专题04：阅读C篇 -2022届上海高考名校模拟高三下试卷分项汇编 （含答案详解）

这是一份专题04：阅读C篇 -2022届上海高考名校模拟高三下试卷分项汇编 （含答案详解），共41页。

2022年上海名校高三下试卷分项汇编集萃

Reading Comprehension 阅读理解C篇



1. 上师大附属外国语中学高三第二学期四月线上诊断
2. 上海第三女中2021-2022学年第二学期四月线上教学评估
3. 华东师大二附中2021-2022学年第二学期四月在线阶段检测
4. 2022年复旦附中第十二次拓展考试
5. 2022年上海中学东校高三英语阶段测试
6. 2021-2022学年敬业中学第二学期期中质量调研
7.上海市实验学校2021-2022学年第二学期高三四月线上考
8.上海市建平中学2021-2022学年高三下学期3月考试
9.上海市七宝中学2021-2022学年高三下学期3月考试
10.上海市交大附中2021-2022学年高三下学期摸底考试










1.上海师范大学附属外国语中学高三第二学期四月线上诊断
C
Depending on whom you believe, the average American will, over a lifetime, wait in lines for two years (says national public radio) or five years (according to some customer-loyalty experts).
The crucial word is average, as wealthy Americans routinely avoid lines altogether. Once the most democratic of institutions, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers (people who still believe in and practice waiting in lines). Poor suckers, mostly.
Airports resemble France before the Revolution: first-class passengers enjoy "elite" security lines and priority boarding, and disembark before the unwashed in coach, held at bay by a flight attendant, are allowed to foul the Jet-way.
At amusement parks, too, you can now buy your way out of line. This summer I haplessly watched kids use a $52 Gold Flash Pass to jump the lines at Six Flags New England, and similar systems are in use in most major American theme parks, from Universal Orlando to Walt Disney World, where the haves get to watch the have-mores breeze past on their way to their seats.
Flash Pass teaches children a valuable lesson in real-world economics; that the rich are more important than you, especially when it comes to waiting. An NBA player once said to me, with a bemused chuckle of disbelief, that when playing in Canada—get this—"We have to wait in the same customs line as everybody else. "
Almost every line can be breached for a price. In several U. S. cities this summer, early arrivers among the early adopters waiting to buy iPhones offered to sell their spots in the lines. On Craigslist, prospective iPhone purchasers offered to pay "waiters" or "placeholders" to wait in line for them outside Apple stores.
Inevitably, some semi-populist politicians have seen the value of sort-of waiting in lines with the ordinary people. Billionaire New York mayor Michael Bloomberg often waits for the subway with his fellow citizens, though he's first driven by motorcade past the stop nearest his house to a station 22 blocks away, where the wait, or at least the ride, is shorter.
Nothing annoys a national lawmaker more than a person who will not wait in line, unless that line is in front of an elevator at the U. S. Capitol, where Senators and Representatives use private elevators, lest they have to queue with their constituents.
But compromising the integrity of the line is not just antidemocratic, it's out-of-date. There was something about the orderly boarding of Noah's Ark, two by two, that seemed to restore not just civilization but civility during the Great Flood.
How civil was your last flight? Southwest Airlines has first-come, first-served festival seating. But for $ 5 per flight, an unaffiliated company called Board First. com will secure you a coveted "A" boarding pass when that airline opens for online check-in 24 hours before departure. Thus, the savvy traveler doesn't even wait in line when he or she is online.
Some cultures are not renowned for lining up. Then again, some cultures are too adept at lining up: a citizen of the former Soviet Union would join a queue just so he could get to the head of that queue and see what everyone was queuing for.
And then there is the US, where society seems to be cleaving into two groups; Very Important Persons, who don’t wait, and Very Impatient Persons, who do-unhappy.
43. What does the following sentence mean? ”Once the most democratic of institution, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers… Poor suckers, mostly. ”(2 paragraph)
A. Lines are symbolic of America’s democracy
B. Lines still give Americans equal opportunities.
C. Lines are now for ordinary Americans only.
D. Lines are for people with democratic spirit only.
44. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of breaching the line?
A. Going through the customs at a Canadian airport.
B. Using Gold Flash Passes in amusement parks.
C. First-class passenger status at airports.
D. Purchase of a place in a line from a placeholder.
45. We can infer from the passage that politicians (including mayors and Congressmen) ________.
A. prefer to stand in lines with ordinary people.
B. advocate the value of waiting in lines.
C. believe in and practice waiting in lines.
D. exploit waiting in lines for their own good.
46. What is the tone of the passage?
A. Instructive B. Humorous C. Serious D. Indifferent
【43~46题答案】
【答案】43. C 44. A 45. D 46. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。作者用诙谐的语气讲述了美国人排队的这一社会问题。
【43题详解】
句意猜测题。根据第二段“The crucial word is average, as wealthy Americans routinely avoid lines altogether.”（这个关键字是“普通”，因为富裕的美国人通常会避免排队。）由此可知，现在只有普通的美国人才会排队。选项C符合原文。故选C。

【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段“Flash Pass teaches children a valuable lesson in real-world economics; that the rich are more important than you, especially when it comes to waiting. An NBA player once said to me, with a bemused chuckle of disbelief, that when playing in Canada—get this—"We have to wait in the same customs line as everybody else. ”（Flash Pass给孩子们上了一堂有价值的现实经济课；富人比你更重要，尤其是在等待的时候。一位NBA球员曾经对我说，当我们在加拿大打球时——听着——“我们必须和其他人一样在海关排队。），可知，当NBA球员们在加拿大打球时，他们明白了“我们必须和其他人一样在海关排队等候。”由此可知，这不是一个插队的例子，故选A。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据第七段第一句“Inevitably, some semi-populist politicians have seen the value of sort-of waiting in lines with the ordinary people.”（不可避免的是，一些半民粹主义政客已经看到了与普通民众排队的价值。）可知我们可以从文章中推断，政客(包括市长和国会议员)利用排队为自己谋福利。故选D。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段和倒数第三段“How civil was your last flight? Southwest Airlines has first-come, first-served festival seating. But for $ 5 per flight, an unaffiliated company called Board First. com will secure you a coveted "A" boarding pass when that airline opens for online check-in 24 hours before departure. Thus, the savvy traveler doesn't even wait in line when he or she is online.Some cultures are not renowned for lining up. Then again, some cultures are too adept at lining up: a citizen of the former Soviet Union would join a queue just so he could get to the head of that queue and see what everyone was queuing for.”（你上一趟航班文明程度如何?西南航空公司提供先到先得的节日座位。但一家名为Board First的独立公司每趟航班收费5美元。当该航空公司在起飞前24小时开放在线办理登机手续时，com将为你确保一张令人垂涎的“a”登机牌。因此，精明的旅行者在上网时甚至不用排队。有些文化并不以排队闻名。不过话说回来，有些文化太擅长排队了:前苏联的公民会加入队伍，只是为了能走到队伍的最前面，看看大家在排队干什么。）可知，作者描述的时候语言是诙谐幽默的，A.Instructive 有指导性的；B.Humorous 幽默的；C.Serious 严肃的；D.Indifferent漠不关心的。故选B。

