5 动词时态与语态-2020-2021学年高中英语语法记忆框架版（精编）

动词时态与语态（框架记忆版）
动词时态的用法

1.经常性或习惯性的动作，表示频度的时间状语连用。（ often，every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday，usually，always，seldom, in the morning）
We always care for each other and help each other.
2. 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth moves around the sun.
一般现在时 3. 表示格言或警句。　 Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败
4. 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
Now I put the sugar in the cup.
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
5. 在含时间和条件状语从句的复合句。主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时表示将来的动作。
She’ll go to see him as soon as she arrivers.
6. 表示已安排或计划好将来必定会发生的动作或存在的状态。（be come, go, arrive, leave, start, fall）The meeting is at 2:00 p.m.
7. 有几个由 here， there开头的句子。一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作
There goes the bell. Here comes the teacher.
1. 在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。（yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等）
Where did you go just now?
2. 表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
一般过去时 3. It is time for sb. to do sth"到…时间了，该…了"
It is time for you to go to bed.
It is (high) time that sb. did / should do sth."早该……了"
It is time you went to bed.
Sb. would （had） rather sb. did sth.　表示“宁愿某人做某事”。
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4. used to + do "过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。　　Mother used not to be so forgetful.








1. shall＼will + do (next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间,before+时间点 )
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2. be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month.
c. 有迹象要发生的事。Look at the dark clouds; there is going to be a storm.
3.be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
一般将来时 4. be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。不能与表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
5. be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
6. 现在进行时可以表示将来。（come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等）
Are you staying here till next week?
1. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。We are waiting for you.
2. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
现在进行时 Mr. Green is writing another novel. （说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）
3. 表示渐变，（get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等）
It’s getting warmer and warmer. The leaves are turning red.
4. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind.
1. 表示事实状态的动词（have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等）
This house belongs to my sister.
不用进行时的动词
2. 表示心理状态的动词，（know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等） He loves her very much.
(一般情况下) 3. 瞬间动词，（accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等）
I accept your advice.
4. 系动词，（seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等）
You seem a little tired.
1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。（this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while）
过去进行时 She was reading at that time.
2. 描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
1. 表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，（soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening）
将来进行时 She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。
By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.
2. 按预测将来会发生的事情。 I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.

1. 表示从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用; till/until, up to now, so far等表示到目前为止的时间状语。
They have worked here since they left college.
现在完成时 2. 表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作；
常与非延续动词（begin, give, go, meet, see等）并常带不确定的时间状语（already, yet, once, twice, just, ever, never）
I have finished the report. / She has cleaned the room.
3.表示从过去开始到目前为止这段时间中反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态。常与（often，always, every week.）连用
He has always said so.
4. 在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作。When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.
5. 短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。
He has joined the army for three years. (x)
▲“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.
▲“延续法”：He has been in the army for three years.
▲“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
It (This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that + 主语+have done ….

1. 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续下去）的动作； He has been doing the math problems since 8:00.
现在完成进行时 2.表示不久前刚结束的工作。
Hello! At last! I have been telephoning you all (the) morning.
3. 凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现在完成进行时。
1.表示在过去某一动作以前已经完成的动作。
He had shut the door before the dog came up.
2.表示动作在过去某一时间之前已经结束。
过去完成时 He had learned two hundred English words by the end of last term.
3.表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。
（常与hope, intend, mean, expect, think, want, suppose等连用）
I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.
▲过去完成时必须以过去某一时刻为基点，即“过去的过去”。因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它

将来完成时 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when, before引起的时间状语连用。
We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.

1.过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去动作或过去的意图打算(主要用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中）She was sure she would succeed.
过去将来时 2. 表示过去经常发生的动作。When he was young, he would go swimming
3. ① was/were doing sth. when…did sth . (正在做某事，这时突然……)
② was/were about to do sth. when…did sth. (正要做某事，这时突然……)
四，几种时态的区别
1.

