励我继续下去。
用适当的并列连词填空
Dear Ms Jenkins，
I'm Li Hua. 1. And I'm writing to ask you for help. I've determined to take a parttime job during the summer holiday 2. for I intend to accumulate some social experience. I am quite interested in a position in a foreignfunded company 3. and I have already written my application in English. 4. However,I am not sure of the vocabulary and grammar that I used and the formats of application letter and resume. 5. So would you please 6. not_only correct the mistakes 7. but_also polish the formats if it is convenient for you?
I'll be grateful if you can help me with that. I have attached my application letter 8. and/as_well_as resume to this letter.
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
第6讲 三大从句
用三大从句完成句子
1. 我最大的爱好是读书看报，这已经成为我日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。
My favourite hobby is reading books and newspapers, which_has_become_a_ necessary_part_of_my_daily_life.
2. 我们都知道，当我们需要帮助时，我们的朋友会伸出援手，帮我们渡过难关。
As_we_all_know,our friends lend us a helping hand when we need help and they help us get through difficult situations.
3. 使我印象最深的是他们都经过了专业培训。
What_impressed_me_most was that_they_had_had_professional_training.
4. 我想知道你能否给我提供一些如何交朋友的建议。
I wonder if/whether_you_can_give_me_some_advice_on_how_to_make_friends.
5. 每当见到有人需要帮助，我就会尽力去帮助他。
Whenever_I_see_someone_in_need,I will spare no efforts to help him.
复合句可划分为状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句三大类，而名词性从句又分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、条理分明的状语从句
状语从句主要包括时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、比较、方式、目的和结果九类从句。在英语写作中，状语从句是经常用到的句型，它的灵活运用使作文更具吸引力。
①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)First of all, you'd better arrive on time because it is polite to be punctual in China.
首先，你最好按时到达，因为在中国守时是礼貌的行为。
②(全国卷Ⅲ)If you want to apply for membership, you are required to fill in the application form and send an email to pingpong@123. com.
如果你想申请成为会员，就需要填个表格并发送到pingpong@123. com。
③(2019·浙江卷)Whenever I encounter difficulties, you always cheer me up and help me out.
无论我何时遇到困难，你总是使我振作起来，帮助我摆脱困境。
④(2019·北京卷)When I came back home, I shared my experiences with my parents.
我回家后，和父母分享了我的经历。
二、润色添彩的定语从句
定语从句能够比较清楚地反映出考生对于语言较高的掌握能力，所以建议考生一定要在写作中至少使用一个恰到好处的定语从句。
①(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)During the comingofage ceremony, the headmaster congratulated us on stepping into the adult, reviewing the growth period that we had experienced.
在成人礼仪式上，校长向我们迈入成人阶段表示祝贺，回顾了我们成长的经历。
②(2020·江苏卷)It has always been an attraction for those who are keen on anything that is Chinese.
它对跟中国有关的任何东西都狂热的人一直都有吸引力。
③(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The film is mainly related to the development of our school，which will greatly help us students know the school's history better and appeal to us to make contributions to our school's development.
这部影片主要与我们学校的发展有关联，它不仅很大程度上帮助我们学生更好地了解学校的历史，也呼吁我们要为学校的发展做出贡献。
④(2018·江苏卷)As we all know, most of the ratings are based on others' judgment on the product or service concerned.
我们大家都知道，大部分排名是基于其他人对有关产品和服务的评价。
⑤(全国卷Ⅰ)We are to meet on Sunday morning in the People's Park, where the air is fresh and the scenery is beautiful.
我们打算周日上午在人民公园会面，那里空气清新、风景优美。
在写作中如果我们可以把两个简单句合并为一个定语从句，就是从低级到高级的转换。
①(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)What's more, years of being monitor makes me a brilliant organizer, and it will help a lot to keep the exhibition in order.
→What's more, years of being monitor makes me a brilliant organizer, which will help a lot to keep the exhibition in order.
②During holiday seasons, I will live in the countryside. In the countryside air is fresh and people are friendly.
→During holiday seasons, I will live in the countryside, where air is fresh and people are friendly.
三、丰富多样的名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，是写作中常见的高级表达方式。
①(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Through the activity, what I felt is that I am able to shoulder the responsibility and it makes us stronger and more determined.
通过此次活动，我感到我能够承担责任了，这使我们更加坚强、更加坚定。
②(全国卷Ⅲ)It is known that we can benefit a lot from playing ping pong.
