专题03 完形填空-2022年高三毕业班英语大题满分练（上海专用）

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专题03 完形填空（原卷版）

高考考点
命题分析
备考建议
三年高考探源
考查频率
完形填空
主要考查考纲范围内实词(名词、动词、形容词和副词)的用法及常见搭配；
集中考查同一词性的词汇辨识能力，而非辨析；
上下文的逻辑关系是判断正确选项的重要依据，也是考查的重要能力；
能够利用词汇复现和对比关系等答题技巧选择正确选项；
考查学生整体把握语篇的能力，要求对文章的写作框架有整体的把控。
【答题步骤】
1.跳过空格，通读全文，把握大意。
2.结合选项，综合考虑，初选答案。
3.先易后难，瞻前顾后，各个击破。
4.复读全文，逐空验证，弥补疏漏。
2021、2020、2019
第41-55题
★★★

年份
题材
类别
来源
2017
第六感
社会生活类

2018
分享奖励时来自不同文化的人如何看待美德
文化类
赫芬顿邮报
2019
旅游
社会生活类
卫报







2019年上海高考英语真题
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
We're told that writing is dying. Typing on keyboards and screens ___21___ written communication today. Learning cursive(草书)，joined-up handwriting was once ___22___ in schools. But now, not so much. Countries such as Finland have dropped joined-up handwriting lessons in schools ___23___ typing courses. And in the U. S. , the requirement to learn cursive has been left out of core standards since 2013. A few U. S. states still place value on formative cursive education, such as Arizona, but they're not the ___24___•
Some experts point out that writing lessons can have indirect ___25___. Anne Trubek, author of The History and Uncertain Future of Handwriting, argues that such lessons can reinforce a skill called automaticity. That's when you've perfected a task, and can do it almost without thinking, ___26___ you extra mental bandwidth to think about or do other things while you're doing the task. In this sense, Trubek likens handwriting to ___27___.
"Once you have driven for a while, you don't ___28___ think ' Step on gas now' [or] Turn the steering wheel a bit'，'‘ she explains. "You just do it. That's what we want children to ___29___ when learning to write. You and I don't think ' now make a loop going up for the T ' —or ' now look for the letter ' r' on the keyboard. "Trubek has written many essays and books on handwriting, and she doesn't believe it will die out for a very long time, "if ever". But she believes students are learning automaticity faster with keyboards than with handwriting: students are learning how to type without looking at the keys at _____30_____ages, and to type faster than they could write, granting them extra time to think about word choice or sentence structure. In a piece penned (if you'll pardon the expression) for the New York Times last year, Trubek argued that due to the improved automaticity of keyboards, today's children may well become better communicators in text as _____31_____ takes up less of their education. This is a(n) _____32_____ that has attracted both criticism and support.
She explains that two of the most common arguments she hears from detractors regarding the decline of handwriting is that not _____33_____ it will result in a “loss of historyand a loss of persona] touch ".
On the former she _____34_____that 95% of handwritten manuscripts can't be read by the average person anyway—"that's why we have paleographers," she explains, paleography being the study of ancient styles of writing一while the latter refers to the warm _____35_____we give to handwritten personal notes, such as thank-you cards. Some educators seem to agree, at least to an extent.
21. A. abandons B. dominates C. enters D. absorbs
22. A. compulsory B. opposite C. crucial D. relevant
23. A. in want of B. in case of C. in favour of D. in addition to
24. A. quantity B. minimum C. quality D. majority
25. A. responsibility B. benefits C. resources D. structure
26. A. granting B. getting C. bringing D. coming
27. A. sleeping B. driving C. reviewing D. operating
28. A. eventually B. constantly C. equivalently D. consciously
29. A. adopt B. reach C. acquire D. activate
30. A. slower B. later C. faster D. earlier
31. A. handwriting B. adding C. forming D. understanding
32. A. trust B. look C. view D. smile
33. A. containing B. spreading C. choosing D. protecting
34. A. commits B. counters C. completes D. composes
35. A. associations B. resources C. procedures D. interactions
2018年上海高考英语真题
When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends, they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates. __1__, they stick to G-rated activities such as rock- climbing or talking about books.
