热点02 概要写作（新高考新题型热点话题）-2022年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（全国通用）

新高考英语科目考试题型有重大变化，其中英语写作分为两部分：第一节为应用文写作；第二节为读后续写或概要写作。

概要写作是综合考查考生的阅读能力和写作能力的题型。概要写作的体裁以说明文和议论文为主，主要考查考生把握文章整体结构和概括文章主旨大意的能力，同时考查考生准确获取关键信息以及用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力。考生掌握“概括、重组、成篇——黄金三步法”原则，助你轻松赢高分。

第一部分

“5步”写作技法——做到信息提取“准”、要点概况“全”

一、 是什么——“概要写作”题型解读

(一)“3个”命题特点

概要写作的考查形式为：提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。考生需要在理解文章、把握文章中心思想的基础上进行信息整合，故该题型考查学生的综合语言运用能力，即阅读能力、分析查找能力、逻辑思维能力、理解判断能力及提炼概括能力等。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和写作，是二者的有机结合体，也是阅读理解和写作的沟通桥梁。

(二)“五档”评分标准

二、怎么办——“5步”写作技法指导

第一步：读文章——知晓体裁、明确主旨

进行概要写作时，首先要阅读所提供的文章。阅读文章的目的就是要确定文章的体裁和主题。根据近几年浙江高考真题来看，所考查的概要写作原文多是议论文或说明文。如：2019年6月浙江高考的概要写作原文是议论文，主题是父母应表扬孩子做事过程中的努力而非结果。2018年11月浙江高考的概要写作原文是说明文，主题是报考大学之前要进行实地考察。

概要写作的三种体裁的结构如下：

1、说明文： （1） 引言 （2）  正文（3） 结尾

2、议论文： （1） 引论 （2）  本论（3） 结论

3、记叙文： （1）  引言（2）  正文（3） 结尾

第二步：析结构——划分段落、确定要点

阅读完概要写作所提供的文章后，应迅速分析一下文章的结构。概要写作类文章的结构多为“总分、分总、总分总或并列结构”，然后把文章的自然段按意义进行划分，确定要写的要点数量(一般为4个要点)，如：2019年6月和2018年11月份的浙江高考的概要写作原文的结构分别是并列式和总分总式，且都是4个段落，都可以确定写4个要点。

第三步：提信息——找主旨句、圈关键词

在分析好文章的结构后，要按照文章的段落找出每一段的主旨句，并圈出一些能体现段落大意的关键词。说明文和议论文的主旨句多在段首或段尾，但也有位于段中或无主旨句的情况。另外，文章的每一段中也可以按主旨信息，主要信息、次要信息和冗余信息来划分，提取信息时，要忽略冗余信息，也就是与主旨无关的一些细节信息。

第四步：拟草稿——逐句分析、高度概括

在找出文章的主旨句和重要信息后，考生须迅速拟定草稿。方法是先逐句分析找出段落主旨句，然后，对这些句子在不改变原义的基础上进行高度概括、同义替换或重构句式。最后，还要注意各个要点之间的衔接和过渡。如：Opinions about whether high school students should open microblogs vary from person to person．可替换为People hold different views about whether high school students should open microblogs.

第五步：酿佳作——修正失误、衔接成文

在拟好概要写作的草稿后，首先要通读一遍，根据语法知识修正所写的概要中可能出现的一些诸如拼写、时态、标点、连接词等方面的错误。其次，根据文章的要义，核实一下所写的要点是否齐全。最后，把草稿清晰、工整地誊写在答题纸上。

[考生失分原因]

1．不能准确抓住要点。概要写作的重点是能概括出要点，如果要点弄错了，那么就失去了目标。如果不能抓住要点，句子写得再好，也不能得分。

2．随意打乱文章的结构。概要写作一般会提供结构比较清楚的文章。而写概要的时候，一般都是按照文章的结构去概括要点。不要轻易打乱文章的结构。

3．各个要点的独立性不够。考试说明对要点的独立性有明确的要求。因此，我们对要点的陈述也要相对独立，一般不要把几个要点放到一个句子当中。

4．照抄原文中的句子。概要写作的独立性除了各个要点的独立之外，其实还要求考生用自己的语言去概括文章，不能直接照抄原文的句子。因此，切记要用自己的语言，而不是原文中的句子来概括要点。

写概要写作时要先读懂原文，把握文章主旨大意和作者观点，抓关键词，筛选与主旨有关的主要信息。然后，借助已掌握的语言知识，对原语篇进行“浓缩”，写出一个新的语篇。而新的语篇，既要做到在语篇结构、语篇衔接和连贯各要素上与原文保持一致，又要做到简明扼要、意义完整、结构严密和语句通顺。

[解题流程示范]

[2019·浙江卷6月]

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman,  author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they're building their children's confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.