2.上海市第三女子中学2021学年第二学期高三年级英语学科线上教学评估
(C)
The tendency to look for some outside group to blame for our misfortunes is certainly common and it is often strengthened by social prejudice. There seems to be little doubt that one of the principal causes of prejudice is fear — in particular the fear that the interests of our own group are going to be endangered by the actions of another. This is less likely to be the case in a stable, relatively unchanging society in which the members of different social and occupational groups know what to expect of each other and know what to expect for themselves. In times of rapid racial and economic change, however, new occupations and new social roles appear, and people start looking jealously at each other to see whether their own group is being left behind.
When a community begins to feel unsure of its future, it becomes especially likely to turn in upon itself, to imagine that surrounding groups are threatening and unfriendly. At a time like this, distorted (扭曲的) ideas about the other community are readily believed and are passed on as statements of fact. One of the tragic things about intercommunal (社区间的) conflict is that both parties quickly find themselves “moral rationalization (合理化解释).” Each side insists and believes that its own actions are inspired by noble ideals, even when they are really acting out of pure self-interest. To a third party, neutral to the conflict, it may seem obvious that both are behaving unreasonably; but when one’s emotions are involved, and especially the emotion of fear, it is extremely difficult to remain sensible.
Once prejudice develops, it is hard to stop, because there are often social forces at work which actively encourage unfounded attitudes of unfriendliness and fear towards other groups. One such force is education: We all know that children can be taught history in such a way as to keep alive old hatred and old prejudices between racial and political groups. Another social influence that has to be taken seriously is the pressure of public opinion. People often think and act differently in groups from the way they would do as individuals. It takes a considerable effort of will, and often calls for great courage, to stand out against one’s fellows and insist that they are wrong.
Why is it that we hear so much more about the failures of relationships between communities than we do about the successes? I am afraid it is partly due to the increase in communication which radio, television and the popular press have brought about. In those countries where the media of mass communication are commercial enterprises, they tend to measure success by the size of their audience; and people are more likely to buy a newspaper, for instance, if their attention is caught by something dramatic, or something that can arouse their anxiety or interest as much as failures of intercommunal relationships do. And popular public speakers, especially if they are politicians addressing a relatively innocent audience, know that the best way to arouse such an audience is to frighten them.
Where there is a real or imaginary threat to economic security, this is especially likely to arouse group prejudice. It is important to remember economic factors if we wish to lessen prejudice between groups, because unless they are dealt with directly, it will be little use simply advising people not to be prejudiced against other groups whom they see as their competitors, if not their enemies.
43. People in a society of rapid racial and economic change ______.
A. blame others for their recent misfortunes
B. fear the loss of interests endangered by prejudice
C. are at a loss as to what to expect of others and themselves
D. are jealous of the new occupations and social roles
44. Which of the following statements is NOT true about a community feeling unsure of its future?
A. Distorted ideas about the other community are considered as facts.
B. It’s extremely difficult for a third party to remain sensible and fearless.
C. Old hatred and prejudices are passed on through history education.
D. The pressure of public opinion makes people think and act in groups.
45. The failures of relationships between communities are ______.
A. commercial products of the media of mass communication
B. considered dramatic and arousing
C. lessened due to real or imaginary threat to economic security
D. dealt with directly by advising people not to be prejudiced
46. The passage is mainly about ______.
A. how to eliminate social prejudice B. what a sensible society is like
C. what causes social prejudice D. how to build a sensible society
【43~46题答案】
【答案】43. C 44. B 45. A 46. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了导致社会偏见的缘由和目前的现状。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段的“This is less likely to be the case in a stable, relatively unchanging society in which the members of different social and occupational groups know what to expect of each other and know what to expect for themselves. (在一个稳定、相对不变的社会中，这种情况不太可能发生，在这种社会中，不同社会和职业群体的成员知道彼此的期望，也知道对自己的期望)”可知，在一个稳定相对不变的社会中人们知道对彼此的期望，也知道对自己的期望。由此推知，在一个快速发展的社会中人们会对别人和自己的期望感到茫然。故选C。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“To a third party, neutral to the conflict, it may seem obvious that both are behaving unreasonably; but when one’s emotions are involved, and especially the emotion of fear, it is extremely difficult to remain sensible. (对于对冲突保持中立的第三方来说，双方的行为显然都不合理；但是，当一个人的情绪，尤其是恐惧情绪牵涉其中时，保持理智是极其困难的)”可知，对于一个对未来感到不确定的社区，“对冲突保持中立”的第三方知道双方都不合理，难以保持理智和无畏。而B项“It’s extremely difficult for a third party to remain sensible and fearless. (对于第三方来说，保持理智和无畏是极其困难的)”与文章内容不符。故选B。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Why is it that we hear so much more about the failures of relationships between communities than we do about the successes? I am afraid it is partly due to the increase in communication which radio, television and the popular press have brought about. In those countries where the media of mass communication are commercial enterprises, they tend to measure success by the size of their audience; and people are more likely to buy a newspaper, for instance, if their attention is caught by something dramatic, or something that can arouse their anxiety or interest as much as failures of intercommunal relationships do. (为什么我们听到那么多关于社区关系失败的事情而不是关于成功的事情？恐怕部分原因是由于广播、电视和大众报刊所带来的交流的增加。在那些大众传播媒介为商业企业的国家，它们往往以其受众的规模来衡量成功；例如，如果人们的注意力被一些戏剧性的事情吸引，或者一些像公共关系失败一样能引起他们焦虑或兴趣的事情吸引，他们就更有可能买报纸)”推知，社区关系的失败是大众传播媒介的商业产物，因为这些媒介需要用一些像公共关系失败一样能引起焦虑或兴趣的事情来引起大众的注意。故选A。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其第一段的“There seems to be little doubt that one of the principal causes of prejudice is fear (毫无疑问，造成偏见的主要原因之一是恐惧)”，第二段的“When a community begins to feel unsure of its future, it becomes especially likely to turn in upon itself, to imagine that surrounding groups are threatening and unfriendly. (当一个社区开始对它的未来感到不确定时，它变得特别有可能与周围断绝来往，想象周围的群体是威胁和不友好的)”，第三段的“Once prejudice develops, it is hard to stop, because there are often social forces at work which actively encourage unfounded attitudes of unfriendliness and fear towards other groups. One such force is education: (偏见一旦形成，就很难停止，因为经常有社会力量在积极鼓励对其他群体毫无根据的不友好和恐惧的态度。其中一种力量就是教育)”和最后一段的“Where there is a real or imaginary threat to economic security, this is especially likely to arouse group prejudice. (当经济安全受到真实或假想的威胁时，这特别容易引起群体偏见)”可知，文章主要是关于造成社会偏见的原因。故选C。