They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into __2__. The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous (急剧的) __3__ in the past decade. The declines appeared across race, geographic, and socioeconomic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas.
To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities, but the __4__ have slimmed considerably. Teens have also reported a steady decline in sexual activity in recent decades, as the portion of high school students who have had sex fell from 54 percent in 1991 to 41 percent in 2015, according to Centers for Disease Control statistics. u People say, 'Oh, it's because teenagers are more responsible, or more lazy, or more boring, ' but they're __5__ the larger trend," said Jean Twenge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less __6__ in activities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in today's society, they no longer need to.
According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person's "life strategy" slows down or speeds up depending on his or her __7__, exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development, while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the __8__ effect, the study said. In the first __9__, "You'd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode, start having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more __10__and fewer resources, " said Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of "iGen： Why Today's Super- Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy-and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood."
In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more __11__ about marriage, and driving a car and working for pay would be important for “ establishing mate value based on procurement of resources," the study said. But America is shifting more toward the __12__model, and the change is apparent across the socioeconomic spectrum, Twenge said. uEven in families whose parents didn't have a college education. . . families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully   __13__ has really sunk in. ‘‘ The __14__of 41 adult activities'' could not be attributed to more homework or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurriculars as they did in the 1990 s (with the exception of community service, which has risen slightly). Nor could the use of smartphones and the Internet be entirely the __15__, the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available. If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections, it is a good thing, he said.
1．A．Therefore B．Rather C．Moreover D．Besides
2．A．childhood B．neighborhood C．adolescents D．adulthood
3．A．escapes B．ends C．decreases D．changes
4．A．minorities B．majorities C．masses D．amounts
5．A．taking B．avoiding C．sending D．missing
6．A．interested B．envied C．relieved D．realized
7．A．emotions B．surroundings C．customs D．habits
8．A．wrong B．same C．opposite D．similar
9．A．event B．issue C．case D．occasion
10．A．trouble B．questions C．benefits D．diseases
11．A．respectively B．delicately C．seriously D．considerably
12．A．slower B．better C．smaller D．faster
13．A．emphasized B．related C．organized D．educated
14．A．implement B．postponement C．achievement D．payment
15．A．cause B．impact C．fact D．result

一、（2022·上海·华东师范大学第三附属中学高三阶段练习）In interviews, famous people often say that the key to becoming both happy and successful is to “do what you love.” But ____16____ a skill, even one that you deeply love, calls for plenty of drills. Any challenging activity —from computer programming to playing a musical instrument to athletics — requires ____17____ practice. A perfect golf swing or faultless butterfly stroke (蝶泳) takes countless hours of practice and repetitions to perfect.
Anyone who wants to have a good command of a skill must go through the ____18____ of practice, critical feedback, polish, and increasing improvement again, again, and again. Some people seem able to concentrate on practicing an activity like this for years and take ____19____ in their gradual improvement. Yet others find this kind of focused, time-intensive work to be ____20____ or boring. Why?
The ____21____ may depend on the ability to enter into a state of “flow,” the feeling of being completely involved in what you are doing. Flow states can happen in the course of any activity, and they are most common when a task has definite goals and where the individual is able to ____22____ their performance to clear and immediate feedback.
Csikszentmihalyi suggested that those who most ____23____ entered into flow states had an “autotelic personality” — a tendency to seek out challenges and get into a state of flow. While those without such a personality see difficulties, autotelic individuals see opportunities to build skills and they have low levels of self-centeredness. Such people, with their ability to focus on tasks rather than rewards have a great____24____ over others in developing their innate (天生的) abilities. But how can we get into flow state for an activity so that we enjoy both the process of improving skills and the ____25____ of being a master？
____26____ for those of us who don’t necessarily possess an autotelic personality, there is evidence that flow states can be ____27____ by environmental factors. For instance, in Montessori schools, students do not study by following direct instruction. ____28____, they are encouraged to develop and pursue personal interests. Competition is ____29____ and grading is not emphasized. Students are grouped together according to shared interests, rather than separated by ability.
