应用文专题05  说明文类

Part 1：写作方法

Part 2：写作模板

Part 3：必背词句

Part 4：高考真题

Part 5：高考模拟

说明文用来解释或探讨各种问题，如机器的制造过程，自然现象或社会现象产生的原因，工程的规划或问题的解决方案等等。写说明文时应注意以下几点：

Part 1：写作方法

一、说明的顺序

我们可以按以下三类顺序说明事物：

　　1、时间顺序，即按事物的发生、发展的先后顺序进行说明。

　　2、空间顺序，即按事物空间位置的顺序，由上至下，由近及远或由里至外地说明。

　　3、逻辑顺序，即按人们认识事物的规律进行说明，如由概括到具体，由整体到部分，由现象到本质，由表及里，由原因到结果，由主要到次要，由特点到用途等。

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二、说明的方法

说明事物，我们常采用以下方法;

1、定义法。定义法的目的是让不知此事物的人对此物有一个起码的了解，以利于下文的展开。如：A thermometer is an instrument used for measuring temperature. 就是对thermometer下了一个定义。有些事物也许不好下个明确定义，但我们可以交待这个事物的背景，来源，或列举出它的一些典型特征，以便让读者明白。这类事物可以是术语，也可以是外国人所不了 的中国的传统事物，如龙舟节等。

2、举例说明法。举出具有代表性的例子，能够真切地说明事物，化抽象为具体，使段落变得有血有肉，丰富起来。举例时常用的表达有：for example(例如)，for instance(例如)，as an example of (作为……的例子)，take… for example (以……为例)等。

3、比较法。为了突出事物鲜明的特点，我们常把它与其他事物进行比较。比方说我们想向读者介绍什么是“电脑”，我们可以说“It’s a kind of electrical or artificial (人工的)brain.”这样把电脑和人脑进行了比较，从而使人们对“电脑”有更清晰的认识。[来源:学科网]

4、细节描述法。介绍一种事物，仅用概述性的词语如beautiful, friendly, boring, good 或bad 是不够的。作者要提供一些细节，使被描述的对象更加形象具体，从而加深读者的印象。

　　除上述几种方法外，我们还可以通过引经据典 (即引用专家、名人等的话语)、列举数字等其他方法说明一件事物，从而使文章更加严密，内容更具有科学性，更有说服力。也可以综合运用多种方法。

Part 2：写作模板

模板01（主题型）

    ①________ is a most effective _______to _______.    ②For most people, it’s almost impossible to ______. ③________is really _________.④With the functions of _______,it enables us to _______.⑤It can even ______. ⑥Just imagine, all this can be done with _______.    ⑦A convenient tool can certainly make _______, but it doesn’t always help _______.⑧Too much _________.⑨Too many ________.⑩Relying too much on _______ makes ________.  

①点明要介绍的事物的必要性 ②介绍该事物对多数人的重要意义  ③该事物优势或显著特点   ④该事物的作用  ⑤进一步说明该事物的作用 ⑥说明该事物的重要性  ⑦承上启下，介绍事物的另一方面  ⑧该事物的负面影响一 ⑨该事物的负面影响二  ⑩总结说明过分使用该物品给我们带来的负面影响。

模板02（说明原因型）

　　Nowadays, there are more and more in some big cities. It is estimated that ____________________.（用具体数据说明某现象）

　　Why have there been so many ? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first reason is that __________________.（原因一）Besides, __________________.（原因二）The third reason is __________________.（原因三）To sum up, the main cause of is due to__________________ .（指出主要原因）

　　It is high time that something should be done. For one thing, __________________.（解决建议一）

For another thing, . All these measures will certainly __________________.（解决建议二）

模板03（描述事物型）

　　What I have known about is that _________________.（具体描述某事物）

　　Firstly, __________________.（描述要点一）__________________.（具体阐述要点一）Secondly, __________________.（描述要点二）（具体阐述要点二）__________________. As a college student, __________________.（结合自身描述要点三）

All in all, __________________.（做出总结）Therefore, we should __________________.（提出建议）

模板04（问题解决型）

　　In recent days, there has been a problem , which is becoming more and more serious.（说明问题及其现状）First, __________________. Second, __________________.（进一步阐释现状）

　　We should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ________. For another thing, ________. Finally, ________.（列举解决该问题的方法）

Personally, I believe that ________/Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ________.（结尾段，指出＂我＂的信心及理由）

模板05（说明利弊题型）

    Nowadays, many people prefer A because it is playing a more and more important role in our daily life. Generally/Generally speaking/On the whole, its advantages can be seen as follows./it has the following advantages. First of all, _________________ (A的优点之一). Besides,/What’s more, _________________A的优点之二）.

