15.替代和省略 课件-新疆乌鲁木齐市第一中学2021届高三英语语法知识点复习
展开为了表达简洁,避免重复和累赘,我们通常将复杂的句法结构加以缩减。替代便是实现缩减的手段之一。它是一种通过相应的代用式来替代句中成分而使句子变得简单,又不改变全句意思的方法。替代几乎适用于任何一种句子成分。总的来说,主要有名词及名词短语的替代、动词 d 替代、分句与分句成分的替和副词词组替代。
一.名词及名词短语的替代1. 人称代词可用来替代具体的人或物的名称。例如: When men have pwer, they ften develp beliefs that maintain it.译:男人们有了权利,就会经常提出一些维护他们权利的理念。2. 形容词性物主代词可以用来替代名词所有格。类似地,名词性物主代词可以代替形容词性物主代词 + 名词的结构。例如: Americans ften lay their silverware(银制餐具) dwn during the meal. His curse was ready. S hw abut yurs?
一.名词及名词短语的替代3. 关系代词 wh, whm, whse, which, that 等代替定语从句中作主语或宾语的名词或名词性短语。4. 指示代词 this, that, these, thse 可用作代词代替名词。例如: Nature is nt benign(仁慈的). Other numbers prve this mre cnvincingly.5. 名词所有格用作代词。例如: My wallet wasn't lst, but Bill's was.
一.名词及名词短语的替代6. sme, nne 等名词限定词可替代以相应限定词修饰的名词短语。其他具有替代功能的数量词还有 any, few/fewer/fewest, many/mre/mst, little/less/least, much, several, enugh, each, either, neither, all, bth, half 等。例如:Chris wuld pat her cheek, and bth wuld smile.7. ne 用作代词,可以泛指人,也可以替代中心词为可数名词的名词短语。例如: The casins are places where ne can place bets and hpe t win a frtune. We had ur first ne(exam) in the mrning.
一.名词及名词短语的替代7. ne 用作代词的注意事项(1)中心词为不可数名词时,用 sme 代替。(2)中心词为复数名词时,如名词前无形容词等修饰语限定,只具有泛指意义时,要用 sme 而不是 nes 替代。(3)如名词前有一个或一个以上的形容词等修饰语限定,则用 nes 替代。(4)nes 还可以用于定冠词和指示代词之后(the ne(s), this/that ne, these/thse nes),或带有限制性的词语(如 the ne/nes in rund shape等之前),以确定人或物。例如: Yu mean the ne with the lng hair?
二.动词替代1. 当主句中的主动词重复出现时,可用动词 d 替代。其时体、语态均应与上下文一致。例如: Jack cleared his thrat as he usually did befre saying smething imprtant.2. d 也可以替代动词后面所跟部分,这时候 d 可以与 s, it, that, therwise 等连用。例如: If they will d this, they will prbably add years t their lives.3. 当涉及比较时,d the same, d likewise 和 d similarly 均为 d that 的替换形式。例如: I'll cntribute 10 dllars, if yu will d the same.
三.分句与分句成分的替代1. s 可以替代 that 从句。s 的否定代用式为 nt,但是除了 afraid 外,nt 一般只限于与表示看法或假设的动词连用。常用的动词有 seem, appear, think, believe, hpe, expect, suppse, presume, suspect, guess, imagine, reckn。appear 和 seem 的主语为 it,如 it appears s/nt, it seems s/nt。例如: We usually think s because f the advertisements that say s.2. think, suppse, believe 等带有否定转移的动词,nt 作替代分句的用法一般以主句否定加 s 的结构来代替。其他带否定转移的动词还有 anticipate, be suppsed t, expect, calculate, figure, imagine, reckn 等。
三.分句与分句成分的替代3. s 和 nt 还可以替代 if 后面的从句。例如: We'll have the party in the garden if the weather's gd. If nt, it'll have t be inside.4. the same (f) 可以带名词短语或名词从句,类似的代用式还有 the ppsite (f), the cntrary (f) 等。例如: A very lng time ag clapping meant the psite f what it means nw.
