外研版高考英语必修4二轮复习Module4GreatScientists课件+学案+训练

对社会有突出贡献的人物

Ⅰ.阅读理解

A

They're robots and they're capable of sailing the high seas without human intervention.

On Tuesday the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) launched a pair of Saildrones (海洋无人机) in Pacific Northwest waters for the first time. Their long summer sailing journey will stretch from Vancouver Island to California. The Saildrone operators will collect data to help set future fishing seasons. The government wants to see whether seagoing robots can extend fishery surveys now performed by expensive manned ships.

Nora Cohen from NOAA said, “The 23­foot long seagoing robots can follow a remotely programmed course for up to a year at a time. And they don't require any fuel. We use wind and solar power to drive the sensors.” He added, “It means that they're able to go to places where we don't really want to send people, go into weather that we really don't want anyone ever to be in, and send back measurements.”

The primary mission is to investigate the species and number of fish in existence and the places where they are. Larry Hufnagle, scientist of NOAA Fisheries in Seattle, said a traditional big NOAA ship­based survey costs around D|S25,000 per day. By comparison, one Saildrone runs D|S2,500 per day.

“It could be a significant saving，” Hufnagle said. “But like anything else, there is a trade­off between what you get and what you don't get. On the manned ship, we have limited time. It takes a lot of people. We spend a fair amount of money. But there is one thing the Saildrone can't do but humans can: cast a net to catch and positively identify the fish detected below. The Saildrones are going to give us additional data, not replacement data.”

Nora Cohen said Sail Drone, a venture capital­backed company based in Alameda, California, expects to launch a total of 11 of its seagoing robots to survey different water bodies for NOAA this year. The Bering and Arctic seas, coastal California and Gulf of Mexico will be the locations of additional missions.

语篇解读：海洋无人机能够在没有人干预的情况下在公海航行，它们的投入使用将给人类带来好处，但也有一定的局限性。

1．What is the purpose of collecting fish data?

A．To explore the ocean.

B．To assist fishing industry.

C．To learn the habits of fish.

D．To improve fishing skills.

解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“The Saildrone operators will collect data to help set future fishing seasons.”可知，无人机操作员将收集数据，帮助设定未来的捕鱼季节，由此推知，收集数据是为了帮助捕鱼业。

2．What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 3?

A．The Saildrone's advantages.

B．The Saildrone's appearance.

C．The Saildrone's power system.

D．The Saildrone's primary mission.

解析：选A　段落大意题。第三段提到海洋无人机长23英尺，可以进行远程程序控制，每次航行长达一年，不需要任何燃料，用风能和太阳能驱动传感器等，由此可知，第三段主要讲述的是海洋无人机的优势。

3．What does the underlined word “trade­off” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?

A．Debate.　　　　　　　　 B．Reason.

C．Reality.  D．Balance.

解析：选D　词义猜测题。由第五段第一句可知，使用海洋无人机能节省很多钱。再由第五段倒数第二句可知，有一件事情海洋无人机做不到，但人类可以。对比理解，即可推断出人类从海洋无人机处能得到的和不能得到的之间是一种平衡。据此可以得出“trade­off”意思与D项接近，表示“权衡，协调”。

4．What can be inferred from the text?

A．The Saildrone has a promising future.

B．Hufnagle thinks nothing of the Saildrone.

C．Manned ships will be completely replaced.

D．Production of seagoing robots is restricted.

解析：选A　推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，预计今年Sail Drone公司将使11个远洋航行机器人下水，为NOAA勘测不同的水域。据此可以得出，海洋无人机的前景光明。A项符合题意。

B

(2021·开封市高三第一次模拟)Andrew Grey doesn't fit most people's idea of an astronomer.He works in a car repair shop, not in a lab or university, yet the Australian repairman discovered a star system hiding in data from NASA's Kepler space telescope.

Mr Grey is one of millions of citizen scientists helping researchers to expand collective understanding.For centuries, only a few ordinary people had been contributing to science, but advances  in  technology  have  brought  a  higher  level  of democratization (民主化) to science.

“This is a collaborative (合作的) effort that anyone could get involved in，”  says Chris Lintott,  an Oxford University astrophysicist (天体物理学家) and co­founder of Zooniverse, a platform that hosts dozens of citizen science projects.Citizen scientists can contribute to breakthroughs in almost any field, from ecology to astrophysics.

“As long as pattern recognition is involved, there are no limits to what can become a citizen science project，” Lintott says.“Anyone can identify patterns in images, graphs, or even seemingly boring data after a short tutorial.Machine learning allows computers to do some pattern recognition.But humans, particularly amateur scientists, don't stay focused on what they're supposed to.And that's good, because people who do that notice the unusual things in a data set.”