Still, don't go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.

So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters.”

Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.

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[解题流程]

本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了如何有效表扬孩子的问题。文章结构清楚，论点明确。

第一步：读文章——知晓体裁、明确主旨

快速阅读文章各段的首句或尾句，可知本文主要说的是多数父母赞扬孩子，但赞扬孩子的量多少才是合适的问题。再结合文中作者引用的和自己的一些观点可知，本文是议论文。文章的主旨大意是：父母对孩子的表扬过多过少都会带来不好的后果，恰当的表扬应着重表扬孩子做事过程中的努力而非结果。

第二步：析结构——划分段落、确定要点

快速浏览文章后，可知文章共有四个段落，前两个段落说的是对孩子过多或过少的表扬都会产生坏结果，后两个段落说的是家长应该如何表扬孩子才是合适的。因此，从结构上来看，文章是并列式结构。根据这一结构，再结合段意，可以确定为文章应该有四个要点。

Problem 

Para.1：   Too much praise can backfire when given in an improper way.

Too much

Praise

Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much.

Paras.2-4    Experts say that the quality of praise is solution more important than the quantity. One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters.

Praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate to the amount of effort your child has put into it.

第三步：提信息——找主旨句、圈关键词

利用说明文和议论文的段落主旨句多在段首或段尾的特征，找出各段的主旨句并圈出一些关键词。

1．第一段要点：parents, go to the opposite extreme, too much praise

2．第二段要点：not, praise, damaging

3．第三段要点：give praise, focus on, not the outcome, process

4．第四段要点：praise his effort, regardless of, the outcome, the amount of effort, put into

第四步：拟草稿→逐句分析、高度概括

不要全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言进行转换表达

先逐句分析找出段落主旨句， 然后， 对这些句子在不改变原义的基础上进行高度概括、同义替换或重构句式， 使其复合原文的本意。

1．第一段指出：The past decades have witnessed the shift of parenting from being too strict to over praising.

2．第二段指出：Yet, both too much and too little praise can be equally damaging.

3．第三段指出：When giving praise, parents should be sincere and concentrate on the process instead of the result.

4．第四段指出：Similarly, they ought to give praise for how much effort their kids have invested in the work they're involved in.

第五步：酿佳作→修正失误、衔接成分

查看各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和衔接情况，使语篇更连贯

精彩范文

How to praise our kids is really a sensitive problem. Experts believe that too much praise or praising the kids in a wrong way may have opposite effects on children. (要点1) On the other hand, no praise also does harm to kids' development. (要点2) To gain the best result, our praise should focus on the process rather than the result. (要点3) Similarly, they ought to give praise for how much effort their kids have invested in the work they're involved in. (要点4)

Writing 1

[2021·温州市高三第二次模拟]

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Feeling hungry? If you're feeling starved, what is the easiest way to satisfy your hunger? Many of us will reach for a takeaway menu and order some delicious but possibly unhealthy food. And our increasingly busy life adds to our need to buy ready-made food on the go or delivered to our home.

Eating options are endless, and new technology means we can feed our desire at the push of a button.Takeaway delivery apps make ordering food quick and convenient.This is especially the case during the recent coronavirus crisis, when people stuck at home with nothing to cook or lacked the skills to prepare a meal for themselves. It's calculated that in the UK alone, people eat three million takeaway meals a day, and the three biggest delivery apps together offer a choice of 100 cuisines from 60，000 restaurants. Amelia Brophy, Head of UK Data Products at YouGov, told the BBC that its research “suggests that the frequency of takeaways ordered is expected to increase in the future.”

It's no wonder we are tempted (诱惑) to skip the grocery shopping, avoid the kitchen, and tuck into (大口吃)  something that someone else has prepared. But ordering a deep crust pizza, a spicy curry or a box of noodles, can come at a price both financially and to our health. Eating too much processed and unhealthy fast food has some effect on obesity and the risk of developing certain diseases. Children and adolescents who eat fast food at least three times a week are more likely to develop eczema, according to one study. Eczema is a skin condition that causes patches of itchy skin.

Of course, reducing salt, sugar and fat is one way to make takeaway food healthier. Yet, that's far from enough. The best advice you might want to take is to find a recipe book and try making your own meal.

