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9.状语从句 课件-新疆乌鲁木齐市第一中学2021届高三英语语法知识点复习
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这是一份9.状语从句 课件-新疆乌鲁木齐市第一中学2021届高三英语语法知识点复习，共56页。PPT课件主要包含了本节内容概述，状语从句总述，时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，条件状语从句，目的状语从句，方式状语从句，让步状语从句等内容，欢迎下载使用。
□时间状语从句 □地点状语从句□原因状语从句 □结果状语从句□条件状语从句 □目的状语从句□方式状语从句 □让步状语从句□比较状语从句
在复合句中充当状语的从句，称为状语从句（the adverbial clause）。状语从句位置灵活，可以置于主句之前中间及之后。从句置于主句之前时，从句后一般要用逗号和主句分开；置于主句之后，主句和从句一般不用逗号隔开；置于主句中间时，前后均要加逗号和主句分开。常见的分类有9种（时地原结条目让方比），但是有些状语从句难以归类。即便如此，我们也依然按照这9类进行学习。
一.从属连词 when 与 whenever 引导的状语从句1. when 表示“当时；在后”，whenever 表示“任何时候”。例如： She was cking the supper when I came in. Whenever we met difficulties, they came t help us.2. when 引导的时间状语从句中谓语动词的动作，一般与主句的动作同时发生；或在主句谓语动词动作之前发生，这时，从句中的谓语动词常用过去完成时也可用一般过去时。偶尔也在主句谓语动词动作之后发生。例如： I had just gt int the middle f an exciting stry when the girl came in.
一.从属连词 when 与 whenever 引导的状语从句3. when 还可以表示以下含义：（1）正在那时，突然。相当于 just then。此时其引导的从句只放在主句之后。例如： I was reading in the evening when a stranger came in.（2）每当。相当于 whenever。例如： When I read t lng, I get a headache.
一.从属连词 when 与 whenever 引导的状语从句3. when 还可以表示以下含义：（3）届时，在那时，然后。连接两个并列的分句，此时 when 前常有逗号。例如： My friend Peter arrived at six, when we all had dinner. Prfessr Smith will visit ur schl, when he will give us a talk n study. Hank had gne thrugh 6 carriages when he fund he culd g n further.
一.从属连词 when 与 whenever 引导的状语从句3. when 还可以表示以下含义：（4）既然，考虑到，在的情况下。这个义项更多含有条件意味。例如： Why d yu want a new jb when yu've gt such a gd ne already? Why use metal when yu can use plastic?（5）虽然。例如： He usually walks when he might ride. 译：虽然有车可坐，但他总是步行。
二.从属连词 as 与 while 引导的状语从句1. as 表示“当，一边一边”，while 表示“当的时候，在期间”。例如： As we were walking hme, we saw smke cming ver the hill. I was reading a bk, while my wife was watchng TV.2. when, as 和 while 均可表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生。它们表示一段时间时，三者可以换用。而表示点时间时，不能用 while。while 引导的从句的谓语动词应该是延续性动词。when 还可以表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之前或之后而 while 只能表示同时。as 还有“边边”或“随着”之意。强调主句的动作伴随着从句的动作同时进行。
二.从属连词 as 与 while 引导的状语从句3. while 还可用于：（1）表示对比，意为“而”，“当却”，此时两部分时是并列关系。例如： Jane dressed in brwn while Mary was dressed in blue.（2）表示“尽管”、“虽然”，含有让步意味。例如： While they are my neighburs, I dn't knw them. While we dn't agree, we cntinue t be friends.（3）表示“只要”，含有条件意味。例如： While (=As sn as) there is life there is hpe.