三.分句与分句成分的替代5. s 可以用作补语替代,替代形容词,形容词短语或名词短语。mre s 和 less s 替代形容词比较级。例如: Other peple say this is nt s.6. s 在替代补语时,其否定词为 therwise。例如: The facts, hwever, are quite therwise. The tapes prved therwise.
三.分句与分句成分的替代7. the same 和 s 在有些场合可以通用,如都可以代替名词性从句和补语。但当 the same 暗含两物体和事件之间的比较时,不能通用。比较: Tm phned fr the dctr, but didn't realize that his mther had just dne s/dne the same. Tm phned fr the dctr, but didn't tell his mther he had dne s.
四.副词词组替代1. nw 或 then 可代替表示时间的副词词组,here 和 there 可代替表示地点的副词词组。2. like this/that, this/that way, fr this/that reasn 可替代表示方式或原因的副词词组。例如: If a persn buys smething in every stre that he enters, fr instance, a therapist might teach him self discipline in this way.. Fr that reasn, hunters used dgs t track dwn prey even in antient Egypt.
省略是一种避免重复,突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段。省略的概念意味着省区的部分是可以在原句中还原的。被省略的部分多为前面提到的内容,但也可以是将要提到的内容。但在一些习惯用法中,被省略的部分是不易或没必要还原的。例如: T analyse and explain them is a less jyus (matter) but still an imprtant matter. What (will happen) if they cme back? I'm happy if yu are (happy).
一.功能词的省略1. 介词的省略常见的这类结构如 it is n use/gd (in) ding sth., be busy/late/weary (in) ding sth., there is n pint (in) ding sth., be emplyed/engaged/ccupied (in) ding sth., spend time (in/n) ding sth. 等。例如: He spends mst f his time (n) ding anything that desn't have t d with schl. But even the specialists have truble (in) taking their wn advice.
一.功能词的省略2. “介词 + 名词”短语用作状语表示时间、距离、次数等时,介词 fr, in by 等常可省略,但在否定句中或引导介词短语谓语句首时,fr 一般不可省略。例如: The war lasted (fr) 5 years. Fr the last 25 years, I've prepared an annual Christmas letter fr lng-distance friends.
一.功能词的省略3. (in) ... way 在表示方式时,in 常可省略。例如: He sees the bk (in) my way. 译:他对这本书的看法和我一样。4. 在 I think, I admit, I believe, I feel, I knw 等插入语前作主语的关系代词也可省略。例如: N ffence intended, but the things (that) yu think are imprtant prbably aren't even revelent at all.译:请别见怪,不过你认为重要的事情或许一点也沾不上边。
一.功能词的省略5. 在英语口语中,当关系代词在以 it is, that is, here is, there is, what is, wh is, we have 等引导的句子后时可以省略。例如: Kate, culd it be (that) yu miss yur gd-night kiss?6. 作宾语和主语补足语的关系代词 that, whm, which 常省略。例如: He is nt the fl (that) he is called.7. “the way that ...” 中,关系副词 that 常可省略。例如: I fixed the things (in) the way (that) he wanted.
一.功能词的省略8. that 在“s ... that”结构中可以省略。例如: Charles lves glf s much (that) he play at a halftime if he culd.9. 限定词,如冠词和物主代词在并列或同位结构中常可省略。例如: My mther and (my) father wrked hard. Sme thinkers call these defining mments — (the) time when we fill ur whle lives with meaning, purpse, gals.
二.句法上的省略1. 主语的省略:对话或口语中句义明确时,主语常省略。祈使句“yu”也常省略。例如:(I) Hate her! (Yu) Think abut it in anther way.2. 谓语中第一个助动词或情态动词也可以和主语同时省略。例如: (Yu are) Getting in truble in schl, eh? The peple (wh were) in the stadium began t shut.