While there isn’t yet a pill that can turn dull practice into an exciting activity for anyone, it is comforting that we seem to be able to advance into flow states. By giving ourselves unstructured, open-ended time, minimum distractions and task set at moderate level of ____30____, we may be able to love what we’re doing while we put in the hard work practicing the things we love doing.
16．A．functioning B．stimulating C．enriching D．mastering
17．A．fixed B．concentrated C．paralleled D．instructed
18．A．transformation B．substitute C．cycle D．condition
19．A．role B．pleasure C．an interest D．part
20．A．poisonous B．rewarding C．ignorant D．frustrating
21．A．objection B．distinction C．principle D．standard
22．A．apply B．devote C．adjust D．expose
23．A．deliberately B．readily C．hesitantly D．flexibly
24．A．feature B．control C．advantage D．sympathy
25．A．security B．jealousy C．reward D．contribution
26．A．Unexpectedly B．Fortunately C．Typically D．Obviously
27．A．cultivated B．extended C．influenced D．bridged
28．A．Otherwise B．Therefore C．Furthermore D．Instead
29．A．advocated B．suspended C．discouraged D．observed
30．A．priority B．difficulty C．curiosity D．identity
二、（2022·上海市莘庄中学高三期中）Food to Be Engineered to Be More Nutritious
“Natural” is a buzz term food marketeers love to use, but barely any of our current produce ever existed in the natural world. The fruit and vegetables that we enjoy today have been selectively bred over thousands of years, often transformed out of all ____31____ from the original wild crop.____32____ , carrots weren’t originally orange, they were scrawny and white; peaches once resembled cherries and tasted salty.
However, the selective breeding for big and tasty ____33____ , combined with intensive farming practices, has sometimes come at a(n) ____34____ cost. Protein, calcium, iron, vitamin B2 and C have all ____35____ in fruit and vegetables over the past century, with today’s vegetables having about two-thirds of the minerals they used to have.
By 2028, genetics and biomolecular science should have ____36____ the balance to some extent. DNA from one organism will be inserted into that of another, eliminating the need to undertake generations of selective breeding to acquire ____37____ traits.
Just last year, researchers from Australia showcased a banana with high levels of provitamin A, an important nutrient not normally ____38____ in the fruit. To create this fruit, the researchers took out genes from a specific type of Papua New Guinean banana that’s naturally high in provitamin A, and then inserted them into the common banana variety.
More controversially, DNA can be transplanted from completely different organisms to create varieties that would never otherwise ____39____ with selective breeding. Corn has been successfully given a _____40_____ of methionin—a key nutrient missing in the cereal —with an insertion of DNA from a bacterium. There have been hundreds of _____41_____ of these incredible botanical creations: potatoes, corn and rice containing more protein, and lettuce that carries iron in a form that’s easily digestible by the body.
Over the next ten years, the number of nutritionally enhanced crops will probably _____42_____ . Precise DNA-editing technology— namely a technique called CRISPR-Cas9 — now allows for the _____43_____ of a plant’s genetic code with unprecedented accuracy._____44_____ tasty apples with all the goodness of their bitter forebears, peanuts that don’t cause allergies, and lentils that have a protein content equivalent to that of meat. It will be like _____45_____ the orange carrot all over again!
