6 动词以及动词短语-2020-2021学年高中英语语法记忆框架版（精编）

动词以及动词短语一. 定义    表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。动词决定着句子意思的表达，同时又决定着句子的语法结构。    1.根据动词在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。  说明 很多动词是兼类词。例如：  We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。（have是实义动词。）   He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。（have是助动词。）   2. 根据动词后是否带有宾语，可分为及物动词与不及物动词两类(英语缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.)。说明 同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：  She can dance and sing.   她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）  She can sing many English songs.   她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）常见的不及物动词apologize，appear，arrive，come，go, run, walk, die, fall, flow, happen, rise, stay, sit, lie, stand实义动词又可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词持续性动词（延续动词）表示一种可以持续的行为过程或状态。drink, eat, fly, have, keep, know, lie, live, play, rain, read, run, sing, sleep, smoke, snow, stand, talk, wait, walk, wear, work 终止性动词表示行为或过程是在短暂瞬间完成的。admit, arrive, begin, borrow, buy, break, close, come, die, fall, go, hit, join, jump, leave, lose, marry, open, put, start, stop，lay  3. 动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两类。如：  She sings very well. 她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）  She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。）  说明 英语中共有三种非谓语动词：动词不定式、动名词、分词。4. 根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如：  The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）  Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.   学生们学会查字典。（look up是短语动词。）  The young ought to take care of the old.   年轻人应照料老人。（take care of是动词短语。）5. 动词有五种基本形式：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、-ing形式。 二.系动词   系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等。说明 有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。例如：  He fell ill yesterday.　他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟表语，说明主语情况。）  He fell off the ladder.　   他从梯子上摔下来。（fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。）1）状态系动词      用来陈述事实，表示主语状态，只有be一词。例如：    He is a teacher.他是一名教师。（is与表语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, stay, remain, lie, stand, hold, rest, continue。例如：  He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。  This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词     表示“看起来像”，有seem, appear, look等：    He looks tired.  他看起来很累。    He seems（to be）very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词   感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。 例如：  This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。  This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.如：  He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。  She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实”，“变成”，“最终表明”之意。例如：  The rumor proved false.　这谣言证实有假。  The search proved difficult.　搜查证实很难。  His plan turned out a success.　 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）注意①有些连系动词与形容词的搭配较为固定，如： come true（变成现实），draw near(临近），fall asleep（入睡），fall ill（生病），go bad（变质），go mad（发疯），go hungry（挨饿），go wrong（出毛病），get lost（迷路），get ready（准备好），keep calm（保持冷静），keep clean and tidy（保持整洁），make certain（确认），make ready（准备好），make sure（确信），run dry（干枯），stand firm（不让步），stand still（站着不动）。   If you come clean about what happened, I will promise to keep it to myself.  发生了什么事你都告诉我，我保证不会对别人讲的。  The prediction is coming true.预言即将变成现实。  Something went wrong with the computer. 计算机出毛病了。    The charges of water and electricity will fall due tomorrow; don't forget to pay it.水电费到明天就到期了，别忘记交。② seem, appear, prove, turn out,等连系动词后可接to be，也可不接（to be 后如果是名词且无形容词修饰，to be常不省）。She seemed (to be) an honest woman.She seemed to be a nurse.She appears (to be) asleep.The party turned out (to be) very successful.注意 连系动词无被动语态。常考的变化类系动词辨析系动词用法常用结构例句go①由好到坏或由正常到不常的变化②“保持” go bad；go blind；go mad; go hungry (go unreported,未被披露 go unnoticed，未被注意) The tire went flat.He often went hungry in the past. come变成为（已知的状态）；证实为 come true; come right Things will come right in the end.His dream will come true sooner or later. run“变成”run short； run dryThe well has run dry. turn成为与以前完全不同的东西。多接表示颜色或天气的形容词或不带冠词的名词。The trees turn red in autumn.He has turned writer.  fall“进入（某种状态）；成为”fall asleep； fall ill； fall lame； fall silentThe old men, unable to express himself, fell silent. get   “变成，变得……起来”。较口语化。强调“逐渐”。后接形容词、分词、介词短语。The days are getting longer and longer. become    “成为”，普通用    语，多表示过    去完成的事。become +a(n)+名词She has become a lawyer. He became angry with me. grow“渐渐变得……起来；长得”，强调其变化过程。常可接表示天气或生长情况的形容词。It’s growing warm. The tree is growing taller and taller.    appear“显得，好像”，常用于正式文体中。