三.从属连词 befre 与 after 引导的状语从句1. befre 表示“在之前”。例如： They lived there befre they came t China. I hadn't waited lng befre he shwed up.* befre 在句中除译为“在之前”外，有时译为“（不多久）就”、“不等就”或“（多久之后）才”。例如： I'll d it nw befre I frget. 译：我将趁我现在没忘的时候就做。 It'll be lng befre we meet again. 译：我们要过好久才能见面。
三.从属连词 befre 与 after 引导的状语从句2. after 表示“在之后”。例如： After tey had eaten their lunch, Hank gt up. I fund yur cat after yu had left the huse.3. 在 befre 和 after 引导的时间状语从句前，可用 just, right, a lng time, sn, three days 等词语，表示主句与从句时间的差距。例如： Sn befre his mther came back, Tm went t bed. They arrived at the cinema 10 minutes after befre the film started.
四.从属连词 since 与 ever since 引导的状语从句1. since 表示“自从；自以来”。ever since 表示“从那时起一直到现在；此后一直”。例如： I have nt seen him since I came here. He's been wrking at the schl ever since he graduated frn thr cllege.2. since 和 ever since 引导的从句通常用一般过去时，主句中的谓语动词通常用完成时。例如： He has been tld tw jbs since he graduated.但在“It is/was ... since ...”句型中，主句中的谓语动词也可用一般时态。例如：It is/has been 6 years since we parted.
四.从属连词 since 与 ever since 引导的状语从句3. since 引导的状语从句，如果其谓语动词为延续性动词的现在完成时，其内容与语法形式则完全一致。如果用延续性动词的一般过去时，其内容与语法形式则相反。比较下列句子： I knw him well since he has lived near us.（仍住在此地） I haven't heard frm him since he lived here.（已不住在此地） He has been at schl since he has been ill. （病未好） He has been at schl since he was ill. （病已好） since 引导的状语从句谓语动词用非延续性动词的现在完成时或一般过去时，其内容与语法形式完全一致。例如： I haven't seen him since he (has) left Shanghai.
五.从属连词 till 与 until 引导的状语从句1. till 与 until 均表示“直到”。意义相同，一般可换用，until 比较正式。用在句首时，更多地用 until。例如： Until yu tld me, I had heard nthing f what happened. Nt until I shuted at the tp f my vice did he turn his head. Yu had better wait until/till the rain stps.2. till 和 until 引导从句时，主句是肯定式，谓语动词必须是延续性动词。主句是否定式（或含有否定意义的词），谓语动词用短暂性动词，表示主句的动作“到才”开始发生。此时的 till 和 until 可以换用 befre。3. 有些表示重复性含义的短暂性动词可以用在肯定式的主句中。例如： The retired receive mney frm the gvernment till they die.
六. as sn as, n sner ... than 与 hardly ... when 引导的状语从句1. as sn as, n sner ... than 与 hardly ... when 意为“一就”。后二者只用于过去时（从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时）。n sner 或 hardly 位于句首时主句的主谓语要倒装。例如： I shall d it as sn as I have time. As sn as I gt his letter I wrte back t him. N sner had we left the huse than it began t rain.（= We had n sner ...） Hardly had I reached the airprt when the plane tk ff.（= I had hardly ... ）
六. as sn as, n sner ... than 与 hardly ... when 引导的状语从句2. 尽管三者意思相同，但由 as sn as 引导的时间状语从句改用后二者引导时，却变成了主句，原来的主句变成了从句。比较： As sn as we left the huse, it began t rain. We had hardly left the huse when it began t rain. N sner had we left the huse than it began t rain.
七.连接副词 nce, immediately, directly, instantly 引导的状语从句nce 意为“一旦”，immediately, directly 与 instantly 意为“一就”，相当于 as sn as。例如： Once yu shw any fear, he will attack yu. I left immediately the clck struck twelve. Directly the teacher came in, everyne was quiet. Instantly I saw her I recgnized her.
八.名词短语和介词短语引导的状语从句1. 常见的名词短语有 the mment（一就）, the minute（同上）, the day（那天）, the week（那周）, every time（每次，每当）, the last time（上次）, the first time（第一次）, next time（下次）及介词短语 by the time（到时）等。例如： I'll tell him the minute he cmes. Every time I meet him, he always ddges me and runs away quickly. We'll be ready by the time yu get back.