3.华东师大三附中2021学年第二学期在线阶段检测
(C)
Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures "everything except that which makes life worthwhile." With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.
The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is faulty concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK's GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country's economic prospects?
A recent annual study of countries and their ability to transform growth into well-being throws some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather that just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria（标准）from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more comprehensive assessment of how countries are performing.
While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding（初见端倪的）economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn't the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and the environment.
This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country's success, the world looks very different.
So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes - all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.
The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GPD figures could avoid the heralded（预示的）disaster and may even see progress.
43. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that ________.
A. the UK is reluctant to reshape its economic pattern
B. GDP as the measure of success is widely opposed in the UK
C. the UK will contribute less to the world economy
D. policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP
44. Which of the following is TRUE about the recent annual study?
A. It is sponsored by 163 countries. B. It excludes GDP as an indicator.
C. Its criteria are questionable. D. Its results are inspiring.
45. In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that ________.
A. the UK is preparing for an economic boom
B. high GDP foreshadows an economic decline
C. it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP
D. it requires caution to handle economic issues
46. Which of the fallowing is the best title for the text?
A. High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK Lesson
B. GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health
C. Robert F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP
D. Brexit, the UK's Gateway to Well-being
【43~46题答案】
【答案】43. B 44. D 45. C 46. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了GDP作为衡量国家经济活动的标准是不够的，政策决定者还要考虑其他提升民众幸福感的因素。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is faulty concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do.（GDP及其效用的问题困扰了政策制定者半个多世纪。许多人认为这是错误的概念。它衡量的是无关紧要的事情，而忽略了重要的事情。 ）”可推断出在英国，GDP作为衡量成功的标准遭到广泛反对，故选B。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“A recent annual study of countries and their ability to transform growth into well-being throws some light on that question. ...Rather that just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria（标准）from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more comprehensive assessment of how countries are performing.（最近一项关于各国及其将增长转化为福祉的能力的年度研究，为这个问题提供了一些线索......不是只关注国内生产总值，而是衡量了卫生、教育和公民社会参与等40多种不同的标准，以便对各国的表现进行更全面的评估。 ）”可知，最近的年度研究结果令人鼓舞，故选D。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough.（所以，肯尼迪所指的是，虽然GDP一直是衡量国家经济活动最常用的方法，但作为一种衡量手段，它已经不够了。 ）”可知，作者认为有必要考虑GDP以外的因素，故选C。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第五段“This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country's success, the world looks very different.（这是富裕国家可以学习的一课：当GDP不再被视为衡量一个国家成功的唯一标准时，世界将变得非常不同。） ”和倒数第二段的“It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes - all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.（它不包括重要的因素，如环境质量或教育成果，所有这些都有助于一个人的幸福感。）”可知，整篇文章的主题就是GDP不靠谱，福利不给力不行，英国脱欧是例证。A选项正好包括了这三个要素，High GDP, Inadequate Well-being和a UK lesson，因此A选项可作为最好的题目，故选A。

4.复旦附中第十二次拓展考试
C
America’s businesses are getting older and fatter, while many new businesses are dying in infancy.
A study last month by the Brookings Institution found that the proportion of older firms has grown steadily over several decades, while the survival rate of new companies has fallen. In addition, young people are starting companies at a sharply lower rate than in the past.
A new report from the National Association of Manufacturers shows a major cause: The cost of obeying government regulations has risen to more than $2 trillion (12.26 trillion yuan) annually, or 12 percent of the GDP, and this cost falls disproportionately on smaller, newer businesses.
It’s risky, difficult and expensive to start a business, and getting more so. Governments are imposing various new rules on a seemingly daily basis: health insurance, minimum wage increases and, most recently in California, compulsory paid sick days for even hourly employees. These regulations shift huge social welfare costs directly onto often-struggling small businesses, while being proportionally much less costly for larger companies.
This is partly an unintended issue of resources-established companies can cope with new costs more easily—but it’s also deliberate. For instance, big insurance companies got a seat at the table to help write Obamacare, but less politically powerful firms—like medical device manufacturers-got squeezed.
Mature, successful corporations can employ ex-lawmakers with connections, distribute campaign contributions and even write regulations for themselves. They are also more likely to want to protect steady revenue streams than revolutionize their industry.
Major companies that have been so ill-managed they would otherwise collapse-airlines, car companies and banks—stagger (蹒跚) on because politicians ride to the rescue with bags of taxpayer money.
The genius of our unique system of government is the determination to protect and defend the rights of the individual over the rights of the nation. As such, the rise of a well-connected oligarchy (寡头政治) that protects big business at the expense of small business, and the established over the new, is opposite to American ideals.
Income inequality—which is directly caused by faulty government policy—is being promoted as the reason to impose more of that bad policy. But let’s be perfectly clear, we do not have a free market but one where government picks winners and losers through regulations and financial aids.
Politics is, and always has been, about balancing competing interests seeking to benefit themselves, and that’s as it should be, but the force of government should never be used to reduce competition, kill innovation or support and extend artificial monopolies (垄断) by harming the consumer, the taxpayer and the economy. Policy must breed our new and small businesses or see the as-yet undreamed of innovations that could be our bright future die in infancy.
43. We can learn from the passage that ________.
A. over several decades, new companies have grown steadily
B. mature, successful corporations prefer to maintain their stable incomes
C. less politically powerful firms also have their voice in making regulations
D. the cost of obeying government regulations falls equally on all businesses
44. We can infer from the last three paragraphs that ________.
A. the rise of a well-connected oligarchy is contrary to American ideals
B. the state economy may depend on those innovative businesses
C. income inequality is what the government should take action to resolve
D. the government picks winners and losers through the law of free market
45. It can be concluded from the passage that ________.
A. larger and older firms have a command of resources of various aspects
B. most of the ex-lawmakers work in mature, successful corporations
C. politicians like providing financial aids to the companies of worse operation
D. big insurance companies have better relationship with Obama
46. As to the development of smaller businesses, the writer is ________.
A. contented B. confident C. concerned D. convinced
【43~46题答案】
【答案】43. B 44. B 45. A 46. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道。美国的大企业越来越大，而许多新创企业在婴儿时代就濒临死亡，这是因为美国现有的政治制度和不断提高的各种法规都给新创企业设置了很多障碍，但未来美国的经济可能要依赖于那些创新型的企业。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据第六段Mature, successful corporations can employ ex-lawmakers with connections, distribute campaign contributions and even write regulations for themselves. They are also more likely to want to protect steady revenue streams than revolutionize their industry.可知，较大和较老的公司也更愿意保护稳定的收入来源。故选B。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段第一句As such, the rise of a well-connected oligarchy (寡头政治) that protects big business at the expense of small business, and the established over the new, is opposite to American ideals.最后一段最后一句Policy must breed our new and small businesses or see the as-yet undreamed of innovations that could be our bright future die in infancy.可知，牺牲小企业是违背美国理想的，以及政策必须培育新的小企业或看到从未想过的创新，而这些创新可能在婴儿期就会死亡，可以推断出今后国家经济可能依赖于那些创新的企业。故选B。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段A study last month by the Brookings Institution found that the proportion of older firms has grown steadily over several decades,以及第四段This is partly an unintended issue of resources-established companies can cope with new costs more easily—but it’s also deliberate. For instance, big insurance companies got a seat at the table to help write Obamacare, but less politically powerful firms—like medical device manufacturers-got squeezed.可知，较大和较老的公司掌握各方面的资源。故选A。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句Policy must breed our new and small businesses or see the as-yet undreamed of innovations that could be our bright future die in infancy.（政策必须培育新的小企业或看到从未想过的创新，这些创新可能是我们夭折的光明未来，）可以推断出关于较小公司的发展，作者是关心的态度。A. contented 满意的；B. confident自信的；C. concerned关心的；D. convinced确信的。故选C。
【名师点睛】
4.C【解题剖析】此题属于推理判断题中的（2）根据用词风格，推断情感态度。一篇好的文章，其用词风格常常直接流露或蕴含作者的内心世界和情感态度。所以阅读时要善于捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词句或短语，捕捉那些烘托气氛，渲染情感的词句，进而很好地洞察作者的思想倾向，是支持、反对抑或中立？对于选项而言，要分清选项中的褒义词、中性词和贬义词，以此对照全文。如：1）表示褒义的词语：positive赞成的，supporting支持的，praising赞扬的，optimistic乐观的，admiring羡慕的，enthusiastic热情的等；2）表示中性的词语：uninterested无兴趣的，不感兴趣的；neutral中立的；impersonal不带个人感情的；subjective主观的；objective客观的等；3）表示贬义的词语：disgusted感到恶心的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative 否定的，反对的；suspicious怀疑的；tolerant容忍的，忍让的；worried 担忧的等。
【答案定位】根据最后一段最后一句Policy must breed our new and small businesses or see the as-yet undreamed of innovations that could be our bright future die in infancy. 可知政策必须培育新的小企业或看到从未想过的创新，这些创新可能是我们夭折的光明未来，可以推断出关于较小公司的发展，作者是关心的态度。
【推理关系】题干As to the development of smaller businesses, the writer is .☞文章内容最后一段最后一句Policy must breed our new and small businesses or see the as-yet undreamed of innovations that could be our bright future die in infancy.可知，关于较小公司的发展作者是关心的态度。
【答案】Policy must breed our new and small businesses or see the as-yet undreamed of innovations that could be our bright future die in infancy. ☞C选项concerned。