     However, every coin has two sides./Everything has both advantages and disadvantages. The negative aspects are also apparent./Its disadvantages are also obvious. One of the important disadvantages is that _________________ (A的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse,/To make the matter worse,/To make things worse/What’s worse, _________________(A的第二个缺点)．

     Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones./The above analysis shows us that it has more advantages than disadvantages. Therefore, I would like to _________________ (我的看法)．

     (From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only in this way can we_________________(对前景的预测)．)

Part 3：必背词句

1简要说明图表内容的句型： 从图表可以看出 

The table/chart shows that …

 As can be seen from the chart…

From the table/chart/forms we can see…

The table tells us that…

2表示变化/比较的句型： 

There was a great / slight increase/rise in … 

There has been a sudden /slow/rapid fall/ drop in… It is 20% lower /higher than… 

The number/rate has nearly doubled, as against that of last year.

The number is … times as much as that of…

It increases/rises/decreases/reduces by … times/ … percent/ 2/3. 

3说明原因的句型： 

The reason for …is that… 

One may think of the change as a result of…

The change in… largely results from the fact that…

There are several causes for this significant growth in …   First…This brings out the important fact that…

4 结尾句型： 

In summary, it is important…. 

From what has been discussed above, we may draw the conclusion that… 

Obviously, if we want to…, it is necessary ….

 There is no doubt that attention must be paid…

Part 4：高考真题

高考真题01

2021.3天津卷

假设你是晨光中学的李津。我市为外国友人提供生活信息的某英文网站新增了《最美中华》栏目，请你给该栏目投稿，介绍一个国内你喜欢或去过的地方。内容包括：

（1）该地方的基本情况（如名称、地理位置等）；

（2）该地方的特色（如文化、景点等）；

（3）你对该地方的印象和感受。

注意：

（1）词数不少于100；

（2）可适当加入细节，使内容充实、行文连贯。

A Beautiful Place in China

March 19, 2021

By Li Jin

    Sichuan Province is located in southwestern part of China. It enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan lrrigation project.

    Jiuzhaigou National Park is a nature reserve in the north of Sichuan Province. What is the most impressive is its many multi-level waterfalls and colorful lakes. What's more, walking in the nature reserve, you have a chance to see rare animals like giant pandas, golden monkeys. There are also many species of rare plants protected here. Another famous scenic spot is Dujangyan lrrigation Project. It dates from over 2, 000 years ago. However, it is still playing an important part in irrigation today.

    I'm sure the visitors will be amazed by the beautiful scenery in Jiazhaigou as well as the construction Dujiangyan lrigation Project.

高考真题02

2018全国3卷

假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Peter来信询问你校学生体育运动情况。请给他回信

内容包括：

1. 学校的体育场馆；

2. 主要的运动项目；

3. 你喜欢的项目。

注意：

1. 词数100左右；

2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Dear Peter,

    How are you doing? You asked me about how our school performs our PE classes in your last letter, so I'm writing to share with you some details.

    Equipped with two playgrounds as well as a splendid stadium, our school offers us an opportunity to do a variety of sports. Not only dowe take volleyball and basketball courses, but our school also holds all kinds of sports competitions. Among all sports, I'm crazy aboutvolleyball. As far as I'm concerned, there is nothing better than playing volleyball, which contributes to us cooperating with others.

    Looking forward to hearing from you again!

Yours,

Li Hua

高考真题03

2016年四川卷

某中学生英文报正举办＂The Season I Like Best＂的征文活动，请用英文写一篇短文投稿，内容应包括：

 1. 你最喜欢的季节；

 2. 你喜欢该季节的两条理由(如：气候、景色、活动、感受……)。

注意：

 1. 词数100左右；

 2. 题目已为你写好；

 3. 行文连贯，语篇完整；

 4. 文中不得透露个人真实信息。

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

【思路点拨】

审题时考生需要注意三点：1. 既然是为征文活动写的短文，那么最好增加标题(题干已给出)，注意和书信类的应用文有所区别。2. 如前所述，内容主体虽然只涉及两个大方面，但陈述两条理由的时候需要有层次地展开：既可以从客观事实和主观感受两方面来写，也可以从季节本身的自然属性和发生在季节中的人文活动入手，这是该作文要求中比较灵活的部分。3. 需要增加文章开头和结尾部分，以保证语篇的完整性和逻辑的通畅性，这是该作文要求中比较开放的部分。这三点，是难点，也是失分点。

【参考范文】

The Season I Like Best

 Each of us knows that there are four seasons a year. Different people like different seasons; my favourite season is spring. I love to smell the fragrance of flowers, see the new green trees and hear the singing of small birds. There are many busy butterflies and bees over the flowers. Sometimes it rains, but usually rains quietly. The rain moistens the trees and the flowers. And I can play outside, too! Whether we like riding bikes, jogging or going on long walks, spring allows us to enjoy outdoor activities that we had to put on the back burner during winter. Of course, there are many other reasons to explain why I’m so excited about spring. Thank you, spring!