八.名词短语和介词短语引导的状语从句2. the mment/day/time 等后，如加上 when 或 that，后面的从句便成了定语从句，不再是状语从句。3. 注意：下面句子中 the last/first time 后省略了 when，其后是定语从句。 The last time (when) I travelled here, was in the spring f 2005. This is the first time (when) I have been here.4. 其余如 the instant, the secnd, each time, any time, the mrning, the mnth, the summer, the year 等，也可同样用作连词，引导时间状语从句。
地点状语从句通常由 where（在的地方）, wherever（无论哪里；在任何的地方）, everywhere（到处）, anywhere（任何地方，无论哪里）引导。例如： I hid it where yu will never find it. Wherever we g, we must wrk hard fr the peple. Everywhere(= Wherever) the went, they were warmly welcmed. We'll cme t meet yu anywhere(= wherever) yu like.
1. 原因状语从句一般由 because, since, as, fr, nw (that), as/s lng as 引导。例如： I study because I want t learn. Since yu've cme, we needn't g there. As I'm leaving tmrrw, I've bught yu a present. I asked her t stay t tea, fr I had smething t tell her. Nw that yu are here, yu can leave. As lng as we've driven this far, we might as well g n.
2. because, since, as 和 fr 均可表示原因。其中 because 语势最强，常表示人们不知道的直接原因。回答 why 的问题，以及在“It is/was ... that”强语势句型中，都只能用 because；since 语势较弱，常是人们已经知道的事实，一般译作“既然”；as 语势更弱，表示已为人们所知的理由或原因，多译为“由于”；fr 语势最弱，所表示的理由只是一种附带说明，fr 所引导的分句只能放在句子后部，也可单独成为一个句子。比较： I brught an umbrella because I think it might rain. Since it lks as thugh it might rain, I brught an unbrella. As it was raining, I brught an umbrella. I brught an umbrella, fr it was raining.
3. nw that 引导原因状语从句，通常还有时间或条件或时间的含义。例如： Nw that yu have left schl, yu will have t find a jb.4. seeing (that)（鉴于，由于，既然，因为）, cnsidering (that)（考虑到）, given (that)（考虑到）, prviding (that)（考虑到）也可用作连词。例如： Seeing that yu have grwn up, yu must deal with sme prblems n yur wn. Cnsidering he's nly been learning English a year he speaks it very well. Given that they are inexperienced, they've dne a gd jb.5. that（因为，由于）和 in that（因为，既然）也可引导原因状语从句。例如： Nt that I'm unwilling t d the jb, but I'm equal t it. Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us t crrect ur mistakes.
1. 带结果状语从句的句子和带原因状语从句的句子可看成是主从关系正相反的两个句子。例如： We were late s that the teacher was angry. The teacher was angry because we were late.2. 结果状语从句常由 s that, s ... that, such (a) ... that, that 引导。例如： I hadn't any mney with me s that I culd nt by the dictinary. It is s ht that I can't sleep. He tld such a funny stry that we all laughed. What was the matter with the fellw that he lked s happy?
3. s 后接形容词或副词，such 后接名词。但如果名词前有表示数量多少的形容词如 many, much, few, little 等修饰时，则用 s 而不用 such。例如： Yu tk s many materials that there was nt enugh left fr us. Jhn has s little mney that he can't by the bk.另外，“such a/an + 形容词 + 单数名词”也可替换为“s + 形容词 + a/an + 单数名词”的形式。例如： Mr Miller is such a busy man/s busy a man that he can't leave his ffice.4. s that, s ... that, such ... that 中的 that 可以省略，尤其是在口语中。
1. 条件状语从句一般由连词 if（如果）, suppse/suppsing（假如）, unless（除非）, as/s lng as（只要）, in case（如果）, n cnditin that（如果，在的条件下）, prvided (that)（如果的话，只要）, prviding that（如果的话，只要）, in the event that（如果是的话，如果）, assume/assuming (that)（假定）, n the assumptin that（假定）, but（若不，除非） 等引导。例句见下页。
1. If it rains tmrrw, we will stay at hme. Suppse/Suppsing that he is absent, what shall we d? I wn't g t the meeting unless he phnes me himself. As/S lng as yu wrk hard, yu'll succeed in the end. In case yu fail, yu must try again. I'll cme n cnditin that Jhn is invited, t. She will g prvided her friends can g als. Yu may g ut prviding yu d yur hmewrk first. In the event that he has nt been tld, I will tell him. Assuming that we can hld the meeting, what shall we discuss? We will rder tea fr 12 n the assumptin that all twelve will cme. But that I saw it, I wuldn't have believed it. I never think f summer but I think f childhd.