众所周知，我们可以从打乒乓球中获益匪浅。
③(全国卷Ⅲ)I hope the change will not cause you too much trouble.
我希望这种改变不会给你带来太多麻烦。
④To practise as much as possible is where the secret lies.
尽可能多地练习就是秘密之所在。
⑤I hold the opinion that we should go to help them (to) overcome the present difficulty.
我认为，我们应该去帮助他们克服目前的困难。
在写作中如果我们能够把两个简单句合并为一个含有名词性从句的复合句，对写作是一种质的升华。
①He said a lot at the meeting. His words were very attractive.
→What he said at the meeting was very attractive.
②Our women volleyball team had won the championship. The news encouraged us all greatly.
→The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.
利用从句，结合中文提示补全短文
Dear David,
I'm writing to express my grateful feeling to you. Thank you for inviting me to your birthday party last week, 1. which_brought_me_lots_of_entertainment (它给我带来了很多快乐)．
During the party, 2. what_impressed_me_most (使我印象最深的) was your happy family. Both your parents were enthusiastic over me. I really enjoyed it 3. because_it_made_me_feel_at_home(因为它使我感到非常轻松自在). The dessert and other snacks 4. (that)_you_offered_us (你们提供给我们的) were tasty. In addition, the light music and candle light created a nice and warm atmosphere, 5. in_which_I_was_able_to_open_my_heart_to_your_other_friends (在这种氛围中，我能够向你的其他朋友敞开心扉)．
Thanks again for your dinner. I am sure 6. (that)_the_unforgettable_experience_ will_be_stored_in_my_mind_forever (这次难忘的经历会永远储藏在我的心中)．
Yours，
Li Hua
第7讲 特殊句式(强调句型、倒装句型、it句式)
用强调句型、倒装句型或it句式完成句子
1. 正是多年艰苦的工作造就了他今天的成功。
It_was_years_of_hard_work_that has made him successful today.
2. 只有通过练习你才能发现这种语言的魅力。
Only_through_practice_can_you_find the beauty of this language.
3. 非常荣幸我能够站在这里谈一些对于友谊的感悟。
It's_my_honour_to_stand here and say something about friendship.
4. 显而易见，iPad对我们的学习有很大帮助，尤其是对我们的英语听力。
It_is_obvious_that iPad is of great help to our study, especially to our English listening.
5. 作为中学生，我们应该把对食物浪费说“不”当成一项规定。
As middle school students, we should make_it_a_rule_to_say “No” to food waste.
一、重点突出的强调句型
强调句型可强调除谓语动词和表语外的其他任何成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。它的灵活运用不仅有助于增强表达效果，突出要强调的重点，更能彰显考生对英语表达的把握能力。其基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他。
①It is not only your enthusiasm but also your teamwork and good spirits that impress us.
不仅是你们的热情，而且是你们的团队合作和良好的精神给我们留下了深刻的印象。
②It is not the story itself but what is reflected in the story that counts.
重要的并不是故事本身而是它所反映出来的东西。
在写作中，我们可以通过强调句型将句子提高到一个新的层次。
①The teacher's praise contributes to my success.
→It is the teacher's praise that contributes to my success.
②They didn't realise the importance of environmental protection until all the fish in the river died out.
→It was not until all the fish in the river died out that they realised the importance of environmental protection.
二、平衡句子的倒装句型
在写作中倒装句型应用比较广泛，涉及的句型也比较多，包括部分倒装和全部倒装。
1. “only＋状语”置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
Only in this way can we students study happily and effectively.
只有以这种方式我们学生才能愉快、有效地学习。
2. none, neither, nor, not, never, hardly, little, seldom等否定词，由no构成的否定短语，如at no time, by no means等，以及not only置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Not only do I feel the pains the farmers take but also the happiness that labour brings me.
我不仅感受到了农民的辛苦，也感受到了劳动带来的快乐。
3. 在so/such... that... 结构中，当so/such... 位于句首时，其后的句子用部分倒装。
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)So excited am I that I can't wait to join in it.
我太兴奋了，急于想加入。
4. as/though尽管……
Child as he is, he knows a lot about astronomy.
虽然他是个孩子，但他知道很多天文学知识。
5. here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, on the wall, in the room等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首，且主语是名词而不是代词时，句子用全部倒装。
In that picture, around the table with three books on it sit three students.