5.上海中学东校高三英语阶段测试
(C)
Sometime in 1885 or 1886, Arthur Conan Doyle was doodling (信手乱涂) on a sheet of paper. Inspired by Edgar Allan Poe’s Auguste Dupin, he had the idea for a “consulting detective”, who would also use “the Rules of Evidence” to catch his man. But what would he be called? “Ormond Sacker”? “Sherrinford Holmes”?
Had he settled on either of these alternatives, the modern-day fan clubs would be able to look closely through their magnifying glasses (放大镜) at that historic piece of paper at an exhibition opening at the Museum of London on Friday.
Sherlock Holmes: The Man Who Never Lived and Will Never Die is the first major show for the great detective since a Holmes display graced the Festival of Britain in 1951. It’s a winningly silly title: there are an unlimited number of men who never lived and wil never die, and a very large number of fictional creations of whom the same could also be said. But you can see what they are getting at.
It is likely that the show should take place at the Museum of London. Holmes occupied perhaps London’s most famous imaginary address — 221B Baker Street — and Dr. Watson wrote that his “knowledge of the byways of London was extraordinary”. In the form of his “Baker Street Irregulars”, he even employed a street-level spy-network o the homeless. London is often described as another character in the stories.
But, as historian David Cannadine points out in a fine, questioning essay in a new book accompanying the exhibition, Holmes’s London is actually only sketchily imagined in the stories. Conan Doyle grew up in Edinburgh, was educated in Lancashire and Austria, and lived in central London for less than a year before moving first to South Norwood, then in short order to Hindhead in Surrey and later to Sussex. To move Holmes around the capital, Conan Doyle used contemporary books of street maps and the London Post Office Directory. And he made all sorts of mistakes.
Also, before fan-fiction as we think of it now got under way, the Holmes stories led to a strange academic version of fan-fiction: Holmesians, taking a scholarly interest in the texts almost on the assumption that Holmes and Watson were real historical characters.
It should be noted that Conan Doyle himself didn’t sweat the details. Everything from the location of Watson’s old war wound to his marital situation and the address of his consulting room was distinctly patchy (东拼西凑的).
Holmes is, or might as well be, a magician. In this respect, the modern BBC TV adaptations — whose leaps of tricks I’ve seen complained about — are in keeping with Conan Doyle’s originals.
He’s not the product, not any more, of a single author. And he’s never going to be on the reader’s level — nor that of his friend Dr. Watson. Conan Doyle’s consulting detective is, made by the imaginations of others, a sort of god. And like all the best gods, he is — as the new exhibition’s title indicates — both imaginary and everlasting.
43. What do Auguste Dupin and Sherlock Holmes share in common according to the author?
A. They are both fictional detectives that lived in London.
B. They are both characters created by Arthur Conan Doyle.
C. They both use “the Rules of Evidence” to solve cases.
D. They both use magnifying glasses.
44. According to the passage, the sentence “Holmes’s London is actually only sketchily imagined in the stories” in paragraph 5 means that ______.
A. London is an important setting in the Sherlock Holmes stories
B. the city of London in the novel is different from how it really is
C. London is home to the two main characters, Sherlock and Watson
D. the author Conan Doyle made a lot of mistakes when in London
45. The word “Holmesians” in paragraph 6 probably refers to______.
A. super fans of Holmes
B. scholars interested in Holmes
C. studies about Holmes
D. mysteries concerning Holmes
46. What is the author’s opinion of Sherlock Holmes?
A. He is the most successful imaginary detective in history.
B. He is a god who will be loved by readers of all the time.
C. He is an imaginary character created both by Doyle and readers
D. He has an extraordinary talent as a detective who gains great popularity.
【43~46题答案】
【答案】43. C 44. B 45. A 46. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章借周五伦敦博物馆的一次展览引出关于福尔摩斯这一人物创作过程中的一些话题。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“Inspired by Edgar Allan Poe’s Auguste Dupin, he had the idea for a ‘consulting detective’, who would also use ‘the Rules of Evidence’ to catch his man. But what would he be called? ‘Ormond Sacker’? ‘Sherrinford Holmes’? (受埃德加•爱伦•坡的小说《Auguste Dupin》的启发，他产生了“顾问侦探”的想法，这个侦探也会利用“证据规则”来抓住他的目标。但他叫什么名字呢?“Ormond Sacker”?“Sherrinford Holmes”?)”可知，Sherrinford Holmes是根据德加•爱伦•坡的小说《Auguste Dupin》创作的人物，他们都使用“the Rules of Evidence(证据规则)”来解决案件。故选C项。
【44题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第五段中对作者成长经历的描写“Conan Doyle grew up in Edinburgh, was educated in Lancashire and Austria, and lived in central London for less than a year before moving first to South Norwood(柯南·道尔在爱丁堡长大，在兰开夏郡和奥地利接受教育，在伦敦市中心住了不到一年就搬到了南诺伍德)”和他创作方式的描写“To move Holmes around the capital, Conan Doyle used contemporary books of street maps and the London Post Office Directory. And he made all sorts of mistakes.(为了让福尔摩斯在伦敦四处走动，柯南·道尔使用了当时的街道地图书籍和伦敦邮局指南。他犯了各种各样的错误)”可知，柯南·道尔伦敦并不熟悉，所以历史学家大卫·康纳汀说“Holmes’s London is actually only sketchily imagined in the stories.(福尔摩斯笔下的伦敦实际上只是故事中粗略的想象)”是为了表明：小说中的伦敦和真实的伦敦的面貌是不一样的。故选B项。
【45题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第六段“Holmesians”一词后“taking a scholarly interest in the texts almost on the assumption that Holmes and Watson were real historical characters.(几乎假定福尔摩斯和华生是真实的历史人物，对这些文本产生了学术上的兴趣)”可推知，Holmesians是一群把虚构的福尔摩斯与华生当作真实历史人物来研究的读者，是福尔摩斯的一群超级粉丝。故选A项。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中“He’s not the product, not any more, of a single author. And he’s never going to be on the reader’s level — nor that of his friend Dr. Watson. Conan Doyle’s consulting detective is, made by the imaginations of others, a sort of god.(他不再是一个作家的作品。而且他永远也不会和读者一样，也不会和他的朋友华生医生一样。柯南·道尔的咨询侦探是由其他人的想象创造出来的，像上帝一样的存在)”可推知，作者认为夏洛克·福尔摩斯是柯南·道尔和读者一起虚构出来的人物。故选C项。