2. prvided (that)=prviding (that)，前者在正式文体中用的多一些。3. 条件状语从句分为真实条件句和非真实条件句。后者即我们平时所说的“虚拟语气”。比较： If yu ask him, he will help yu.（真实） If yu were a bird, yu culd fly.（非真实）
1. 目的状语从句一般由连词 s that, rder that, in case, fr fear (that), that 引导。例如： I'll give yu his telephne number, s that yu can call him whe yu arrive. He waved t the driver in rder that the bus might stp. He left early in case he shuld miss the last train. He handled the instrument with care fr fear that it shuld be damaged. They have died that liberty might live.译：为了自由他们献出了生命。
2. 目的状语从句和结果状语从句都可用 s that 引导。两种从句的根本区别是：（1）如果从句表示的是一种可能性，则是目的状语从句，s that 意为“以便，使能够，为的是”；如果表示的是一种事实，则是结果状语从句，意为“结果是，以致”。（2）目的状语从句中常有 may, might, can, culd, shuld, will, wuld 等情态动词，而结果状语从句中则不常有。（3）目的状语从句置于主句之后或之前均可，而结果状语从句只能置于主句之后。
2. 观察以下句子，可以对前述的区别有更好的理解： I'll give yu all the facts s that yu can judge fr yurself.（目的） S that I might get there in time, I tk an early bus.（目的） Gerge ften tld stries that weren't true, s that n ne believed him when he tld abut a deer in the schl yard.（结果） I tk an early bus, s that I gt there in time.（结果）3. 引导目的状语从句的 s that，也常省略 that 或 s。
1. 方式状语从句由连词 as（正如，按照）, as if/thugh （好像）, what（恰像，犹如，好比）引导。例如： He speaks English as an Englishman des. Yu shuld write as I tell yu t. Sn we were chatting away as if we had been ld friends. Air is t us what water is t fish. Petrl is t industry what bld is t man.* what 作“恰像；犹如；好比”讲时，用在 A is t B what C is t D 的句式中。意为“ A 对 B 的关系犹如 C 对 D 的关系”。
2. as if/thugh 引导的从句在连系动词 be, feel, lk, seem 等后，则为表语从句。as if/thugh 引导的从句中的谓语动词，根据其有可能性与否，而分别用陈述语气或虚拟语气。属比喻性或夸张性的说法，亦即非事实，必须用虚拟语气；表示确有可能，用陈述语气。例如： He fught as if his life was/were in danger.3. 现代英语中，尤其是在美国，人们常把 like 作为连词使用代替 as 或 as if，引导方式状语从句。例如： She's ding the wrk exactly like I want her d.4. as if/thugh 可以接一个不定式短语或介词短语作状语。例如： She paused, as if t let the painful memries pass.