【技巧点拨】

 事物介绍类书面表达属于说明文。说明文是用简洁的文字介绍事物的特性、构造、变化或结果的文章。高考中，说明文常见的话题有：事物介绍、地点描述、方位描写、变化分析和购物指南等。写这类文章需要注意以下几点：

1. 首先要审题，弄清需要介绍的内容，把握信息要点。

2. 写作内容要条理清楚，层次分明。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法和因果法等；

明自然环境方面的内容常用时空次序法与分类法等。

3. 时态常用一般现在时，当然若是介绍其历史，要用一般过去时；语态可能会用到被动语态；若是介绍地点、环境等，要善于运用there be结构。

4. 人称多以第三人称为主。

高考真题04

2020.7全国二卷

上周末，你和同学参加了一次采摘活动。请你为班级英语角写一篇短文，介绍这次活动，内容包括：

     1. 农场情况；        2. 采摘过程；     3. 个人感受。

注意：

1. 词数100左右；2. 题目已为你写好。

题目：My Weekend

My Weekend

     Last weekend，we took part in a picking activity. We drove from the school, and the farm was about 2 kilometers away from our school. When we arrived at the farm, there are all kinds of animals, green fresh vegetables and fruit trees in the farm. We were divided into two groups. One group was responsible for picking fruits, the other packed up the fruits. Time flying quickly, the activity was over. But it was a meaningful day, when we learn a lot form it. Through this activity, we know how hard the farmers are and how precious the food is. We should treasure the food planted by the farmers.

Part 5：高考模拟

高考模拟01

人人都渴望朋友和友谊。为此，有人提出了建立，加深和保持友谊的三要素：1.诚实：建立友谊；2.慷慨大方和乐于分享：加深友谊；3.通情达理：使友谊持久。请围绕以上三点，写一篇说明文，

注意：

1.使用一般现在时态；

2.词数100左右；

【范文】

To establish a long-term friendship，we must learn three important factors：be honest，be generous and be understanding .

First, honesty is where friendship starts. Friends must trust each other. If we tell lies, our friends will find out that we aren’t reliable, which may result in losing friends. Second, generosity means sharing, aimed at helping friendship grow. But it is not involved with only money. We can share other valuable things such as studying skills and feelings, etc. Third, understanding makes our friendship last longer. If friends have quarrels , just put ourselves in our friends’ shoes, and we can understand them better, thus making up and as a result, our friendship will be stronger and stronger and last forever.

高考模拟02

学校正在组织科技创新大赛，你想为日常生活中某件物品(如钢笔、书包、鞋子……)设计添加新功能来参赛。请以＂My Magic _______＂为题写一篇英语短文，介绍你的创意。

内容：

1. 说明设计理由；

2. 介绍新功能。

注意：

1. 词数100左右；

2. 不能使用真实姓名和学校名称。

【思路点拨】

明确有哪些要点。2、简明扼要。此题材学生都有话可说，但要注意说明清楚：为什么要设计此物品？此物品有哪些新功能？要点要全面。3、根据要表达的内容确定句子的时态、语态；语言表达要符合英语习惯。

【范文赏析】

My magic pen

Pens are necessities for every student. So we are all familiar with them.

I design my pen. On the one hand, it’s easy to carry. On the other hand, it’s used not only for writing but also for other important aspects.

Firstly, I put some batteries in the pen and fix a light bulb, so when it is dark on my way home or to school, I can use it as a flasher. I won’t be afraid of darkness any more. Secondly, I fix a tiny clock in the pen, so I can know the time and I don’t have to wear my watch. At last, I put a sharp knife on the top of the pen, I can either use it for cutting things or even protecting myself when I come across danger.

Such is the pen which I designed. Isn’t it useful and attractive?

【亮点说明】

本文语言规范，条理清楚，脉络清晰。过渡性词汇Firstly, Secondly, At last, On the one hand, On the other hand等等的贴切使用使文章意义更连贯，逻辑更严密。总体上讲不失为一篇优秀的范文。

高考模拟03

假如你是李华，要参加你校举办的以"Better English, Better Life"为主题的英语演讲比赛。请根据以下提示写一篇演讲稿讲述学英语的益处。

1.在生活上的好处；

2.在学业上的好处；

3.在就业上的好处。

注意：

1.词数100左右；

2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

【思路点拨】

不要遗漏了某一点。同时应尽量选择自己最熟悉的单词、句型来表达自己的意思。在写作过程中注意使用起承转合的连词和高级词汇，这样作文就能得到比较高的分数。

【范文赏析】

Hello, everyone!

I am here to show that the better English, the better life.

Initially, English can enrich our lives and broaden our horizons. Having a better command of English can contribute to our reading original works. Besides, better English can improve our academic level, which increases the potential of our being admitted to a key university. Finally, international companies prefer the staff with better English. To put it differently, the more fluently you speak English, the more doors will open up to you.

Let’s better ourselves and polish our life through better English!

That’s all. Thank you!