6. 2021学年敬业中学第二学期期中质量调研
(C)
What would the world be if there were no hunger? It’s a question that the late (已故的) ecologist Donella Meadows would ask her students at Dartmouth College back in the 1970s. She set out to create a global movement. The result — an approach known as systems thinking — is now seen as essential in meeting big global challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition. According to systems thinking, changing the food system — or any other network — requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system.
Take nutrition for example. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization tracked 150 biochemicals in food and various databases, which revealed the relationships between calories, sugar, fat, vitamins and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, network scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals and that the vast majority are not known. This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking — which, in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.
A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power and status. But the food system is not an equal one. There have been calls for a World Food and Nutrition Organization, so that legally binding policies can be applied to all its members. Another way to address power imbalances is for more universities to do what Meadows did and teach students how to think using a systems approach.
A team of researchers has done just that, through the Interdisciplinary Food Systems Teaching and Learning program. Students from disciplines including agriculture, ecology and economics learn together by drawing on their collective expertise in addressing real-world problems, such as how to reduce food waste. Since its launch in 2015, the program has trained more than 1,500 students from 45 university departments.
More researchers policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and embrace a systems approach, as the editors of Nature Food advocate in their launch editorial. Meadows knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”.
43. The passage is mainly about ________.
A. how to conduct research efficiently
B. how to build a world food organization
C. an approach to solving real-world problem
D. an approach to applying scientific findings
44. According to paragraph 3, the study conducted by network scientists revealed that ________.
A. artificial intelligence is more useful than traditional methods
B. achieving systems thinking requires identifying more components
C. we are unable to gain thorough understanding of our nutritious system
D. some biochemicals are related with the occurrence of common diseases
45. According to the passage, what do we know about the Interdisciplinary (各个学科之间) Food Systems Teaching and Learning program?
A. It is the only way of solving imbalance in our food system.
B. It aims to urge the governments to carry out its food policies.
C. It seeks to solve theoretical issues about food and nutrition
D. It has cultivated many interdisciplinary talents since its launch.
46. What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in the last paragraph?
A No results can be achieved if nobody is willing to take responsibility.
B. Vision is the first necessary step towards solving global challenges.
C. Vision is not as important as understanding the nature of problems.
D. Systems thinking is unrealistic, so concrete action should be taken.
【43~46题答案】
【答案】43. C 44. B 45. D 46. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
【43题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“The result — an approach known as systems thinking — is now seen as essential in meeting big global challenges.(其结果——一种被称为系统思维的方法——现在被视为应对重大全球挑战的关键)”可知，文章主要介绍了系统思维对于实现零饥饿和改善营养等目标至关重要，并以营养为例说明这种方法如何发挥作用。由此可知，本文主要是关于“一种解决现实问题的方法”。故选C项。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking — which, in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在实现系统思维的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在这个例子中，系统思维的第一个目标是识别营养系统的更多组成部分)”可知，这项研究表明实现系统思维需要识别更多的组成部分。故选B项。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Students from disciplines including agriculture, ecology and economics learn together by drawing on their collective expertise in addressing real-world problems, such as how to reduce food waste. Since its launch in 2015, the program has trained more than 1,500 students from 45 university departments.(来自农业、生态学和经济学等学科的学生通过利用他们的集体专业知识来解决现实世界的问题，例如如何减少食物浪费，从而共同学习。自2015年启动以来，该项目已经培训了来自45个大学院系的1500多名学生)”可知，跨学科食品系统教学项目自启动以来培养了很多跨学科的人才。故选D项。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段划线部分前的“visions alone don’t produce results(只有远见是不会产生结果的)”可知，光有远见卓识无法产生结果，but表示转折，所以后文强调远见卓识的重要性，即虽然光有远见卓识无法产生结果，但是不具有远见卓识就永远不会产生结果。由此推知，远见卓识是解决全球挑战的必要的第一步。故选B项。

