专题08 概要写作-2022年高三毕业班英语大题满分练（上海专用）

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专题08 概要写作（原卷版）高考考点命题分析备考建议考查频率概要写作可以看出近几年概要写作主要考查说明文，和以议论和说明为主要表达方式的论说文。说明类篇章：开头引出问题或现象，随后分析原因，最后提出解决方法或总结说明。说明类篇章：对某一论题提出简介或主张，随后运用论据进行分析，最后对论点进行概括。★★★高考年份概要写作标题体裁2017年春季高考Shyness说明文2017年秋季高考Learning by Rote in the Digital Age说明文2018年春季高考To Laugh Is Human论说文2018年秋季高考Becoming an Attractive Employee论说文2019年春季高考Where are the bees?说明文2019年秋季高考Don’t be the first user of a new piece of technology.论说文2019年上海高考英语真题51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.It's undeniable: Being among the first to try out a new piece of technology is cool. There's the excitement of doing what has never been done before-the feeling that you're living in the future. And when you're the sole member of your social circle with the latest hot gadget, people stare in fascination. They ask you questions. They see you as the holder of powerful, secret knowledge-for a little while, until the next big thing comes along. People tend to underestimate the costs of this temporary coolness, which they pay in more ways than one. Don't fall into the early adopter trap. Don't join the first wave of consumers who invest in the latest media-hyped hardware; instead, wait and see.To put it frankly, early adoption is a bad investment. First, the earliest versions of devices are not only expensive, they are also the most expensive that those devices will ever be. Companies are presumably attempting to recover the cost of production as fast as they can, and they know that there are serious tech-lovers who will pay a great deal to be first. Once the revenues from early adopters' purchases are safely in their hands, they can cut the price and shift to the next marketing phase: selling the product to everyone else. This is why the cost of the original iPhone dropped about U. S. $200 only eight months after its release. Plus, electronics hardly ever become more expensive because intense competition in the industry puts downward pressure on prices over time. Prices of gadgets will fall shortly after release, and they will likely keep falling. Many new TV models drop significantly in price as little as ten days after hitting the market. Further, electronics rapidly depreciate because they become obsolete (废弃的)so quickly. This means that early adopters pay the maximum price for an item that does not hold onto its value. The resale price of a cell phone or laptop can drop by fifty percent within just a few months.Speaking of becoming obsolete, those who are first to leap into a new technology risk (三野志) wasting money and time on something that will never catch on. Another good reason to resist the early-adoption temptation is that the first version of a product typically has defects that cost a lot in time and frustration. Such problems are so common with new technology that early adopters are basically unpaid beta testers and troubleshooters. Unless this sounds to you like a fun way to spend your time, don't be among the first users. If you wait to learn what the problems are with a new electronic gadget, you can look forward to a smoother experience—or choose a less troublesome product.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2018年上海高考英语真题Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Becoming an Attractive EmployeeThe 2008 financial crisis created an unstable job market. Fast-forward to the present, and the economy has not fully recovered. Thus, it’s of vital importance for job seekers to carefully strategize their approach to job application. And it’s especially important for those new to the work force. They should look at making themselves as attractive as possible to employers.For young people, information technology skills will play an increasing role in the future. As the generation to have grown up in the Information Age, they are quite confident when it comes to showing off their interests and skills in this field. This makes them a natural fit for companies seeking expertise(专业技能)in technology, marketing and networking. They should emphasize these skills when applying for jobs that require the ability to multitask.Another attractive quality is experience. It is important that an applicant's resume list any activities that involved teamwork and goal-driven responsibilities. Membership in a sports or social club and participation as a volunteer are good examples of this. These activities involve goal management and planning along with the ability to focus while competing on a team. When hiring committees see this, they see a candidate who is capable of working in a variety of environments.Finally, an attractive quality when job-hunting is a great attitude toward a potential job. Young job seekers are known to be overconfident because they have been praised for everything they have done. But they must realize that the employment market is about how an employee will be a good fit for a company, not the other way around.In fact, in an interview, an important question to ask is: "What would be expected of me as an employee?" In today's tough job market, young job seekers need to provide a potential employer with good reasons to hire them.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1．