现在进行时
一般现在时
暂时性动作和经常性动作
The computer is working perfectly.
计算机运转得很好。（暂时）
The computer works perfectly.
计算机运转很好。（一直如此）
持续性动作和短暂性动作
The bus is stopping.
车停了下来。（渐渐地）
The bus stops. 车停了。（迅速）
暂时性动作和永久性动作
She is living in the country.
她现在住在农村。（暂时）
She lives in the country.
她住在农村。（永久）
有感情色彩和没有感情色彩
He is doing well at school.
他在学校表现很好。（赞扬）
He does well at school.
他在学校表现很好。（一般事实）

2.一般现在时和一般过去时的区别

一般现在时要和现在时间相联系，而一般过去时和说话的“现在”不相联系。
His father is a film director. 他父亲是电影导演。（他现在还是）
His father was a film director. 他父亲曾是电影导演。（他现在不是）

How do you like the novel? 你觉得这部小说怎么样？（还在看小说）
How did you like the novel? 你觉得这部小说怎么样？（已看完小说）

3.过去进行时与一般过去时的区别

①一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成，而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。
She wrote a letter to her friend last night. 她昨晚给朋友写了封信。（信写完了）
She was writing a letter to her friend last night. 她昨晚一直在给朋友写信。（信不一定写完）
②一般过去时表示只做一次动作，而过去进行时却表示动作反复地进行。
She waved to me. 她朝我挥了挥手。 She was waving to me. 她不断地朝我挥手。
The boy jumped up and down. 这男孩跳了一下。
The boy was jumping up and down. 这男孩不停地跳着。
③过去进行时与always, forever等词连用表示一定的感情色彩。
He was always throwing things about. (表示不满或讨厌)

4.“be going to + 动词原形”与“will / shall + 动词原形”的区别

be going to通常表示很快就要发生的事，而will/shall既可表示不久的将来，也可表示长远的将来或不确定的将来。
She is going to get better. （有恢复健康的迹象）
She will get better. （认为最终会恢复健康的）
will表示将来，通常是指事先无计划的意图，是临时决定的； be going to则表示事先有计划的意图，是经过考虑的。
— George phoned while you were out.
— Ok. I'll phone him back.
— Matthew phoned while you were out.
— Yes, I know. I'm going to phone him back.
是的，我知道了。我准备给他回电话。（早有安排）
表示有迹象显示将要发生某一动作时，要用be going to，不用will或shall。
I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick.
be going to 可用于条件句，表示将来时间，will则不能。
If you are going to attend the meeting, you'd better leave now.

但在正式文体中，要用will来表示事先安排的动作。
The meeting will begin at 10:00 a.m. 会议将在10点开始。
Coffee will be served from 9:30 from today onwards. 从今天起9:30开始供应咖啡。

5. “be + 动词不定式”与“be going to+ 动词原形”的区别

“be going to+ 动词原形”侧重说话人个人的意图和打算，“be + 动词不定式”侧重受别人的指示或安排要做的事。
I'm going to try my best to write this article well.
Am I to wait here till their arrival?
我要在这儿一直等到他们抵达吗？
表示由于客观因素或不受人控制的将要发生的动作时，只用“be going to+ 动词原形”，不用“be + 动词不定式”。
It's going to rain. 天要下雨了。
（不说It's to rain.）
Rachel is going to faint. 雷切尔要晕倒了。

6.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：

现在完成时强调动作结果对现在的影响，属于现在的范畴；一般过去时强调动作所发生的时间是在过去，属于过去时的范畴。因此，一般过去时需跟表示过去的时间状语连用或有表过去时间的上下文，而现在完成时通常有以下比较固定的标志性时间状语：up to now, since 3days ago, so far, recently, lately, ever, since, by now, in the last few days, yet, already, just等。

两者都可表示过去发生过的动作，但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响，而后者则只是表示过去有这一动作的事实。
He locked the door. 他锁过门。（但现在门是开是锁不清楚。）
He has locked the door. 他把门锁上了。（现在门是锁着的。）
Who turned on the light?
谁开的灯？（着眼开灯的动作，不管现在灯是开是关。）
Who has turned on the light?
谁把灯打开了？（着眼开灯的结果，即现在灯还亮着。）
两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作，现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续，而一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。
He has lived in Beijing for four years.
他在北京住了四年了。（现在仍住那儿）
He lived in Beijing for four years.
他曾在北京住了四年。（现在不住那儿了）

6.过去完成时与一般过去时的区别：

过去完成时表示以过去某个时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态，即强调动作发生在“过去的过去”；
而一般过去时只表示以现在时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态。
I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。