在图画中，三个学生坐在桌子周围，桌上有三本书。
在写作中，我们可以通过倒装让句子更高级。
①We can help to construct an energysaving society only with joint efforts.
→Only with joint efforts can we help to construct an energysaving society.
② We don't know its value until we lose health.
→Not until we lose health do we know its value.
三、避免头重脚轻的it句式
1. it作形式主语
在英语中，为了避免头重脚轻，经常运用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语后置，作真正主语的常为不定式或从句，有时也可用动名词。灵活地运用it句式可使文章更高级，结构更紧凑。
①(2018·江苏卷)In that case, it is both convenient and economical to buy books according to the ratings.
在那种情况下，按照排名买书既方便又经济。
②It is true that a smartphone plays an important role in our daily life.
智能手机确实在我们日常生活中扮演重要的角色。
③It is no use trying to persuade him to change his mind; he is too stubborn.
劝他改变主意是没用的；他太固执了。
2. it作形式宾语及其他
it除了可以作形式主语外，作形式宾语和在一些常见句型中的应用都可以提升文章的档次，使文章更高级。
①(全国卷Ⅰ)I think it great fun to learn the poems written in the Tang Dynasty with you.
我认为与你一起学习唐诗非常有趣。
②(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)I'd appreciate it if you could take my application into consideration.
如果你能考虑我的申请，我将不胜感激。
③Listening and speaking is where my weakness lies when it comes to English.
当谈及英语时，听和说是我的弱项之所在。
利用强调句型、倒装句型或it句式，结合中文提示补全短文
1. When_it_came_to_my_hometown (当谈到我的家乡时), I always felt warmth in my heart. There used to be a river to the south of my village, in which fish were swimming happily. 2. It_was_the_river_that (正是这条河) gave me a lot of wonderful memory.
But 3. it_is_a_great_pity_that (真遗憾) all these good things are gone. 4. Not_only_are_there_no_fish_left (不仅河中没有了鱼) but also it gives off a terrible smell. 5. It_is_a_chemical_works_nearby_that (是附近的一家化工厂) makes the river so polluted. I think the government should take measures to stop the pollution. Only when we have blue sky, white clouds and clean water 6. can_we_live_a_happy_life (我们才能过着幸福的生活).
第8讲 合理恰当的细节
根据括号内的提示完成句子
1. However, it seems that people are not aware of the negative effects of mobile phones on communication. For_example,_many_people_begin_to_pay_less_attention_ to_facetoface_communication (比如，很多人越来越不重视面对面的交流)．
2. At that moment, I became the focus of the whole class and was_full_of_great_ pride_and_confidence (充满了自豪和自信)．
3. I suggest that the teacher should choose more English films, thus making English learning more interesting (这样就使得我们的英语学习更加有趣)．
4. If_possible (如果可能的话), I'll take part in social activities so_that_I_can_ know_more_about_the_society (以便我能更多地了解这个社会)．
5. I also helped children in the neighbourhood with their English lessons. To_my_joy,_they_made_rapid_progress_and_their_parents_thought_highly_of_me (令我高兴的是，他们进步很快而且他们的父母对我评价很高)．
6. Let's develop good habits of saving energy in our daily life and try_to_make_more_contributions_to_our_environment (尽力为我们的环境做出更多贡献)．
在试题“注意”中有明确规定：1. 词数80左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。这里既规定了词数，又指出了充实文章的方法，即“适当增加细节”。适当添加细节的方法具体如下：
1. 列举具体的实例进行补充说明
①我要花一些时间和父母在一起。
I'll spend some time staying with my parents.
→I'll spend some time staying with my parents, chatting with them and doing some housework.
②我发现了一些不良行为。
I found some bad behaviour.
→I found some bad behaviour. Some people scribbled on the wall; some played on the lawn and some threw rubbish everywhere.
③我是一个充满活力的健康男孩，我非常喜欢体育运动。
I am a healthy boy full of energy and I like sports very much.
→I am a healthy boy full of energy and I like sports very much. Whenever I have time, I'll go hiking or mountain climbing with my classmates.
2. 增添相关的神态、动作、心理描写以及背景渲染等内容
①我有时去村西的小河游泳。
I went swimming in the river in the west of the village now and then.
→Weather permitting, I went swimming in the river in the west of the village now and then, in which the water was very clear.