31．A．recognition B．order C．disadvantage D．balance
32．A．By contrast B．In addition C．On the contrary D．For instance
33．A．flavors B．smells C．traits D．appearances
34．A．revolutionary B．financial C．environmental D．nutritional
35．A．declined B．restricted C．readjusted D．revised
36．A．upset B．restored C．maintained D．created
37．A．rewarding B．desirable C．responsive D．stable
38．A．favorable B．precise C．feasible D．present
39．A．occur B．originate C．orient D．overtake
40．A．pattern B．budget C．polish D．boost
41．A．causes B．dishes C．examples D．ranges
42．A．explode B．disappear C．shrink D．steady
43．A．cancellation B．alteration C．addition D．solution
44．A．Come up with B．Get ready for C．Give priority to D．Cut down on
45．A．creating B．devoting C．consuming D．tasting
三、（2022·上海杨浦·二模）AI-based Conservation Efforts
When an endangered seabird hits a power line, it makes a sound “very much like the laser sound from Star Wars,” says conservation (野生动物保护) biologist Marc Travers. He should ____46____ as his team from the Endangered Seabird Recovery Project recorded thousands of hours of audio to determine if power lines affected local seabirds. Travers was trying to help establish how ____47____ birds were killed by power lines on the island of Kauai in Hawaii in 2011.
His team recorded 600 hours of audio and sent the recordings to Conservation Metrics, a company that assists conservation efforts with AI resources. Conservation Metrics used a program to “listen” to the recordings and ____48____ the sounds that signified bird electrocutions (触电身亡) . The result was ____49____, as the number of bird electrocutions was in the thousands. Armed with ____50____ that power lines were killing a significant number of birds, the team worked with the local utility service to reduce bird deaths.
____51____, humans have been poor guardians of the planet. Humans have altered as much as 97 percent of land ecosystems. Key populations of ____52____ animals have dropped as much as 68 percent since 1970. The ____53____ in biodiversity around the world has created a depressing situation. Conservation efforts ____54____ key resources they need to have real impacts.
_____55_____, humans now have AI-based tools that can help. AI can quickly and accurately _____56_____ large amounts of data created by observations in the field. Then other programs such as PAWS (Protection Assistant for Wildlife Security) can help analyze the data and suggest the most _____57_____ ways to focus conservation efforts.
In large national parks and wildlife reserves, poachers (偷猎者) are a danger for animals both big and small. Some animals are worth a lot of money on the black market. Park guards are left with an impossible task because there is too much land to _____58_____. But the PAWS program allows guards to focus their efforts. PAWS has even predicted the _____59_____ of traps in areas not yet patrolled (巡逻) by rangers!
We still face many challenges to _____60_____ the loss of wildlife, but AI-powered programs promise to be a powerful conservation tool.
46．A．assume B．know C．hope D．lead
47．A．frequently B．directly C．violently D．rarely
48．A．imitate B．locate C．count D．present
49．A．puzzling B．demanding C．disturbing D．uplifting
50．A．justice B．proof C．image D．wisdom
51．A．In theory B．By definition C．On the contrary D．By many measures
52．A．monitored B．enclosed C．requested D．overlooked
53．A．decline B．expansion C．climb D．quality
54．A．supply B．renew C．lack D．invent
55．A．Obviously B．Fortunately C．Interestingly D．Initially
56．A．give away B．sort through C．get over D．make up
57．A．exclusive B．delicate C．effective D．special
58．A．convey B．mark C．cover D．hide
59．A．emergence B．movement C．evolution D．existence
60．A．recover B．reverse C．remove D．reveal
四、（2022·上海市第二中学模拟预测）There are countless unanswered questions about why Jared Loughner went on a shooting rampage (横冲直撞), but of this we are ____61____: across America there are thousands of parents of older adolescents and young adults who are ____62____ that their child’s strange behavior will lead to violence.
That most of these parents have no idea what to do is frightening enough. It’s a national scandal that, even if they succeed in getting their child mental-health care before ____63____ strikes, the system is set up to frustrate them at every turn.
“The mental-health-care ‘system’ in America is a ____64____ system,” says Michael Fitzpatrick, “The system was already in crisis, and has become even less ____65____ over the last three years as state budgets for mental health have been cut by $2 billion.”
The nightmare begins when an adult child ____66____ to acknowledge that he or she may be suffering from a mental illness. Yet often the signs are clear.