7.上海市实验学校 2021 学年第二学期高三四月线上考
(C)
Facing water shortages and escalating fertilizer costs, farmers in developing countries are using raw sewage (下水道污水) to irrigate and fertilize nearly 49 million acres of cropland, according to a new report — and it may not be a bad thing.
While the practice carries serious health risks for many, those dangers are outweighed by the social and economic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food. “There is a large potential for wastewater agriculture to both help and hurt great numbers of urban consumers,” said Liqa Raschid-Sally, who led the study.
The report focused on poor urban areas, where farms in or near cities supply relatively inexpensive food. Most of these operations draw irrigation water from local rivers or lakes. Unlike developed cities, however, these areas lack advanced water-treatment facilities, and rivers effectively become sewers (下水道).
When this water is used for agricultural irrigation, farmers risk absorbing disease-causing bacteria, as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed. Nearly 2.2 million people die each year because of diarrhea-related (与腹泻相关的) diseases, according to WHO statistics. More than 80% of those cases can be attributed to contact with contaminated water and a lack of proper sanitation. But Pay Drechsel, an environmental scientist, argues that the social and economic benefits of using untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the health risks.
Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education, he said, while the free water and nutrients from human waste can help urban farmers in developing countries to escape poverty.
Agriculture is a water-intensive business, accounting for nearly 70% of global fresh water consumption.
In poor, dry regions, untreated wastewater is the only viable irrigation source to keep farmers in business. In some cases, water is so scarce that farmers break open sewage pipes transporting waste to local rivers.
Irrigation is the primary agricultural use of human waste in the developing world. But frequently untreated human waste harvested from lavatories is delivered to farms and spread as fertilizer.
In most cases, the human waste is used on grain crops, which are eventually cooked, minimizing the risk of transmitting water-borne diseases. With fertilizer prices jumping nearly 50% per metric ton over the last year in some places, human waste is an attractive, and often necessary, alternative.
In cases where sewage mud is used, expensive chemical fertilizer use can be avoided. The mud contains the same critical nutrients.
“Overly strict standards often fail,” James Bartram, a WHO water-health expert, said. “We need to accept that fact across much of the planet, so waste with little or no treatment will be used in agriculture for good reason.”
43. What is the main problem caused by the use of waste water for irrigation?
A. Farmers and consumers may be affected by harmful bacteria.
B. It will make the farm produce less competitive on the market.
C. It will drive producers of chemical fertilizers out of business.
D. Rivers and lakes nearby will gradually become contaminated.
44. What is environmental scientist Pay Drechsel’s attitude towards the use of untreated human waste in agriculture?
A. Indifferent. B. Responsible. C. Favorable. D. Skeptical.
45. What does Pay Drechsel think of the risks involved in using untreated human waste for farming?
A. They can be addressed by improved sanitation.
B. They will be minimized with new technology.
C. They have been somewhat exaggerated.
D. They can be dealt with through education.
46. What do we learn about James Bartram’s position on the use of human waste for farming?
A. He challenges Liqa Raschid-Sally’s conclusion.
B. He deems it indispensable for combating global poverty.
C. He echoes Pay Drechsel’s opinion on the issue.
D. He thinks it the only way out of the current food crisis.
【43~46题答案】
【答案】43. A 44. C 45. D 46. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了将污水用于农业灌溉可能会让农民和消费者受到有害细菌的影响，但相关专家认为这一问题可以通过教育解决，并认为将污水用于农业灌溉是可行的。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“When this water is used for agricultural irrigation, farmers risk absorbing disease-causing bacteria, as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed.(当这些水被用于农业灌溉时，农民和那些生吃未经清洗的农产品的消费者都面临着吸收致病细菌的风险)”可知，用污水灌溉造成的主要问题是农民和消费者可能会受到有害细菌的影响。故选A项。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“But Pay Drechsel, an environmental scientist, argues that the social and economic benefits of using untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the health risks.(但是环境科学家佩·德雷塞尔(Pay Drechsel)认为，使用未经处理的人类排泄物来种植粮食，其社会和经济效益超过了健康风险)”可知，Pay Drechsel认为用未经处理的人类排泄物来种植粮食，效益高于风险，所以他对此持支持态度。故选C项。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education, he said, while the free water and nutrients from human waste can help urban farmers in developing countries to escape poverty.(他说，这些危险可以通过对农民和消费者进行教育来解决，而人类排泄物中的免费水和营养物质可以帮助发展中国家的城市农民摆脱贫困)”可知，Pay Drechsel认为用未经处理的人类排泄物来种植粮食带来的风险可以通过教育来解决。故选D项。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘Overly strict standards often fail,’ James Bartram, a WHO water-health expert, said. ‘We need to accept that fact across much of the planet, so waste with little or no treatment will be used in agriculture for good reason.’(世界卫生组织水卫生专家巴特拉姆说，“过于严格的标准往往会失败。我们需要在地球的大部分地区接受这一事实，所以很少或没有处理的污水将有充分的理由用于农业。”)”可推知，James Bartram也赞同将污水用于农业灌溉，所以他赞同Pay Drechsel在这个问题上的观点。故选C项。