②旅行了一周后，他回到了家。
After a week's trip, he returned home.
→After a week's trip, he returned home, tired but happy.
3. 增添相关的原因、结果、条件、让步、手段、目的等内容
①我需要好好休息，我要做些阅读。
I need a good rest. I'll do some reading.
→I need a good rest because I do feel tired after the hard work of all these years. I'll do some reading for fun, as well as for knowledge.
②募捐得来的钱将送给急需的人。
The money collected in the charity sale will be sent to those in great need.
→The money collected in the charity sale will be sent to those in great need. This will not only help them through difficulties, but also give them warmth and happiness.
③演讲时要面带微笑；要讲慢些，讲清楚。
You should wear a smile on your face when you speak. Besides, remember to speak slowly and clearly.
→You should wear a smile on your face when you speak, which will make you relaxed. Besides, remember to speak slowly and clearly so that you can leave a good impression on the audience and judges.
4. 结尾适当发挥，写出个人感受、评价、愿望、倡议等
①Although I was very tired this summer holiday, I felt very happy for what I did. (个人感受)
尽管我这个暑假很累，但是我为我所做的感到高兴。
②I think such activities are necessary and meaningful. (评价)
我认为这样的活动很有必要也很有意义。
③I sincerely hope my advice can be helpful to you and that you can enjoy your new school life. (愿望)
我衷心希望我的建议能够对你有所帮助，你能够享受你在新学校的生活。
④As a student, it's our duty to protect our school environment and make it clean. (倡议)
作为一名学生，保护我们校园的环境并使之干净是我们的职责。
根据提示，给下面的短文增添合理恰当的细节
假设你是李华，你的美国网友Peter打算到中国留学，他写信询问怎样才能受到中国高校的青睐。请你根据下列要点用英语给对方写一封回信：
1. 语言是道硬门槛；
2. 适应能力很重要；
3. 兴趣爱好被看重。
注意：1. 词数80左右；
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Peter，
In your letter you mentioned how to get the preference of Chinese universities. I believe there would be three main aspects to be considered.
Firstly, mastering Chinese is a basic need to live in China. 1. With_this_ability,_ you_can_communicate_with_native_speakers_easily_and_have_access_to_many_resources (有了这种能力，你与当地人交流就会很容易，而且还可以获得很多资源). Besides, it is important to adapt to the new environment quickly. 2. The_sooner_you_ can_get_used_to_the_new_environment,_the_more_beneficial_it_will_become_to_you (你熟悉新环境越早，好处就越多). Finally, personal interests and hobbies are also highly valued. 3. You_should_choose_a_major_that_you_want_to_ take_up (你应该选择一个想要从事的专业)．
With all the strengths I mentioned above, 4. I_believe_you_can_overcome_all_ the_difficulties_and_make_greater_progress_in_China (我相信在中国你能够克服所有困难，取得更大的进步)．
Best wishes and good luck!
Yours，
Li Hua
第9讲 衔接
根据括号内的提示完成句子
1. With_the_development_of (随着……的发展) the Internet, computers play an important role in people's life.
2. First_of_all (首先), the most significant thing is to set a goal, work out a plan and carry out your plan step by step.
3. As a result, travelling will help you to relax yourself as_well_as (也) build up your body.
4. On_the_contrary (相反), smartphones not only take up our valuable time, but also do great harm to our health.
5. Therefore (因此), I suggest we should be given more time for sports and sleep.
6. Besides/In_addition/What's_more/Moreover (况且), listening to some soft music does relax your mood and give you a new start.
7. We have many subjects, such_as (例如) Chinese, math, English, music and art.
8. As_far_as_I_am_concerned (就我而言), I love wealth, but I value health more.
9. Generally_speaking (总的来说), the more you practise, the more skillfully you can write in English.
衔接与过渡性词语的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的最常用手段。在句与句之间，段与段之间恰当地使用一些承上启下的衔接(过渡)性词语是非常必要的。中学阶段应该掌握的衔接(过渡)性词语可以归纳如下：
1. 表示起始关系的过渡性词语
above all, to begin/start with, recently, nowadays, according to, with the development of... 等。
(全国卷Ⅰ)To begin with, the final exam of this term is around the corner, so I am busy preparing for it.