二.句法上的省略3. 主语和谓语动词同时省略。例如: They are advised nt t d this; (and they are advised) that if negtiatins are started by ne individual they shuld be cmpleted by that same persn if at all pssible. 译:人们建议他们最好不要这样做。如果洽谈是由一个人负责开头的,建议他们只要可能就应该让同一个人把洽谈进行到底。
二.句法上的省略4. 谓语或谓语的一部分省略。例如: All that effrt (were made) just t make it lk nice. (Wuld) Yu rather I waited?5. there be 的省略。例如: Why (is there) the neglect? (Is there) Any cffee left?
二.句法上的省略6. wh- 分句可以省去或只保留一个 wh-。例如: But what (wuld happen) if the bag accidentally inflates while yu are driving dwn the highway, thus causing an accident that wuld never ccured therwise?译:但是万一正在高速公路行车时,安全气囊突然意外充气,从而导致本来绝不会发生的事故,你该怎么办?
二.句法上的省略7. 在以 when, while, thugh, if, unless, althugh 等引导的表示时间、地点、条件、方式等状语从句中如果谓语动词中有 be 动词,且主从句主语一致,则可以将状语从句的主语连同 be 动词一起省略。例如: Once (they are) established, the beliefss cncerning the psychlgical makeup serve as nrms fr the behavir f adult men and wmen.译:这些与心理性格有关的信念一旦确立,就会成为成年男女的行为准则。
二.句法上的省略8. 在 when it is necessary, if it is pssible 等类似结构中,it is 常可省略。例如: When (it is) pssible, it is best t deal with dating expenses in the beginning. Yu might ask if a summer jb (with pay, if pssible) r an internship is available.译:你可以询问暑期工(如可能,最好带薪)或实习生职位是否有空缺。9. 在比较状语从句中,与主句相同的部分及动词常可省略。例如: Peple with gd manners d better in mst situatins than thse withut (gd manners d). That questin is easier than I thught (that it was).
二.句法上的省略10. 作状语的独立分句结构中,分词往往可以省略。例如: (Being) A career jurnalist whse wit, talent and savir-faire became persnal trademarks, Bauby saw his fast-paced life cme t an abrupt end n Dec. 8th, 1995, with the strke that left him paralyzed.译:作为一名情趣横溢、天资聪颖、彬彬有礼的职业记者,鲍比在1995年12月8日突遭中风而瘫痪,他的快节奏生涯由此告终。
三.语篇中的省略语篇中的省略是指在句子之间的省略。省略的部分从上下文是可以看出的。在对话和叙述中均可出现语篇中的省略的现象。 1. 省略不定式后的内容只保留 t 。为避免重复,可以省略不定式后的内容而只保留 t。例如: Gvernment wrkers in Washingtn D. C., fr example, frequently wrk 60 t 70 hurs a week They dn't d this because they have t (wrk 60 t 70 hurs a week); they d it because they want t (...).2. 省略“主语 + 谓语 (+宾语)”。例如: -Bb is very angry. -Why (is he very angry)?
四.中心词的省略1. 并列结构中中心词的省略。例如: He wuld say that thing must be dne in this way, and I (wuld say) that it must be dne in that (way).2. 非并列结构中中心词的省略。例如:Anther interesting study has shwn that peple wh have a number f different scial relatinships have a lwer risk f getting clds than thse with fewer (scial relatinships).
五.特殊省略结构1. 习惯短语中的省略有些短语如 what if(如果将怎么办), what thugh(尽管有什么关系), what say(你说好不好), why nt(为什么不), hw cme(为什么), if nly(要是该多好), t think(请想想吧)等已成为固定搭配,作为一个整体看待,因此没必要将被省略的部分还原。例如: I can still hardly believe it! T think that the President actually stayed at my htel!
五.特殊省略结构2. 祈使句中动词的省略有些含有副词或介词短语的祈使句可以表达运动方向,很难还原缺失的动词。例如: Out f my rm! Dwn with yur gun!
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