指给他人的表面印象，有时含有实质上并非如此之意。 appear to be / adj. / n. / prep. appear to do;It appears that...;appear as if/though He appeared to be talking to himself.It appears that they are right.The river appeared as if enveloped in smog.   seem“似乎，好像”。 指说话人内心的估计与判断，有一定依据，接近于实际情况。seem to be / adj. / n. / prep.seem to do；It seems that...;seems as if /though The young man seemed to have changed much.It seems that she is happy. She seemed as if she couldn’t understand why Laura was there. look“好像，看起来”，一般用于非正式场合。侧重由视觉得到的印象。Look +adj./n./prep.look like;look as if/though She looks like her mother.It looks as if we are going to have snow.He looked happy. 三. 助动词1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身无词义，不可单独使用如：  He doesn't like English.　他不喜欢英语。（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用：a. 表示时态。例如：   He is singing.他在唱歌。   He has got married.他已结婚。b. 表示语态。例如：   He was sent to England.他被派往英国。c. 构成疑问句。例如： Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？         Did you study English before you came here?　   你来这儿之前学过英语吗？d. 与not合用，构成否定句。例如：   I don't like him.我不喜欢他。e. 加强语气。例如：   Do come to the party tomorrow evening.                         He did know that.  他的确知道那件事。3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。▲助动词的用法：1.助动词be的用法1）构成进行时态： be +现在分词。例如：  They are having a meeting.　他们正在开会。                                      English is becoming more and more important. 2）构成被动语态：be + 过去分词。例如：  The window was broken by Tom.  English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英语。3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：     He is to go to New York next week.他下周要去纽约。     We are to teach the freshmen.我们要教新生。说明 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。但其体现了决心和不可更改之意。b. 表示命令、安排等。例如：   You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。                              He is to come to the office this afternoon.c.征求意见。例如：  How am I to answer him?　    Who is to go there?　d. 表示相约、商定。例如：   We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.  e.表示“注定会...”        Tom is too careless, so he is to fail.  2.助动词have的用法1）构成完成时态：have +过去分词。例如：  He has left for London.　他已去了伦敦。  By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.  2）构成完成进行时: have + been +现在分词。如： I have been studying English for ten years. 3）构成被动语态的完成式：have +been +过去分词。如：                   English has been taught in China for many years.中国教英语已多年。3.助动词do 的用法1）构成一般疑问句。例如：Do you want to pass the CET?　你想通过大学英语测试吗？Did you study German?　你们学过德语吗？2）do + not 构成否定句。例如：I do not want to be criticized.　 我不想挨批评。He doesn't like to study.　 他不想学习。In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.  3）构成否定祈使句。例如： Don't go there.  Don't be so absent-minded. 说明 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：Do come to my birthday party.I did go there.          I do miss you. 5）用于倒装句。例如：Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 说明 引起此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, little, only, so, well等。6）用作代动词。例如：---- Do you like Beijing?　--你喜欢北京吗？---- Yes, I do.是的，喜欢。（do作代动词，代替like Beijing.）4.助动词shall和will的用法Shall/will作助动词可与动词原形构成一般将来时。如：I shall study harder at English.     He will go to Shanghai.说明 在过去的语法中，助动词时shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但作助动词时shall只用于第一人称，若用于第二、第三人称就是情态动词，试比较:He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）He will come.他要来。（will与动词原形构成一般将来时。）5.助动词should, would的用法1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.比较："What shall I do next week?” I asked.此句中，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：            He said he would come. 他说他要来。比较："I will go," he said. 他说：“我要去那儿。”变成间接引语，就成了He said he would come.原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。四.短语动词    动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。（构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词。）例如：Turn off the radio.　把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词）短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：构成例词例句 动词+副词 turn up, turn off, etc. Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left.Please turn every light in the house off. 动词＋介词 agree with ,etc. I agree with you on that point. 动词+副词＋介词 look forward to, etc. I look forward to seeing you soon.  五. 非谓语动词  在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词，过去分词只有一种形式）。   ★非谓语动词的否定式都是在其前直接加not。非谓语动词的各种时态形式：1）不定式时态\语态       主动 式          被动式一般式        to do              to be done完成式        to have done        to have been done进行式         to be doing完成进行式     to have been doing                2）动名词与现在分词时态\语态    主动式         被动式一般式        doing         being done完成式        having done        having been done