首先，本学期的期末考试就要到了，因此我正忙着准备考试。
2. 表示时间顺序的过渡性词语
firstly, first of all, then, later, in the end, finally, at last, after that, afterwards, since then, meanwhile等。
(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Using baskets and ladders, we first picked the ones that were most beautiful in colour, then those that were ripe and soft.
我们先用篮子和梯子挑选颜色最漂亮的，然后再挑选成熟柔软的。
(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)At last, all the runners managed to arrive the finish line, receiving cheers from all the directions.
最后，所有赛跑者都成功到达了终点线，他们收到了来自四面八方的欢呼声。
(2019·北京卷)After that, you can go to Shanghai, where you can stay for a week.
过后，你可以去上海，你可以在那里待一周。
3. 表示并列关系的过渡性词语
and, or, as well as, not only... but also..., either... or..., neither... nor..., not... but... 等。
She finally earned respect of them, who eventually became confident as well as wellbehaved.
她最后赢得了他们的尊重，他们最终变得自信，表现也不错。
4. 表示转折关系的过渡性词语
but, yet, however, while, otherwise, on the contrary, in spite of, regardless of等。
(江苏卷)However, the film market may witness a slowdown in the near future.
然而，电影市场在不久的将来或许会有所下滑。
5. 表示因果关系的过渡性词语
because, as, since, for, thanks to, due to, as a result of, so, therefore, as a result/consequence等。
①(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)So would you please spare some time to review the draft script attached to this email and make necessary changes?
因此，您能抽出一些时间来审阅这封邮件所附的草稿剧本，并进行必要的修改吗？
②(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Therefore, we must make enough preparations before the match.
因此，我们在比赛前要做好充足的准备。
6. 表示递进关系的过渡性词语
besides, in addition, what's more, furthermore, moreover, what's worse, still less, to make matters worse, worse still, on the one hand... on the other hand..., for one thing... for another... 等。
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Besides, my related knowledge will help the audience learn more about the unique Chinese art form.
此外，我的相关知识能帮助观众更好地了解这种独特的中国艺术形式。
7. 表示列举事实的过渡性词语
such as, for example/instance, take... for example, that is to say, as follows, in other words等。
In my free time, I'll continue to take regular exercise, such as swimming, running and various ball games.
在我的业余时间，我将继续做常规训练，诸如游泳、跑步和各种各样的球类活动。
8. 表示观点的过渡性词语
in my opinion, in my view, from my point of view, as far as I am concerned, as for me, personally等。
①(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)As for me, my father is the person I respect most.
对于我来说，我的爸爸是我最尊敬的人。
②In my opinion, we can share information with each other to make a better understanding.
按照我的观点，我们能够互相共享信息，以便更好地相互理解。
9. 表示总结的过渡性词语
in short, in brief, in conclusion, in a/one word, to sum up, all in all, on the whole, in general, generally speaking等。
In conclusion, more and more people fall in love with Chinese language and culture.
综上所述，越来越多的人们喜爱中国的语言和文化。
阅读下面短文，选择适当的过渡词或短语填空
above all, recently, besides, meanwhile, for one thing, for another, personally, in a word
1. Recently,it has been a great public concern that the students lack selfprotection awareness.
There is a lack of social experience among students and therefore learning how to protect ourselves is of great significance to us all. 2. For_one_thing,security comes first. Without security, we can achieve nothing and cannot live up to parents' expectations. 3. For_another,protecting ourselves contributes to the healthy development of the students, which is associated with the happiness of every family. 4. Meanwhile,it also helps to build a more harmonious society.
5. Personally,in order to protect us students, 6. above_all,we should strengthen our security awareness. 7. Besides,when accidents occur, we should calm down and turn to teachers or parents for help. The government also plays a leading role in protecting students. 8. In_a_word,only by the combined efforts of every side involved can we live and study in harmony.