There are ____67____ in behavior: the child no longer has friends or engages in any activities, becomes ____68____ isolated, dresses inappropriately, stops working or going to school. In Loughner’s ____69____, fellow students and faculty at Pima Community College were terrified of his shouts and incoherence(语无伦次), with one woman making sure she always sat by the door in the classroom they shared so she could make a quick _____70_____.
A second sign of mental illness is that _____71_____ change: the child becomes more irritable, angry, or depressed, or simply loses his or her spark(生气，活力).
Finally, thoughts change, turning to the _____72_____, such as Loughner’s belief that former friends were chasing him at 2 a.m., as The New York Times reported.
So don’t make the mistake of thinking that a child is too young to suffer from mental illness: half of all cases first appear by age 14, and three quarters by age 24. The most effective _____73_____ to a child who shows signs of mental illness is to sit down and have a calm conversation about what you’ve _____74_____, according to experts, clearly _____75_____ that you want to help, and assure him you will always be there for him.
61．A．ignorant B．ashamed C．sure D．afraid
62．A．annoyed B．disappointed C．astonished D．terrified
63．A．tragedy B．confusion C．complaint D．illness
64．A．popular B．broken C．regretful D．mature
65．A．flexible B．accessible C．convenient D．adaptable
66．A．manages B．attempts C．refuses D．tends
67．A．difficulties B．symptoms C．changes D．troubles
68．A．socially B．naturally C．unexpectedly D．seemingly
69．A．mind B．view C．life D．case
70．A．response B．escape C．glance D．exchange
71．A．lifestyles B．habits C．interests D．moods
72．A．impractical B．critical C．imaginary D．mistaken
73．A．stimulation B．approach C．attitude D．commitment
74．A．acquired B．observed C．conducted D．maintained
75．A．ensuring B．holding C．claiming D．stating
五、Picture yourself driving down a city street. Suddenly you see something in the middle of the road ahead. A torn paper bag, a lost shoe, or something else? You'll quickly determine the actions that best fit the ___76___-what humans call having“common sense”.
However, ___77___ “obstacles” that no human would ever stop for, AI self-driving vehicles are likely to apply the brakes unexpectedly.The challenges for self-driving vehicles won’t be solved by giving them more training data or rules for what to do in unusual situations. To be trustworthy, these vehicles need common sense to solve the object-in-the-road problem: broad ___78___ about the properties of objects and an ability to ___79___ adapt that knowledge in new circumstances. You can predict, ___80___, that while a pile of glass on the road won’t flyaway as you approach, birds likely will. From this ___81___ the term “common sense” seems to ___82___ exactly what current AI systems cannot do.Their lack of a ___83___ of commonsense makes them susceptible to unpredictable errors, which humans will never make.
Today’s AI systems use neural networks, algorithms(算法) trained to spot patterns, based on data gathered from extensive collections of human-labeled examples.This ___84___ is very different from how humans learn. We humans seem to come into the world with inborn knowledge of certain basic concepts--including the ideas of objects and events and the nature of space. We aren’t even ____85____ that we have it, or that it forms the basis for all future learning. A big lesson from decades of AI research is how hard it is to teach such ____86____ to machines.
The history of planting common sense in AI systems has largely focused on cataloging human knowledge: manually programming and ____87____ stereotyped(模式化的)situations. But all such attempts face a possibly fatal ____88____. Much of our instinctive knowledge is unwritten,unspoken,and not even in our conscious awareness.
A US AI research agency recently launched a programme. It challenges researchers to create an AI system that learns from “experience” in order to acquire the cognitive abilities of an 18-month-old baby. It might seem strange that ____89____ a baby is considered a grand challenge for AI, but this reflects the gulf between AI's success in specific fields and more general intelligence. If we can figure out how to get our machines to learn like children, perhaps after some years, these young “commonsense agents” will finally become teenagers--ones who are sufficiently sensible to be ____90____ with the car keys.