He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.
他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
我在车站等了20分钟车才来。

7.现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别

现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。
Have you been meeting him recently?
你最近常和他见面吗？
Have you met him recently? 你最近见到过他吗？
现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
我一直等了你两个小时。（可能表示不满）
I have waited for you for two hours.
我等了你两个小时。（说明一个事实）
现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。
Who has been eating the oranges?
谁一直在吃这些桔子呀？（还剩余一些）
Who has eaten the oranges?
谁把桔子吃光了？（强调吃得一个不剩）

8.将来进行时与将来完成时的区别

将来进行时表示将来某一时刻发生的动作，结构为：will / shall be +doing
将来完成时表示到将来某时刻某动作已发生，其结构为：will / shall have done，时间状语是by +表将来时间的词。
例如： I’ll be climbing the mountain this time the day after tomorrow.
By the time he graduates from the college, he will have learned three foreign languages.

9.将来完成时和将来完成进行时的区别：

将来完成时由“shall / will + have done”构成，表示动作或状态延续到将来某一时刻，常用延续性动词（但如果表示某动作或状态在将来某时间以前已完成，但其影响却延续到那一时间，就用短暂性动词），并带有一个表将来某一时间的状语或状语从句，如by the end of this month, by then, this time next week等。
将来完成进行时由“shall / will + have been doing”构成(常用延续性动词)，表示某个动作在将来的某时间以前已经开始，并一直持续进行着。

10.现在完成时及过去完成时的用法注意点：

1．瞬间性动词与延续性动词的正确使用：与how long, for, since等表示一段时间的状语连用时须用延续性动词，如：buy→have, keep→borrow, die→be dead, marry→be married, begin→be on, begin to know→know，leave/ go→be away，catch a cold→ have a cold, arrive/come→ be here等。
2．注意have / had been to与have/ had gone to的区别。
3．现在完成时用在时间、条件等状语从句中，表示从句中的动作在主句动作前完成，
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.
4．By+过去时间状语用过去完成时。
5．有些动词的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望，这类动词为：think, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose等。例如：
I had intended to visit you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.

英语的语态

英语的语态有两种，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表主语是动作的承受者。此主要讲被动语态。
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，表示句子中主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象。一般说来，只有及物动词（短语）才有被动语态。汉语常用“被”“受”“给”“遭”“挨”等词来表被动意义。动作执行者一般由介词by引出。被动语态结构为:“助动词be+过去分词+ by +动作执行者+ with +工具”。被动语态的时态是通过be动词变化的。

被动语态的使用场合：①强调动作承受者；②动作发出者未知或不便说出；③科技英语中较多使用。

被动语态共有十种时态（以动词do为例）

一般
完成
进行
现在
am/is/are done
have/has been done
am/is/are being done
过去
was/were done
had been done
was/were being done
将来
shall/will be done
shall/will have been done

过去将来
should/would be done
should/would have been done


说明 将来进行时、过去将来进行时、完成进行时，没有被动语态。上表被动语态的10种时态中，将来完成时和过去将来完成时均不常用，故其常用时态只有8种，外加含情态动词句式的被动语态。

各种时态的被动语态例句：
1.一般现在时：①Football is played all over the world. ②You are wanted on the phone.
③English is widely spoken in the world. ④He is often punished.
2一般过去时： ①The bridge was built in 1975.
②The house was destroyed in the earthquake.
③He was praised yesterday.
3.一般将来时：①The baby will be taken to hospital soon.
②Our lab will be built in a month.
③I shall be given a chance.
4.过去将来时： ①I knew the boy would be taken good care of in there.
②He said he would be criticized for what he did.
5.现在完成时：① He has been given a chance.
②I have been told the news．
③The book has been translated into many languages.
6.过去完成时： ①He said he had been given a chance.
②By 1960, 100 schools had been set up.
③It was said that the book had already been translated into many languages.
7．现在进行时：①The building is being built.
②He is being beaten by his mother.
8.过去进行时： When I went to the city, a high building was being built.

注意 ①有些短语动词在意义上相当于及物动词，也有被动语态如：
The children there are taken good care of.
A doctor was sent for.Women are not looked down upon now.