二、写作题型突破
题型一 应用文写作
一、题型分析
应用文写作常以短文提示、要点提示的形式出现。它要求考生根据所给出的提示性文字，首先确定文章的中心思想，然后紧紧围绕中心思想展开论述，表达主旨。它的特点是：提纲既体现了文章的层次，又规定了各段大致的内容，为考生提供了写作思路。
二、解题指导
[注意事项]
1. 按照提纲的思路写，既不能偏离，也不能随意增减；
2. 有时所提供的要点顺序并非就是写作时的顺序，写作前先将要点标出，并按照一定的逻辑关系把这些要点排列并整理好，要考虑各要点之间该用什么样的连接词或连接句进行有效的衔接过渡；
3. 提纲只是对文章的提示或概括，不是主题句。考生需要根据提纲的性质，写出体现提纲主旨的句子作为主题句，然后围绕主题句进行扩展。
[典题示例]
(2020·江西省重点中学联考)假定你是高三学生李华。去年你作为交换生去了美国新泽西州布莱尔中学(Blair Academy)游学。回国后用英语给你的host family的小伙伴Bill写一封感谢信，要点如下：
1. 写信的目的；
2. 分享游学体会；
3. 寄上答谢礼物并邀请他们一家来中国游玩。
注意：1. 词数80左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Bill，
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li Hua
[审题谋篇]
文章体裁
应用文
中心人称
第一人称和第三人称
主要时态
一般现在时和一般过去时
信息要点
1. 我写信对你的家人在我游学期间为我所做的一切表示感谢；
2. 你们的善意和体谅使我非常愉快；
3. 优美的风景和好心的当地人都给我留下了深刻的印象，我不仅学到了你们丰富的文化而且练习了我的口语；
4. 希望你们能够喜欢我送给你们的礼物，并期待着你们全家来中国做客。
[词句构建]
1. 词汇
汉语
一般词汇
高级词汇
感谢
thanks
gratitude
愉快的
happy
enjoyable/delighted
使印象
深刻
impress
deeply
leave a deep
impression on
期待
expect
look forward to
2. 句式
①你们的善意和体谅使我非常愉快。
一般表达：Your kindness and consideration made my stay in your country so happy.
高级表达：It_was_your_kindness_and_consideration_that made my stay in your country so enjoyable/delighted. (用强调句型进行改写，并用高级词汇替代happy)
②我不仅学到了你们丰富的文化而且练习了我的口语。
一般表达：I not only learned a lot about your rich culture, but also I practised my spoken English.
高级表达：Not_only_did_I_learn a lot about your rich culture, but also I practised my spoken English. (用not only开头的部分倒装进行改写)
③我希望你们能够喜欢这些礼物，这是专门为你们准备的。
一般表达：I hope you will like the gifts. They are specially prepared for you.
高级表达：I hope you will like the gifts specially prepared_for_you. (用过去分词短语作定语进行改写)
3. 连句成篇
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Dear Bill，
I am writing to express my sincere gratitude to your whole family for what you did for me when I was studying in Blair Academy as an exchange student last year. It was your kindness and consideration that made my stay in your country so enjoyable.
The beautiful scenery and kind local people left a deep impression on me. Not only did I learn a lot about your rich culture, but also I practised my spoken English. I'll never forget the meaningful and unforgettable experience!
By the way, have you received the silk scarf and tea? I hope you will like the gifts specially prepared for you. I am looking forward to your family's visit to China!
Yours，
Li Hua
附录 常用书信的开头结尾黄金句式
一、引人入胜的开头
1. 开门见山式
①(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)How is everything going? I am writing in sincerity to ask you a favor regarding a play we adapted according to the textbook.
②(全国卷Ⅱ)I am writing to invite you to attend the Chinese papercutting art exhibition to be held in the art gallery from 8：00 am to 5：00 pm next Sunday in our city center.
③(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)How are you doing？Learning that you are about to pay a visit to a Chinese friend and confused about the Chinese customs，I'm writing to inform you of some relevant details.
④(2019·浙江卷)Learning that you're leaving for the United States soon, I'm eagerly writing to express my heartfelt gratitude to you for your help.
⑤I'd like to invite you to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home next Saturday for the Double Ninth Festival.
2. 自我介绍式
①I'm Li Hua, a student from Class 2, Grade 3. I'm writing to apply for the position as a student volunteer.
②This is Li Xia. I learned from your post that you want to improve your Mandarin.
3. 询问问候式
①(全国卷Ⅲ)How is everything going? I have good news to tell you that our school's table tennis team is recruiting new members.
②(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)How are you doing these days？You asked me about how our school performs our PE classes in your last letter, so I'm writing to share with you some details.
4. 情感表达式
①(2020·浙江卷)I am sorry to hear that you have gone back home on sick leave.
②(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)I am delighted to know you are invited to a dinner party by your Chinese friend.
③(北京卷)I'm happy to receive your letter and know you are coming to China.