76．A．situation B．environment C．context D．regulation
77．A．inspecting B．locating C．tracking D．spotting
78．A．horizon B．mind C．knowledge D．control
79．A．casually B．flexibly C．routinely D．mechanically
80．A．as a result B．in a word C．for example D．in the meantime
81．A．perspective B．conclusion C．condition D．inference
82．A．diagnose B．analyze C．specify D．capture
83．A．prediction B．foundation C．definition D．motivation
84．A．process B．experience C．tendency D．strategy
85．A．content B．confident C．conscious D．concerned
86．A．approaches B．procedures C．skills D．concepts
87．A．registering B．presenting C．uncovering D．reviewing
88．A．obstacle B．prejudice C．consequence D．error
89．A．training B．raising C．delivering D．matching
90．A．burdened B．rewarded C．entrusted D．honored
六、Today’s youth seem content to take the easy route and enjoy the ride of life. When____91____ situations arise, they often pull a long face and ____92____. How you live your teen years will have a profound influence on the rest of your life. You must learn to use your ____93____ wisely.
You may not see it now, ____94____ developing leadership characteristics at a young age is very important.
____95____ we get older, it becomes harder to overcome bad habits and replace them with good ones. Possessing leadership qualities is essential, both in this life and in the world to come. There are certain qualities that one needs to develop in order to become a leader: justice, judgment, dependability, initiative, decisiveness, tact, integrity, enthusiasm, poise, unselfishness, courage, knowledge and loyalty. You may recognize these as good qualities to have, without realizing how they apply to leadership. The more these qualities are part of your nature, the more ____96____ and enjoyable your life will be. All of these are qualities that one must possess to one degree or another.
____97____ popular opinion, leadership is something that is learned. No one is born a leader. We are all capable of ____98____ the leadership qualities mentioned above - some just choose not to. Of course, not everyone can be the “top dog”,____99____ all the time. However, everyone does have the capacity to lead in some way - but _____100_____ is required! Understand that learning is a fact of life-learning to ride a bike, learning to drive, learning to type, learning mathematics, etc. All of these activities _____101_____ action. While we are born with many different abilities, if we do not _____102_____ and develop them, those abilities will never come to fruition.
Youth is an excellent time to start developing leadership characteristics. _____103_____ the time to study each one in detail. Put them into practice as you interact with other people. Determine which areas you are weak in, striving to always improve. Observe the leaders, and how they handle situations and carry themselves. Also, study the lives of great leaders.
The results will _____104_____ you in this life — and _____105_____ !
91．A．comfortable B．enjoyable C．tough D．convenient
92．A．complain B．laugh C．shout D．regret
93．A．intelligence B．challenge C．degree D．time
94．A．for B．while C．but D．since
95．A．Before B．After C．Though D．As
96．A．efficient B．effective C．productive D．sufficient
97．A．In spite of B．Contrary to C．As for D．Regardless of
98．A．demanding B．carrying C．expecting D．exhibiting
99．A．let alone B．depend on C．start off D．get together
100．A．action B．perseverance C．intelligence D．patience
101．A．cause B．require C．profit D．set
102．A．increase B．export C．recall D．exploit
103．A．Spend B．Pay C．Take D．Consume
104．A．charge B．encourage C．serve D．entitle
105．A．out B．off C．away D．beyond
七、How to get all the toothpaste out of the tube
A GNARLED TOOTHPASTE tube, squeezed and twisted out of shape in a vain attempt to extract its remaining contents, haunts many a bathroom. But not, perhaps, for much longer. Colgate-Palmolive, an American consumer-goods giant, has ____106____ an invention by a pair of experts in super-slippery surfaces to produce toothpaste tubes that promise to deliver every last scrap of their contents.
In 2012 Kripa Varanasi, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Dave Smith, his PhD student, set up a company called LiquiGlide to ____107____ their work on making liquids flow more easily through pipes and out of containers. What caught many people’s imaginations at the time was a demonstration of how this could be used to empty a ketchup bottle without shaking it ____108____.
So far, ketchup-makers have not ____109____ the idea. But the health and beauty industry, where products tend to be ____110____ than ketchup, is interested. Mibelle Group, a Swiss producer of health-care and beauty products, ____111____ the technology to lessen the amount of material left stuck to the insides of pipes and vessels in its factories when it is time for a clean-up. LiquiGlide’s ____112____ with Colgate is, though, the firm’s first big break into a consumer business.