“And citizen science doesn't have to be directed by a scientist，”  says Sheila Jasanoff,  director of the Program on Science,  Technology  and  Society  at  Harvard  University.“Citizens producing knowledge in places where official organs have failed them can also be citizen scientists，” she says.That's what happened in Flint, Michigan, when a local mother started drinking water tests that caused a broader investigation of lead levels.

Citizen­powered research is as old as scientific inquiry.For centuries before science became professionalized, regular people  looked for patterns in the world around them.Despite a lot of advanced  equipment  and  computer  models,  scientists  still welcome help from everyday people.

As a professional scientist himself, Lintott says, “People think that we're intelligent, but science is easy and we need your help.”

语篇解读：数个世纪以来，只有少数普通人为科学作出了贡献，但科技的进步已经为科学带来了更高水平的民主化，科学是任何人都能参与的，每个人都有可能成为科学家。

5．What made citizen scientists appear?

A．The high level of science projects.

B．The development of technology.

C．The support of the government.

D．The foundation of Zooniverse.

解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“only a few ordinary people ...to science”可知，科技的进步为科学带来了更高水平的民主化，从而使更多的普通人也能参与科学研究，促成了公民科学家的出现，故选B。

6．What is an advantage of humans in pattern recognition compared with machines?

A．Humans can identify patterns more swiftly.

B．Humans focus their attention on data.

C．Humans can observe uncommon things.

D．Humans have stronger emotions.

解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“And that's good, because people who do that notice the unusual things in a data set.”可知，在模式识别方面，人类与机器相比，人类的优势在于能够注意到一些不寻常的东西，故C项正确。

7．What is Lintott's attitude towards citizen science?

A．Favorable.  B．Cautious.

C．Indifferent.  D．Doubtful.

解析：选A　观点态度题。根据第三段Lintott表述的科学人人都能参与，第四段他表述的公民科学家有自身的优势和尾段中他说的话“People think that we're intelligent, but science is easy and we need your help.”可推知，Lintott支持公民科学，故选A。

8．What would be the best title of the text?

A．Citizen scientists can be intelligent

B．Science is important to everyone

C．Anyone can be a scientist

D．Science is everywhere

解析：选C　标题归纳题。文章第一段以澳大利亚汽车修理工Andrew Grey成为公民科学家来引入话题，接着又讲到天体物理学家Chris Lintott和Sheila Jasanoff对于公民科学的看法，并结合倒数第二段中的“scientists still welcome help from everyday people”可知，本文主要肯定了公民科学家，表达了任何人都可能成为科学家的观点，故C项最适合作文章标题。

Ⅱ.阅读七选五

Can creativity be taught? That's a question without a simple yes or no answer. Creativity may not be able to be taught directly, but what you can get better at is frequently targeting the circumstances of life which bring up the greatest chances for true creative expression. __1__， but more like something which manifests (显现) itself inside those who learn to develop it and create the right conditions for it.

Limit your selection of tools to only the most vital. __2__. You'll be sharper than someone who merely fights with a larger set of tools.

Learn how to be resourceful. __3__. Creativity is not just about creating something new but making old things work better as well .Think of crazy possibilities as well as practical ones. You might find inspiration for a workable solution in one of your ideas.

Don't listen to feedback (反馈) and keep following your own path. The problem of asking for feedback is that the feedback will be given according to the person's past experience. Others will unconsciously push you in a direction that they see as best. __4__. Just don't let criticism (even the constructing type) destroy your creativity during the creative process.

__5__. Routines are positive if they strengthen a healthy creative consciousness and negative if they destroy that. The key is to discover a creative routine that puts you in a more creative mindset.

A．Creativity is not like a lightning strike

B．Having a routine is actually not a bad idea

C．You can literally do anything you like with them

D．Resourcefulness is about making the most of what you have to work with

E．The more limited your set of tools is, the more creative the output will be

F．This is done with good intentions, but it actually hurts your natural creativity

G．While breaking your routine once in a while to force new ways of thinking is good

语篇解读：本文为一篇说明文。作者向我们介绍了如何变得更具创造性。

1．选A　A项中的“is not like ...”与下文中的“but more like ...”构成“not ... but ...”句式，故答案为A项。

2．选E　空前一句中的“Limit”与E项中的“limited”相对应，故答案为E项。句意：把你的工具选择限制到最必要的程度。你的工具越有限，你的作品的创造性就越大。

3．选D　空前一句中的“resourceful”与D项中的“Resourcefulness”相对应，故答案为D项。句意：要学会机智。所谓机智就是充分利用你工作的工具。

4．选F　F项中的“This”指空前一句内容，即别人会无意识地将你推向他们认为最好的方向。F项意为：这样做是出于好意，但实际上会破坏你的天生的创造力。

5．选B　根据空后一句中的“Routines”可推知答案应从B、G两项中选择。G项只能作从句使用，故排除G项。句意：有一个习惯并不坏。如果那些习惯可以增强健康的创造意识，那些习惯就是正面的；如果那些习惯破坏了创造意识，那些习惯就是负面的。