让步状语从句一般由下列连词或短语引导： thugh, althugh, even if/thugh, if(= even if, even thugh), whever, whatever, whichever, hwever, whenever, wherever, n matter wh/what/which/when/where/ hw/whether, as（虽然）, whether ... r ..., while（尽管）, etc.例如： Thugh it was late, he went n wrking. Everyne agreed t this, althugh they were all in great danger.* althugh 和 thugh 常可换用，但前者语势更强。thugh 前可用表示强调意味的 even，而 althugh 前不可。thugh 可以后移而把表语放在句首，althugh 则不能，比如 Thugh he is pr ... = Pr thugh he is ...。** 表示让步时，thugh/althugh 和 but 只能用一个，但可以和 yet, still 连用。
Even if yu fall, yu will have gained experience. If he is little, he is strng. 译：虽然他个头小，但他力气大。 If I am wrng, yu are wrng, t. 译：就算我错了，你也错了。 I will g if I die fr it. 译：我死也要去。 Whenever I may g, I find him at his hks. Wherever he may be, he will be happy.* whenever 引导的让步状语从句同时也是时间状语从句，wherever 引导的让步状语从句同时也是地点状语从句，但它们的强调点不同。在时间、地点状语从句强调“任何时间、地点”，而在让步状语从句中强调的则是“无论在任何时间、地点”，相当于 n matter when/where。
** everywhere 有时起连词作用，引导让步状语从句，和 wherever 意思相近。例如： Everywhere I g, I find the same thing. N matter which bike yu chse, yu must let me knw. N matter whether yu have any mney r nt, yu can cme with us. Rich as she is, she never helps us. Child as he is/A yung child as he is, he knws much abut ftball.* as 引导的让步状语从句，详见“虚拟语气”一节。 Whether yu like it r nt, yu'll have t d it. While I like the clr f that, I dn't like the shape.
1. 比较状语从句一般由 as ... as ...（和一样）, nt s/as ... as ...（和不一样）, than（比）, “the + 形容词/副词比较级 ... the + 形容词/副词比较级”（越越）引导。在比较状语从句中经常只保留与主句比较的那部分，其他部分省略。例如： She's as pretty as her sister. Gerge desn't have as/s many bks as I have. He speaks English better than I (d). The higher we climbed, the clder the weather became.
2. 有些引导状语从句的从属连词前，可以加 nly, just, even 等，以加强语势。例如： She didn't cme t class nly because she was ill. Just when I rang my father up, my mther came in. Even as I wrte t yu, I gt yur letter.3. 在时间、条件和某些让步状语从句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： I'll give the pht t him after he cmes back. We'll g swimming if it is fine tmrrw. N matter what we d this afternn, they'll cme.
1. If we wrk with a strng will, we can vercme the difficulty, ____ great it is.A. what B. hwever C. whatever D. hw
2. Smene called me up in the middle f the night but they hung up ____ I culd answer the B. since C. until D. befre
3. I was s familiar with him that I recgnized his vice _____ I picked up the phne.A. immediately B. quickly C. suddenly D. hurriedly
4. We fund peple friendly____ we went.A. t which B. in which C. wherever D. t where
5. The day breaks, ____ the birds are singing.A. because B. as C. since D. fr
6. 翻译。（1）既然你已经来了，那就和我们一起唱歌跳舞吧。 Since yu have cme, jin us in singing and dancing.（2）虽然他是班里成绩最好的学生，但他仍有一些缺点。 Althugh he is the student with the highest grades, he still has sme drawbacks.（3）不论你选择哪一个，这都会影响你进一步的发展。 Whichever yu chse, it will have influence n yur further develpment.
时间状语从句 地点状语从句原因状语从句 结果状语从句条件状语从句 目的状语从句方式状语从句 让步状语从句比较状语从句
□时间状语从句 □地点状语从句□原因状语从句 □结果状语从句□条件状语从句 □目的状语从句□方式状语从句 □让步状语从句□比较状语从句
在复合句中充当状语的从句，称为状语从句（the adverbial clause）。状语从句位置灵活，可以置于主句之前中间及之后。从句置于主句之前时，从句后一般要用逗号和主句分开；置于主句之后，主句和从句一般不用逗号隔开；置于主句中间时，前后均要加逗号和主句分开。常见的分类有9种（时地原结条目让方比），但是有些状语从句难以归类。即便如此，我们也依然按照这9类进行学习。
一.从属连词 when 与 whenever 引导的状语从句1. when 表示“当时；在后”，whenever 表示“任何时候”。例如： She was cking the supper when I came in. Whenever we met difficulties, they came t help us.2. when 引导的时间状语从句中谓语动词的动作，一般与主句的动作同时发生；或在主句谓语动词动作之前发生，这时，从句中的谓语动词常用过去完成时也可用一般过去时。偶尔也在主句谓语动词动作之后发生。例如： I had just gt int the middle f an exciting stry when the girl came in.