（2022·上海杨浦·二模）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. A New Wave of MigrationAs the sea extends steadily inland in countries such as Bangladesh and as decreasing rains put already marginal farmland out of play in Ethiopia and other places, a wave of migration caused by the changing climate is taking shape on the horizon. But most “climate migrants” will not be heading abroad to start new lives; instead they will settle elsewhere in their home countries. A report released this week declares that if nothing is done to control global warming and factor migration into development planning, by mid-century this internal population shift could involve more than 140 million people in three regions examined: sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia and Latin America. “Climate change is already a driver of internal migration, and it will become more so in the future,” says John Roome, senior director of Climate change at The World Bank Group. The potential for such an increase in area consisting of 55 percent of the developing world’s population raises questions of environmental justice because those who have contributed the least to global warming are forced to shoulder more of the burden. It is necessary for developed countries like the U.S. to step up, says Maria Cristina Garcia, a professor of American Studies at Cornell University. Developed countries can help by both working to limit greenhouse gas emissions and funding efforts to help developing nations plan for climate migration challenges. The study of climate migration is still relatively new, and projections of just how many people might be driven from their homes as the world warms are hard to pin down. Some people will need to migrate despite any measures that might be taken —but “this doesn’t have to be a crisis” Roome says. Properly managed migration could even bring more economic opportunities to some poor communities. But planning needs to start now. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2．概要写作These days a green building means more than just the color of the paint. Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, factories, and offices. Green building means “reducing the impact of the building on the land”, Taryn Holowka of the U. S. Green Building Council in Washington, D．C．said. According to Holowka, building account for 65 percent of total U. S. electricity use.But green building can reduce energy and water use. Also, the buildings are often located near public transportation such as buses and subways, so that people can drive their cars less. That could be good for the environment, because cars use lots of gas and give off pollution. Green buildings are often built on developed land, so that the buildings don’t destroy forests. Marty Dettling is the project manger for a building that put these ideas into action. The Solaire has been called the country’s first green high-rise building. According to Dettling, “We’ve reduced our energy use by one-third and our water by 50 percent.” The Solaire cuts energy in part by using solar power. “On the face of the building we have solar panels which change the sun’s energy into electricity,” Dettling explained. The Solaire also has lights that automatically turn off when people leave the room. In addition, the building has lots of windows, allowing people to use the sun for light during the day. The Solaire cuts water by reusing it. Not everyone is eager to move into a green building, however. Some people think that things like solar panels cost more money than more traditional energy sources. Anyhow, Holowka said, “It’s going to be big.”3.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.British scientist Isaac Newton(1643-1727) once said, “If I have seen further, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.” And this year’s Nobel Prize in chemistry may have best explained these words.This year’s prize was divided among three scientists-Frenchman Jean Pierre Sauvage, British-born Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Dutch scientist Bernard L. Feringa. They were awarded the prize for creating the world’s smallest machines.How small? Instead of being made of nails and bolts like regular machines, they are made of molecules. Instead of measuring in meters or centimeters, they measure in nanometers—one billionth of a meter-much thinner than a human hair.But this was achieved neither overnight, nor alone.Back in 1983, Sauvage, who is now a retired professor at the University of Strasbourg, France, started doing the research. He managed to join two ring-shaped molecules together to form a chain. The work is so hard and delicate that the Guardian describes it as like “building a Lego castle in the dark with boxing gloves”.If what Sauvage had done was building the body of a car, what Stoddart managed to do 10 years later in 1991 was adding wheels to the car. Stoddart, who now works at Northwestern University, U.S., developed a structure known as “rotaxanes”, which meant that a ring of atoms could move around an axle.And just like a car, the molecular machine needs a motor to run. So in 1999, Feringa, of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, became the first person to create an actual molecular motor. The molecular machine was powered by electricity.But what is the use of a machine so small that we can’t even see it? According to scientists, the machines can benefit various fields like the creation of new materials and medical treatment methods.“There are endless opportunities,” Feringa told Reuters. “Think of a tiny micro-robot that a doctor in the future will inject into your blood and it will go to search for a cancer cell or deliver a drug, for instance.4.概要写作Is Fridge Really Necessary?The fridge is considered necessary. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food list appeared with the label: “Store in the refrigerator.”In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus (剩余) bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existed -natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling….What refrigeration did promote was marketing-marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum(嗡嗡响) away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-coo1ed space inside an artificially-heated house -while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don't believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers, but at least you'll get rid of that terrible hum.5.Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.Hitting the right buttonIt has been found that in some countries, achievement in some subjects at school is not always good for boys as it is girls. It is possible that using computers may be a way to solve this problem.Many boys seem to have a natural liking for computers, but it can often be hard to leave the screen and concentrate on the work the teacher wants them to do.As computers are becoming more and more important in the world of education today, it is natural to assume that computers can help greatly with boys who do not do too well at school and need to raise their general educational standards. Many boys appear to be more confident than girls in using it, and they need to use computers more frequently, especially at home.Researchers at universities now think that it could be a really good way of re-engaging under-achieving boys in the learning process, and teachers have indicated that it does work. They have found that, although lots of boys do not seem to like writing in the classroom, when they use a computer, they are more willing to compose longer pieces of writing and use different styles. The issue of unintelligible handwriting is no longer a problem, either, as the neatness and presentation standards rise when boys use a computer to print out their work.Many boys welcome the “hands on” approach of computer. However, researchers and teachers need to be careful that boys don’t just “cut and paste” things that they have found on the internet, but haven’t read, and hand it in as a completed assignment. Some boys overestimate how good they are and think they can do things without any effort. They need to develop proper research skills and make their written work more structured. Other boys take short cuts, or look at internet sites they haven’t been asked to look at. They may not plan or think carefully about their work, or they may try to finish their work quickly. This tendency is not going to be completely cured by using computers. One way to get boys to concentrate properly on the work they have been asked to do may be to encourage them to use their computers at home. However, they also need to be set tasks that are interesting and relevant to them.As in all things, the interaction between the pupil, the teacher and the computer is crucial.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6.Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.“Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday?” Lindsey whispers to Tori.With her eyes shining, Tori brags, “You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.”Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freeman. I can tell you that what they are saying is not nice and not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip. Observing people’s gossip, I have noticed its three negative effects.First, an important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about the topic—breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out—that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.Next, if we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? That answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives. Sharing the latest rumor can make a person feel more important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group”. In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging.Then gossip can also have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Some people are naturally outgoing, but other people have to practice to become outgoing. If you want to become outgoing, there are several strategies(策略)that you can use. Being “outgoing” involves learning how to present yourself to others, starting conversations, and being more confident in yourself. One of the easiest ways to present yourself is to ask your friends, colleagues, or classmates to introduce you to their friends. For example, if you walk into a room and your friend is talking to someone else, make it a point to say hello and introduce yourself. The next time you see that person, you can say hello and, since you have already been introduced, you have built a bridge into future communication. When you’re in a social situation, such as at a party, try to make eye contact with the other people there with a friendly smile. If the other person responds or smiles back at you，then go over to them and introduce yourself. That is usually a good sign for a possible conversation. If the person does not respond, let them go their way. There’s a difference between being “outgoing” and “pushy”. Another practical way to start a conversation with others is to use compliments(赞美). When you’re attracted by certain people, you're bound to notice little things that you appreciate. You can acknowledge these things with a sincere compliment. Doing something that makes you feel a little uncomfortable is a good way to promote your confidence and help you become a more outgoing version of yourself. If you have never danced before but want to take a ballet lesson, try it out. Do your best to fight the inner voice telling that you can’t do something or defining(定义)yourself by what you think you should be doing instead. With each little victory, you’ll gain the confidence to step further and further outside your comfort zone. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________