8.上海市建平中学2021-2022学年高三下学期3月考试
(C)
Delivering life-saving drugs directly to the brain in a safe and effective way is a challenge for medical providers. One key reason: the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from tissue-specific drug delivery. Methods such as an injection or a pill aren't as precise or immediate as doctors might prefer, and ensuring delivery right to the brain often requires invasive, risky techniques.
A team of engineers from Washington University in St. Louis has developed a new nano-particle generation-delivery method that could someday vastly improve drug delivery to the brain, making it as simple as a sniff.
“This would be a nano-particle nasal spray, and the delivery system could allow medicine to reach the brain within 30 minutes to one hour,” said Ramesh Raliya, research scientist at the School of Engineering & Applied Science.
“The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from foreign substances in the blood that may injure the brain” Raliya said. “But when we need to deliver something there, getting through that barrier is difficult and invasive. Our non-invasive technique can deliver drugs via nano-particles, so there's less risk and better response times.”
The novel approach is based on aerosol science and engineering principles that allow the generation of mono-disperse nano-particles, which can deposit on upper regions of the nasal cavity via spread. The nano-particles were tagged with markers, allowing the researchers to track their movement.
Next, researchers exposed locusts' antenna to the aerosol, and observed the nano-particles travel from the antennas up through the olfactory nerve, which is used to sense the smell. Due to their tiny size, the nano-particles passed through the brain-blood barrier, reaching the brain and spreading all over it in a matter of minutes.
The team tested the concept in locusts because the blood-brain barriers in the insects and humans have similarities. “The shortest and possibly the easiest path to the brain is through your nose,” said Barani Raman, associate professor of biomedical engineering. “Your nose, the olfactory bulb and then olfactory cortex: two steps and you've reached the cortex.”
To determine whether or not the foreign nano-particles disrupted normal brain function, Saha examined the physiology response of olfactory neurons in the locusts before and after the nano-particle delivery and found no noticeable change in the electro-physiological responses was detected.
This is only a beginning of a set of studies that can be performed to make nano-particle-based drug delivery approaches more principled, Raman said. The next phase of research involves fusing the gold nano-particles with various medicines, and using ultrasound to target a more precise dose to specific areas of the brain, which would be especially beneficial in brain-tumor cases.
43. This passage is mainly about ________.
A. a novel method of drug delivery B. a challenge facing medical staff
C. a new medicine treating brain disease D. a technique to improve doctor's ability
44. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Doctors prefer using methods like an injection to treat diseases.
B. Locusts were tagged with markers to track their movement.
C. The blood-brain barrier lowers the effectiveness of a pill.
D. The medicine could reach the brain within half an hour.
45. The researchers focused their study on locusts because ________.
A. human and locusts have similar structures that protect brain from foreign substances
B. the delivery process consists of the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortex
C. locusts have changeable electrophysiological responses to nanoparticles
D. The shortest and possibly the safest path to the brain is through human's noses
46. ________ would most be interested in reading this passage.
A. A lung cancer patient who needs operation immediately
B. A college student who majors in medical technology
C. A senior doctor who is about to retire
D. A high school teacher who is teaching biology
【43~46题答案】
【答案】43. A 44. C 45. A 46. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了华盛顿大学圣路易斯分校的一个工程师团队开发了一种新的纳米粒子生成递送方法，可以极大地改善药物递送到大脑的过程。文章介绍了这种新型给药方式的原理以及研究的操作过程。
【43题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段“A team of engineers from Washington University in St. Louis has developed a new nano-particle generation-delivery method that could someday vastly improve drug delivery to the brain, making it as simple as a sniff.(来自华盛顿大学圣路易斯分校的一个工程师团队开发了一种新的纳米粒子生成递送方法，该方法可能在未来的某一天极大地改善药物递送到大脑，使其变得像抽鼻子一样简单)”结合文章还介绍了这种新型给药方式的原理以及研究的操作过程。可知，本文主要介绍一种新型的给药方法。故选A。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Delivering life-saving drugs directly to the brain in a safe and effective way is a challenge for medical providers. One key reason: the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from tissue-specific drug delivery. Methods such as an injection or a pill aren't as precise or immediate as doctors might prefer, and ensuring delivery right to the brain often requires invasive, risky techniques.(以安全有效的方式将拯救生命的药物直接送到大脑是医疗提供者面临的一个挑战。一个关键原因是：血脑屏障，它保护大脑免受组织特异性药物输送的影响。注射或药片等方法并不像医生希望的那样精确或直接，而且确保直接将药物送入大脑通常需要侵入性的、有风险的技术)”可知，C选项“血脑屏障降低药效”正确。故选C。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“The team tested the concept in locusts because the blood-brain barriers in the insects and humans have similarities.(该团队在蝗虫身上测试了这一概念，因为这种昆虫的血脑屏障与人类有相似之处)”可知，研究人员之所以把研究重点放在蝗虫身上，是因为人类和蝗虫有相似的保护大脑免受外来物质侵害的结构。故选A。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“A team of engineers from Washington University in St. Louis has developed a new nano-particle generation-delivery method that could someday vastly improve drug delivery to the brain, making it as simple as a sniff.(来自华盛顿大学圣路易斯分校的一个工程师团队开发了一种新的纳米粒子生成递送方法，该方法可能在未来的某一天极大地改善药物递送到大脑，使其变得像抽鼻子一样简单)” 结合文章还介绍了这种新型给药方式的原理以及研究的操作过程。可推知，文章属于医学类，即一个主修医学技术的大学生会对阅读这篇文章最感兴趣。故选B。

9.上海市七宝中学2021-2022学年高三下学期3月考试
(C)
Although it is a business not many are aware of, sidewalk robots are set to become an industry with annual sales of $Ibn within a decade, reckons IDTechEx, a British firm of analysts. These four-or six-wheeled autonomous machines, usually the size of a suitcase, are already delivering groceries and other goods in America, China and Europe.
That puts them ahead of many driverless cars, vans and lorries being developed. Those bigger vehicles are held back not by technology but regulation, says Zehao Li of IDTechEx. So having a "safety driver" on board ready to take over if there is a problem, which is hardly labor-saving.
For these larger contraptions regulators want to see safety systems thoroughly proved. But there are legal hurdles, too. In January Britain's Law Commission, which reviews legislation, recommended that it should not be the person in the driver's seat who faces prosecution if a vehicle in autonomous mode crashes, but the manufacturer or body that sought approval for its use.
Meanwhile, sidewalk robots are getting on with the job. Among them, Starship Technologies, based in San Francisco, reckons it has already clocked up more than 2.5m deliveries with bots in a number of cities, university campuses and business parks in Europe and America. Amazon is carrying out trials with a similar sort of machine it calls Scout. Kiwibot, a Colombian startup, is making sidewalk deliveries in Califomia.
Typically, these robots carry a few bags of groceries using a variety of sensors, including cameras, radar and GPS to navigate and avoid obstacles and people. Their progress can be monitored on a phone app, which also unlocks them for goods to be retrieved. As they are small. move slowly(Starship's bots might reach a heady 6kph) and are "telemonitored" by people in a control room who can take over, authorities seem more willing to give them a green light.
Such robots are also becoming more autonomous. In January Serve Robotics, another San Franciscan firm whose backers include Uber, a ride-hailing giant, said it had deployed a new sidewalk bot with "level 4"autonomy, which means it can operate without telemonitoring in some predesignated areas.
Robotic versions which operate on roads but have no driver's cab are also appearing. Nuro, a Silicon Valley firm, makes one about the size of a small car that can carry 24 bags of groceries. It has chilled and heated compartments for food and drinks. Further along the road in earning their keep, these delivery bots are helping to pave the way for the time when bigger autonomous vehicles can join them.
43. What can we learn from paragraph one?
A. Sidewalk robots are portable like a suitcase.
B. In the past decade, Ibn dollars have been invested into industry.
C. The delivery industries of the US, China and Europe are dependent on sidewalk robots.
D. The industry of sidewalk robot is expanding unknowingly.
44. According to the passage, who should be responsible for automatic driving car accidents?
A. Safety drivers seated in the driver's seat.
B. Every passenger except the driver.
C. Organizations supportive of autonomous mode.
D. Manufacturers and bodies seeking approval for using safety drivers.
45. What does the underlined phrase in paragraph four mean?
A. reached B. designed
C. bought D. invented
46. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Amazon is using Scout to deliver groceries for people.
B. If groceries are wrongly delivered, robots can take them back.
C. Some robots may deliver groceries with no one telemonitoring them.
D. Both cold and hot food can be preserved inside a sidewalk robot developed by Nuro.
【43~46题答案】
【答案】43. D 44. C 45. A 46. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人行道上的自动用货机器人的应用、发展以及意义。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段第一句话“Although it is a business not many are aware of, sidewalk robots are set to become an industry with annual sales of $Ibn within a decade, reckons IDTechEx, a British firm of analysts. （英国分析公司IDTechEx估计，尽管人行道机器人是一个没有多少人意识到的行业，但它将在十年内成为一个年销售额为10亿美元的行业。）”可推知，人行道机器人这个行业在没有人过多关注的情况下不断的扩张。故选D。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段第三句话“In January Britain's Law Commission, which reviews legislation, recommended that it should not be the person in the driver's seat who faces prosecution if a vehicle in autonomous mode crashes, but the manufacturer or body that sought approval for its use.（今年1月，负责审查立法的英国法律委员会建议，如果自动驾驶模式下的车辆发生碰撞，将面临起诉的不应是驾驶座上的人，而应是寻求批准其使用的制造商或机构。）”可知，如果自动驾驶模式下发生车祸，那么负责人的应该是寻求批准其使用的制造商或机构。故选C。
【45题详解】
短语猜测题。根据划线短语后面的部分“more than 2.5m deliveries with bots in a number of cities, university campuses and business parks in Europe and America（在欧洲、美国的一些城市、大学校园和商业园区多于250万辆机器人被交付使用）”可知，其中，总部位于旧金山的星际科技公司估计，在欧洲、美国的一些城市、大学校园和商业园区，已经有超过250万辆机器人被交付使用。所以clocked up的意思为“达到”。故选A。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段倒数第二句话“Amazon is carrying out trials with a similar sort of machine it calls Scout. （亚马逊正在使用一种类似的机器进行试验，该机器被称为Scout。）”可推知，Scout正在实验阶段，并没有投入使用。所以A项“亚马逊正在使用Scout为人们提供食品杂货。”表述错误。故选A。