②含情态动词的被动结构是“情态动词+be+过去分词”：
Everything that can be done has been done.
He should have been punished.
The thing must be handed in.

▲被动语态的其他表达形式
1. get +过去分词：多用于口语和非正式场合，强调动作的结果。有时带有不愉快、不顺利的含义。
He got wounded in a battle.
You might get burnt.

注意 这种被动语态句型的否定和疑问要借助do构成:
Did you get scolded yesterday? 你昨天挨批评了吗？

2. become+过去分词：强调动作的全过程。
He became seized with a deep sorrow. 他陷入了深深的忧伤之中。

▲被动语态的变异：用主动语态表达被动意义

1)某些表状态特征的连系动词如：smell, taste ,feel, sound, look, prove等，用主动形式表达被动意义。
The fish tasted good. Cotton feels soft.
Your words sound reasonable. His theory proved correct.

2)某些不及物动词（其主语大多为事物）可以表达被动意义，这些不及物动词有下列几种：
①某些可以用来表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的不及物动词: shut, lock, open, move, read, write, sell, wear, blow, wash, clean, burn, catch, draw, peel, cut, tear, dry等，并通常接easily, well, perfectly等副词。如：
The cloth washed well. （易洗）
The book doesn't sell well.（不好销）
Wood burns easily.（易燃）
The door blows open.门给吹开了。
②无被动语态的动词：不及物动词；某些及物动词：have（有）, possess（拥有）, lack（缺乏）, suit（合适）, fit（合适）, equal（相等）, resemble（长得像）, hold（容纳）, beg（请求）, fail（不及格）, contain（包含）, last（持续）, cost（花费）以及以be-/out-为前缀的及物动词等。表发生的动词：happen, occur, take place（发生）, break out（爆发）。其他一些动词：spread（传播），belong to（属于），run out等。
What happened to you?
The Second World War broke out in 1939.
③表开始、运动、结束的动词：begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, run等：
Work began at 7 this morning.

3)不定式以主动形式表达被动意义的情况。
①不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系，但逻辑主语又是句子的主语或宾语：
If you want to finish your task, you still have a lot of work to do.
(to do的逻辑主语是句子的主语you)
如果你想完成你的任务的话，你仍然还有许多工作要做。
比较：I have some clothes to wash.
我有些衣服要洗。（我将很忙）
I have some clothes to be washed.
我有些衣服要洗。（你愿意替我洗一下吗？）
②在be +形容词+(for sb.)+不定式 结构中
The food is fit to eat.
用于该句型的典型形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, important, interesting, light, heavy, pleasant, comfortable, safe, dangerous, fit, unfit, impossible等。
③不定式与疑问词连用时（不定式逻辑主语必须是句子主语）：
The question is what to do /who to invite.
④某些不定式：to blame, to seek, to let, to rent等与be连用时：
The house is to let.这房子要出租。
He is to blame for the accident.对于这次事故，他应该受到谴责。

4）主动式动名词表被动：在need, want, require, deserve, be worth后加v-ing形式的主动式表被动（也可用不定式的被动结构换用，但worth后不可）。如：
The flower wants watering. =The flower wants to be watered.

5)有些结构形式上是被动的，但意义却是主动的，如：
He is seated on a bench. He is engaged in research.
He is lost in the book / deep thought. We were lost in the forest.
又如: be faced with（面临）,be devoted to(投身于), be located(位于)...

6)“with +宾语+不定式”结构中，不定式用主动式表被动。
With two exams to worry about, I have to work hard this weekend.
因有两场考试让我担忧，本周末我得认真地学习。
With nothing to do, I feel bored.由于无事可做，我感到烦。

7)介词短语表被动：under examination在审查中，under discussion在讨论中，under repair维修中, beyond belief难以置信，beyond one’s control失控，beyond one’s reach鞭长莫及/够不着，for sale出售，for rent出租，in print印刷中，in sight看得见，in use在使用中，out of control控制不了，out of fashion不流行， on sale销售中，on show在展出中，in the charge of受制于， under the leadership of在...的领导下等。

8)There be句型中作定语的不定式可用主动式表达被动，用被动不定式也可，只是侧重点不同。
There are still five trees to cut.