④(全国卷Ⅲ)I am sorry to say that I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.
⑤(北京卷)It's great to hear from you. I feel proud knowing your interest in Chinese history.
⑥(天津卷)How time flies! Two weeks went by, and our exchange activities ended. On behalf of my school, I would like to express my feelings.
在书信开头我们可用“I'm writing to do sth.” 来表达目的；用“I'd like to do sth.”来表示打算。
求职信可说：I'm writing to apply for the position...
或Learning from..., I'd like to apply for the post...
咨询信可说：I'm writing to inquire/ask for some information about...
感谢信可说：I'm writing to express my thanks for...
或I'd like to convey my heartfelt thanks to you for...
建议信可说：I'm writing to express my view concerning...
投诉信可说：I'm writing to complain about...
道歉信可说：I'm writing to make an apology to you for...
邀请信可说：I'm writing to tell you something about... Would you like to... ?
二、回味无穷的结尾
1. 表达期待式
①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)I'm sure you will have a great time.
②(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I'm looking forward to your arrival and joining me in experiencing it in the near future.
③(全国卷Ⅲ)I wish you success in your application!
④(北京卷)Hope you'll have a good time in China.
⑤(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)You are definitely welcome to show up on stage, which will add color and fun to our festival.
2. 表达感谢式
①(2019·浙江卷)No words are strong enough to convey how grateful I am.
②I would be grateful if you could give me a kind consideration.
3. 请求询问式
①(2018·北京卷)If you have any other questions, do let me know.
②(北京卷)Interested in knowing more？I can find you some books！Just let me know.
4. 补充细节式
By the way, if you need any other kind of books, please do tell me.
在书信结尾处我们可以使用一些功能句式，向对方表示友善的感谢或亲切的问候，表达愿望或期待等。
求职信可说：I would be grateful if you would consider my application.
I hope to have the opportunity of an interview.
咨询信可说：I'm waiting for your early reply.
感谢信可说：I must thank you again for your generous help.
Please accept my gratitude, now and always.
建议信可说：In the end, I will be very glad if you find my suggestions useful.
I hope you will find these suggestions practical.
I'll appreciate you taking my suggestions into account.
投诉信可说：I'd appreciate it if you... as soon as possible.
邀请信可说：I'm longing to hear from you.
题型二 读后续写
一、题型分析
(一)读后续写试题特点
[题型特点]
1. 原文材料 350 词以内，所续写文章 150 词左右；
2. 原文多是情节丰富的记叙文，偶有议论文；
3. 续写部分分为两段，每段开头语已经给出；
4. 续写部分有两大类别：半开放性质，必须依据文章的语境逻辑推理续写；完全开放性质，可以依据文章的思路自己发挥。
[评分基本要求]
阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：
①与所给短文及段落开头语的衔接程度；
②内容的丰富性和对所给关键词语的应用情况；
③应用语法结构和词汇的丰富性和准确性；
④上下文的连贯性。
(二)读后续写考查能力
读后续写是一种将阅读与写作紧密结合的考查形式，旨在考查考生的综合语言运用能力。与应用文不同，故事续写除了要求考生掌握丰富的词汇和句式外，还注重考生的内容构思和情节衔接的能力。主要聚焦在以下四个方面：
1. 把握短文关键信息和语言特点的能力。考生需要了解所给短文的主要内容，清楚其关键词和语言结构的使用情况，并通过续写短文表现出来。
2. 语言运用的准确性和丰富性。期望考生在词汇和语言结构的使用方面准确、恰当，能够根据内容需要使用较高级的词汇和语言结构。
3. 对语篇结构的把控能力。考查考生对上下文逻辑关系的掌握情况，希望考生续写的短文语句连贯、有序。
4. 创造性思维能力。这是对考生续写短文内容的要求，期望考生续写的短文具有较丰富的内容。该试题具有一定的开放性，要求考生详细、生动地描述情景、态度和感情，符合课程标准的要求。
(三)读后续写考查要点
读后续写考查要点：与给定材料有逻辑衔接；情节和结构完整。
逻辑衔接：逻辑衔接的主要作用是保持文章的中心思想、意义上的连贯以及文句的流畅。一篇具有较强的逻辑性且衔接自然的文章层次清晰、语言流畅、过渡自然，词、句、段、篇能做到上下衔接合理、前后相照应。
情节完整：情节由一系列能够显示人物与人物之间关系的具体事件构成，完整的情节通常包括开端、发展、高潮、结局四部分。