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Writing 2

[2021·浙江省宁波市一模]

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

One problem upsets the business of selling clothes online-predicting how a garment will fit without trying it on. Enter the body-measurement suit from Start Today, a Japanese firm that runs the Zozotown platform on which clothing companies from around the world sell their products，as well as its own private brand, Zozo.

In the past years Stan Today has distributed to just over one million Japanese customers，free of charge，its“Zozosuit”，a skin-tight, full-body suit covered in around 350 fiducial markers, small objects that can be used as a point of reference for measurements. Shoppers slip on the suit and slowly rotate as their smartphone takes photos.

The firm uses the images to create a 3D of their body, which it can use to offer a range of customized services. At the most basic level, when customers choose an item from one of the 6.400 brands listed on Zozotown, the platform uses the Zozosuit data to recommend the right size.

A first，more high tech version of the suit proved too expensive. But its latest version costs the company only ￥1.000 ($9) a piece. Besides, the fashion industry has not yet adapted to meet the needs of a generation accustomed to buying everything online, to their specifications and at their convenience. But the firm offers exactly that.

How the suit gets on is crucial for Start Today's future. The Zozotown platform is the giant of online fashion retail in Japan. It created and dominates the market for online clothing sales. Analysts predict it may be reaching peaks, because customized services could attract more customers. But observers are more cautious about whether the suit can help Start Today on its other path to growth: expanding abroad. Since July customers in 72 countries have been able to request a body-measurement suit to help them buy clothes from the Zozo label. An attempt a few years ago to take the Zozotown platform into China and South Korea (before it came up with the body-measurement suit) failed. For now at least the suit is a unique service.

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Writing 1

参考范文：

Due to the fast pace of life, we tend to eat takeaway food rather than home—made food. Additionally, with the advent of takeaway delivery apps, unlimited choices of takeaways are just a click away, which has been demonstrated in the UK over the latest outbreak of coronavirus. However, having too much fast food can cost us our health as well as wealth. Therefore, to keep healthy, you’d better learn to cook at home.

Writing 2

参考范文：

To help customers purchase suitable clothes online without trying them on, the Zozotown platform invented a body-measurement suit. (要点1)With 350 fiducial markers taking pictures，the suit creates a 3D of body to offer a customized service. (要点2) Thus the suit can meet the need of a generation accustomed to buying everything online with decreasing cost. (要点3) So as observers reckon, the suit may help the Zozotown platform succeed in other countries rather than Japan. (要点4)

第二部分

运用“4 个”语言技能——做到逻辑层次“清”、语言变换“美”

概要写作常备优秀元素

一、巧用导入句，亮人一眼

1．A survey/An experiment/An invention/A research... finds/discovers/proves/shows...

2．According to a recent survey/experiment/invention...

3．According to experts/specialists/Dr. White...

4．Experts/Specialists/Researchers... say...

5．It is expected that...

6．Hopefully，...

二、改写句子，方法独特

1．同义替换：例如：is good to→benefit；be afraid to do→prevent/discourage...from；too much→excessive(高级词汇)；the same as→likewise(高级词汇)。

2．反义转换：例如：sincere→insincere；encourage→discourage。

3．词性转换：例如：recognize your child→parents' recognition；strongly against→strong opposition。

4．利用介词短语法

We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us.

→With so many people helping us, we are sure to finish it in time.

5．句式变化法

(1)语态变换

It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.

→Computers are widely used in the world today.

(2)简单句合并为复合句

The weather turned out to be very good.This was more than we could expect.

→The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.

(3)连词衔接法

He insisted on staying.He was not willing to go.

→He insisted on staying rather than going.

(4)语序改变法

Professor White，Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.

→Present at the meeting were Professor White，Professor Smith and many other guests.

(5)特殊句式法

(not...but，倒装，there be，etc.)The quality of praise is more important than the quantity.→What matters here isn't quantity but quality.

三、巧用代词连词，概要结构紧凑

写概要第三步：衔接。积累并熟练掌握充当句子内部或者句子之间的逻辑关系的衔接手段。优先考虑使用最短连接词，常见衔接词如下：

转折 but，however，yet，nevertheless

结果 so，thus，therefore，consequently，in fact

原因 because，as，since，for，due to/owing to

对比 instead，likewise，on the contrary

让步 though，as，although，despite

列举 first(ly)，next/later，then，finally/eventually

增补 also，besides，what's more，moreover，furthermore，in addition，above all...