The new toothpaste, called Elixir, comes in three ____113____: a formula for whitening teeth, one for gum and enamel care and a “detox” version which, it is claimed, removes ____114____ from the mouth. All are ____115____ in plastic tubes that can be emptied with ease. Elixir has gone on sale in Europe, though no decision has yet been made about whether it will be sold elsewhere.
To produce their slippery pipes and containers, Dr Varanasi and Dr Smith first ____116____ a microscopically textured pattern on them and then apply a suitably formulated liquid. This fills the gaps in the texture, creating a surface across which gooey substances slide easily.
Besides pleasing customers who like to get their money’s worth, the new, slippery toothpaste tubes should help with recycling. ____117____ tubes are rarely recycled, not only because they have residue left inside them but also because they are usually made from a laminate of plastic and aluminium foil. Mixed materials of this sort are hard to recycle, and therefore end up being dumped in landfill.
____118____ their success with toothpaste, Dr Varanasi and Dr Smith have not given up on food producers. Besides ketchup, their slippery surfaces also ____119____ the dispensing of products such as mayonnaise (蛋黄酱), and may help, too, with things like hummus and soured cream that have a thicker consistency and which usually come in tubes. They have, for instance, carried out a(n) ____120____ putting cream cheese into a squeezy bottle with a slot-shaped dispenser. “You get this perfect strip of cream cheese right on your bagel,” enthuses Dr Smith.
106．A．taken on B．taken up C．taken down D．taken off
107．A．communicate B．customize C．commercialize D．commute
108．A．smoothly B．individually C．mechanically D．vigorously
109．A．embraced B．suggested C．proposed D．rejected
110．A．superior B．pricier C．healthier D．rougher
111．A．advises B．refuses C．employs D．spares
112．A．deal B．souvenir C．match D．acquisition
113．A．amounts B．levels C．sources D．varieties
114．A．impurities B．wastes C．holes D．rooms
115．A．stuck B．packaged C．dipped D．withdrawn
116．A．surround B．release C．impose D．build
117．A．Artificial B．Sufficient C．Existing D．Temporary
118．A．After B．Unlike C．Despite D．Regarding
119．A．aid B．include C．promote D．launch
120．A．instruction B．movement C．parallel D．trial
八、Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we’ve just seen or books we’ve just finished reading, but plain and simple ____121____.
Language is our greatest treasure as a species (物种，品种), and what do we ____122____ do with it? We gossip about others’ behavior and private lives, such as who’s doing what with whom, who’s in and who’s out — and why; how to deal with difficult ____123____ situations involving children, lovers and colleagues.
So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural ____124____of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It’s not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really ____125____ issues.
Dunbar ____126____the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural (超自然现象). Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don’t spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar – ____127____ , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.
Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the ____128____of the higher primates (灵长类动物) like monkeys. By means of grooming — cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or ____129____ from outside it.
As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar _____130_____ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the _____131_____ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to _____132_____the pressure and calm everybody down.
But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be _____133_____ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more _____134_____ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal (有声的) grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one _____135_____ contact.
121．A．claim B．description C．gossip D．language
122．A．finally B．habitually C．dependently D．generally
123．A．social B．political C．historical D．cultural
124．A．interviewers B．masters C．users D．wasters
125．A．important B．effective C．limited D．difficult
126．A．maintains B．rejects C．has D．holds
127．A．for example B．in addition C．on the contrary D．as a result
128．A．sense B．appearance C．emotion D．behavior
129．A．attack B．contact C．help D．peace
130．A．commits B．develops C．concludes D．benefits
131．A．challenge B．responsibility C．leadership D．protection
132．A．measure B．show C．maintain D．ease
133．A．saved B．extended C．shared D．gained
134．A．common B．efficient C．scientific D．thoughtful
135．A．indirect B．daily C．physical D．secret