结构完整：结构是谋篇布局的手段。完整的结构需要作者把一系列人物和事件以不同的轻重主次合理地进行组织安排，搭建好文章架构。
二、解题指导
(一)续写步骤
1. 精读文章，确定文章线索。每篇文章都有各自独特的写作思路，通过精读文章，找到该篇文章的写作线索，如是以时间为线索还是以空间为线索等，这样有利于考生“顺藤摸瓜(结尾)”。
2. 仔细审题，明确续写要求。一般短文后面的“注意”都有对此次短文续写的具体要求，如词数限制、续写段落的首句提示，这样考生能做到心中有数。
3. 回顾原文，揣摩续写思路。根据文章后面的要求，再次快速回读短文，抓住文章的思路，结合段首的提示语，最终确定续写段落的思路，确定续写段落的内容。
4. 拟写草稿，修改错词、病句。在确定思路和内容之后，最关键的就是结合提示语拟写草稿。拟写时，注意句子结构的多样性，并通过句与句之间连接词的正确使用使上下文连贯。
(二)学会审题
1. 审要求：阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。明确作文是读后续写。
2. 审体裁：确定是记叙文，说明文还是议论文。
3. 审时态：确定是一般过去时、一般现在时，还是一般将来时，或是各种时态混合出现。
4. 审前文大意：读懂前文。
5. 审前文要点：读后续写一般是记叙文，所以要找到记叙文的六要素：who, when, where, what, how, why。
6. 审续写所给首句：仔细研读续写题目给出的第一句话，有助于我们续写后续故事时与前文叙述的高度融合。
(三)学会如何归纳故事大意，进行发散性思维
1. 看懂原文意思是续写的前提。续写基本上提供的是记叙文，一个情节饱满的故事。在读原文时，要寻求故事的发展顺序，准确抓住故事发生的时间、地点、主人公、做的事情，以及为什么要做、怎么做的。只有这样，才能为后来的续写做充分的准备。
2. 在续写时，学生要想把故事继续编写下去，就必须先找出文中留下的未解之谜，即文中的悬念点。最后，根据给出的段落开头语，选择性地将这些悬念点运用到续写中去，这样可以帮助学生克服想象不出故事情节、无话可说的窘境，打消对续写的畏惧感。
(四)训练时态意识，明确人物以及事件线索
在阅读前文时，有意识地关注时态问题，以及相关的人物、事件等。
(五)合理发挥想象，续写的内容应该充满正能量
读后续写两步走口诀
读透(审题)
细读文章，线索清；
续写首句，要研读；
语言风格，须沿用；
写好(续写)
确定基调，思路形；
先列提纲，初稿成；
检查要点，写工整。
注：
1. 文章基调是指文章的立意，即真善美的具体体现，如关爱、分享、付出与收获等。
2. 语言风格是指记叙文纯粹旁白的写人叙事，还是对话与旁白的交替使用等。
题型三 概要写作
一、题型分析
概要写作，简言之，就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的主旨大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句子表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心。要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。
这一题型主要考查考生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是阅读理解和书面表达相结合的题型，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达之间的桥梁。
(一)概要写作题型要求
1. 提供一篇350 词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60 词左右的内容概要。词数少于40和多于80 的，从总分中减去2 分。
2. 所给文章以说明文或议论文为主。
3. 评分侧重四个方面：
(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；
(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
(3)上下文的连贯性；
(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。
注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要点，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高；相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。
4. 拼写、标点符号、书写情况都是评分的考虑范围。
5. 总分25 分。
(二)概要写作对考生能力的要求
对文章主旨大意的概括能力和准确获取关键词的能力；用简洁、有力的语言概括文章重要信息的能力；对文章整体结构的把握能力。
二、解题指导
(一)概要写作步骤
1. 细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。
2. 弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3. 列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容简明、扼要地表述出来，并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4. 在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
(1)概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节；
(2)安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容；
(3)注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬；
(4)不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
5. 计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
(二)概要写作首先要掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。如：
记叙文：what/who/when/where/why/how
议论文：opinion/idea ＋ argument (supporting ideas / reasons)
说明文：phenomenon/problem ＋ reason ＋ solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)
新闻：a focus on the first paragraph and the first and last sentences of the other paragraphs
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