举例 for example，for instance

替代 alternatively

解释 namely，in other words，which means，refer to，that is to say，or rather

目的 assumed to，aim to，mainly deal with，focus on

四、高频词汇高人一头

在概要写作中你可以利用这些词语替换原文中的词汇

五、针对学生易犯错误，写完后自问

1．内容涵盖全部要点了吗？各要点是否独立表述？

2．内容理解正确吗？避开陈述个人观点了吗？

3．用自己的语言(变换词汇及语法结构)组织概要了吗？(严禁整句抄自原文)

4．使用连接成分(代词、连词)使上下文连贯了吗？

5．呈现的是最精简的概要吗？字数多于60词了吗？

Writing 1

[2021·浙江省高考英语仿真模拟卷1]

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Is a knife a useful instrument or a dangerous weapon? It depends on how it is used. It's the same with technology. The greatest inventions are those that affect the mass of people; and one of those greatest inventions are cell phones. They have revolutionized the human existence. This is possible only because they are getting cheaper and cheaper day by day. The technology has made it even easier to give them a longer life.

Undoubtedly，if cell phones are in right hands，no matter how far we are sitting we can talk anytime anywhere! We can watch favourite TV shows，listen to favourite songs，etc，as cell phones are equipped with all high-tech features. In fact，it's good to the parents as well as children. Parents can every time monitor their children and children are also safe. If anyone is in any kind of danger she or he can call for help immediately.

There are always two sides of a coin. The advanced technology has caused a danger that we keep ignoring. The cell phones have progressed rapidly and at the same time they provide us with more tasks than what we would attempt.When a person is multitasking rather than completing a single task. This causes burden and results in stress. Also cell phones have made terrorist attacks in the world very easy. This has become a global matter of concern. Besides，children spend much of their time in playing games，listening songs，etc. Instead of going out and playing，they stick to their easy chairs and play games on their phones，which is very harmful to them!

Now mobile phones have come into our lives so much that some have started considering it as an inevitable part of their lives. They are addicted to it like a drug addict and some have gone even worse！Using cell phones while driving has contributed 10% to the road accidents.

We should always remember，that there lives a wise man between the valley of two mountains. Plain and pleasure are a result of modern technology. Are cell phones a useful instrument or a dangerous weapon? The answer lies in our hands!

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Writing 2

[2021·浙江省高考英语仿真模拟卷2]

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Imagine living on the edge of a vast desert, which is moving quietly closer to your village every day and covering your fields. The desert is on the move. This is called desertification.

Desertification occurs in regions close to an already existing desert. It generally arises from two related causes. The first is over-use of water in the area. There is not enough water in any case, and if it is not carefully used, disaster can follow. As time goes on, water shortages make farming more and more difficult. In some places，locals can remember local lakes and marshes which were once the homes for all kinds of fish and birds. They have been completely buried by the sand now. Farmers leave the land, and fields are replaced by deserts.

The second cause is misuse or over-use of the land. This means that the wrong crops are planted and need more water than is available. Ploughing large fields and removing bushes and trees means that the wind will blow away the soil. Once the soil is lost, it is hard to replace, and if there is rain, it has nowhere to go, and brings no benefit.

It is not only the farmers and villagers who suffer. Every spring, the skies over some of eastern cities, thousands of kilometers away from the deserts, can be darkened by sandstorms. Dust from deserts can have a great effect on weather systems. While desertification is perhaps being partly caused by global warming, these sandstorms can make global warming worse by adding to what is known as the greenhouse effect.

What can be done to slow down or stop the process of desertification? A great deal of work is already under way. Obviously first steps are to find new water sources. Tree planting can help, by providing barriers between desert and rich field. Some types of grass also hold the soil together, and stop the wind taking it. Without these efforts, it will be harder and harder to stop the world's deserts in their tracks, and more and more farmers will give up and head for cities. The lesson to be learnt lies beneath the sand.

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Writing 1

参考范文：

Cell phones are one of the greatest inventions of modern technology. But just as there are always two sides of a coin，they have many advantages and disadvantages. Their main advantage is to make our life easier and more convenient. On the other hand，they have a bad effect on our life. To be honest，whether they are a useful instrument or a dangerous weapon is decided by us human.

Writing 2

参考范文：

Desertification, the tendency of desert moving and covering nearby fields, is mainly caused by overusing water and misusing the land. It not only does harm to the residents but also has negative effects on weather systems. To deal with it, new water sources should be discovered, and trees and grasses can be planted to set barriers and solidify the soil.