10.上海市交大附中2021-2022学年高三下学期摸底考试
(C)
Animal-rights activists often complain that cute beasts get more sympathy than equally deserving ugly ones. If so, one would think a lovely creature like the mink (貂)would be easy to protect. Yet in the Netherlands, mink is the only animal that can still legally be farmed for their fur. That is about to change. On August 28th the government brought forward to this year a ban on mink-farming that had been scheduled to take effect in 2024. The timetable was sped up not because mink had become more adorable, but because they can contract covid-19 and spread it to humans.
Dutch farmers normally raised about 2.5 million minks a year, making the Netherlands the world's fourth-largest producer after Denmark, China and Poland. In April, a couple of minks and the farm hands who tended them were diagnosed with covid- 19. Genetic tracing showed that at least two workers had probably been infected by mink, rather than the other way around. The affected animals were destroyed and stricter hygiene rules imposed, but by summer the virus had spread to a third of the country's farms. In June, parliament voted to shut down the industry as soon as possible, and the cabinet agreed.
That was a win for the Netherlands Party for the Animals, which has four seats in the 150-memeber parliament. In 2013, it helped pass the law that gave mink farmers until 2024 to get out of the business.
Now the party and its supporters object to the generous compensation （补偿）the government has offered for bringing forward the deadline: $150 million, or $1 million per farmer. Some members of parliament claim that the compensation paid for destroying the infected minks was higher than the market price for their fur.
Fur farmers any modern standards allow minks to be raised humanely, and that they are not a big reason for the spread of the virus. But minks tend to live by themselves instead of living in groups: animal-rights advocates say they cannot be raised humanely in small cages. As for covid-I9, the worry is that mink could serve as a medium for it to attack human immunization （免疫）programs. The industry's value is modest （framers put it at $150 million 0 $200 million, activists at under $100 million）, and polls show the public overwhelmingly opposes it. "In a democratic country, that widespread belief has to translate into a political decision to ban fur farming," says Esther Ouwehand, leader of the Party for the Animals. The farmers accept they are shutting down. The remaining argument is over money.
53. According to the passage, why did animal - activists have an unexpected win for protecting minks?
A. Because mink's cute appearance won people's heart.
B. Because the minks could act as a host for an infectious disease.
C. Because the government carried out an act earlier than planned.
D. Because the farmers stopped raising minks, considering the great reward.
54. What does the writer mean by saying “the other way around" in paragraph 2?
A. The farm-raised minks were born with the virus.
B. The fanners were infected with covid-I9 by minks.
C. The minks contracted covid- 19 from their caregiver.
D. The affected minks had contact with the virus in nature.
55. Esther Ouwehand and his party members supported the following statements EXCEPT ________.
A. Minks can be easily bred by humans without bringing any harm to them.
B. It is acceptable to shut down mink fur industry because it isn't profitable.
C. Objection to fur industry is a main reason behind this governmental decision.
D. The amount of money to make up for the loss of the mink farmers was too high.
56. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Cuteness Wins
B An Unexpected Win
C. Winter for Minks
D. Farmers v.s. Activists
【答案】53. B 54. C 55. A 56. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了因为水貂可以充当新冠病毒的宿主，荷兰政府将原定于2024年实施的禁止水貂养殖的禁令提前到了今年，这是动物活动家在保护水貂方面取得的意想不到的胜利。
【53题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的“the government brought forward to this year a ban on mink-farming that had been scheduled to take effect in 2024. The timetable was sped up not because mink had become more adorable, but because they can contract covid-19 and spread it to humans.”可知，今年政府将水貂养殖禁令提前到了2024年。养殖禁令的时间之所以提前，并不是因为水貂变得更加可爱，而是因为它们可以感染新冠病毒并传播给人类。由此可知，动物活动家在保护水貂方面取得了意想不到的胜利是因为水貂可以充当传染病的宿主。故选B。
【54题详解】
短语猜测题。根据第二段的“ In April, a couple of minks and the farm hands who tended them were diagnosed with covid- 19. Genetic tracing showed that at least two workers had probably been infected by mink, ”可知，4月，一对水貂和养殖它们的农场主被诊断出感染了新冠病毒。基因溯源显示，至少有两个工人可能被水貂感染了。再结合rather than（而不是）可知，病毒是由水貂传给了工人，而不是水貂从工人那里感染了新冠病毒，因此“the other way around”的意思与其前的内容相反，即水貂从工人那里感染了新冠病毒。故选C。
【55题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“But minks tend to live by themselves instead of living in groups: animal-rights advocates say they cannot be raised humanely in small cages. ”可知，水貂倾向于独自生活，而不是成群结队在一起。动物权利倡导者说，它们被饲养在小笼子里是不人道的。由此可知，Esther Ouwehand和其他成员并不认为水貂可以很容易地被养殖而不会给它们带来任何伤害。故选A。
【56题详解】
标题判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了因为水貂可以充当新冠病毒的宿主，荷兰政府将原定于2024年实施的禁止水貂养殖的禁令提前到了今年，这是动物活动家在保护水貂方面取得的意想不到的胜利，因此B项（意外的胜利）适合作文章标题。故选B。