一.从属连词 when 与 whenever 引导的状语从句3. when 还可以表示以下含义：（1）正在那时，突然。相当于 just then。此时其引导的从句只放在主句之后。例如： I was reading in the evening when a stranger came in.（2）每当。相当于 whenever。例如： When I read t lng, I get a headache.
一.从属连词 when 与 whenever 引导的状语从句3. when 还可以表示以下含义：（3）届时，在那时，然后。连接两个并列的分句，此时 when 前常有逗号。例如： My friend Peter arrived at six, when we all had dinner. Prfessr Smith will visit ur schl, when he will give us a talk n study. Hank had gne thrugh 6 carriages when he fund he culd g n further.
一.从属连词 when 与 whenever 引导的状语从句3. when 还可以表示以下含义：（4）既然，考虑到，在的情况下。这个义项更多含有条件意味。例如： Why d yu want a new jb when yu've gt such a gd ne already? Why use metal when yu can use plastic?（5）虽然。例如： He usually walks when he might ride. 译：虽然有车可坐，但他总是步行。
二.从属连词 as 与 while 引导的状语从句1. as 表示“当，一边一边”，while 表示“当的时候，在期间”。例如： As we were walking hme, we saw smke cming ver the hill. I was reading a bk, while my wife was watchng TV.2. when, as 和 while 均可表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生。它们表示一段时间时，三者可以换用。而表示点时间时，不能用 while。while 引导的从句的谓语动词应该是延续性动词。when 还可以表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之前或之后而 while 只能表示同时。as 还有“边边”或“随着”之意。强调主句的动作伴随着从句的动作同时进行。
二.从属连词 as 与 while 引导的状语从句3. while 还可用于：（1）表示对比，意为“而”，“当却”，此时两部分时是并列关系。例如： Jane dressed in brwn while Mary was dressed in blue.（2）表示“尽管”、“虽然”，含有让步意味。例如： While they are my neighburs, I dn't knw them. While we dn't agree, we cntinue t be friends.（3）表示“只要”，含有条件意味。例如： While (=As sn as) there is life there is hpe.
三.从属连词 befre 与 after 引导的状语从句1. befre 表示“在之前”。例如： They lived there befre they came t China. I hadn't waited lng befre he shwed up.* befre 在句中除译为“在之前”外，有时译为“（不多久）就”、“不等就”或“（多久之后）才”。例如： I'll d it nw befre I frget. 译：我将趁我现在没忘的时候就做。 It'll be lng befre we meet again. 译：我们要过好久才能见面。
三.从属连词 befre 与 after 引导的状语从句2. after 表示“在之后”。例如： After tey had eaten their lunch, Hank gt up. I fund yur cat after yu had left the huse.3. 在 befre 和 after 引导的时间状语从句前，可用 just, right, a lng time, sn, three days 等词语，表示主句与从句时间的差距。例如： Sn befre his mther came back, Tm went t bed. They arrived at the cinema 10 minutes after befre the film started.
四.从属连词 since 与 ever since 引导的状语从句1. since 表示“自从；自以来”。ever since 表示“从那时起一直到现在；此后一直”。例如： I have nt seen him since I came here. He's been wrking at the schl ever since he graduated frn thr cllege.2. since 和 ever since 引导的从句通常用一般过去时，主句中的谓语动词通常用完成时。例如： He has been tld tw jbs since he graduated.但在“It is/was ... since ...”句型中，主句中的谓语动词也可用一般时态。例如：It is/has been 6 years since we parted.
四.从属连词 since 与 ever since 引导的状语从句3. since 引导的状语从句，如果其谓语动词为延续性动词的现在完成时，其内容与语法形式则完全一致。如果用延续性动词的一般过去时，其内容与语法形式则相反。比较下列句子： I knw him well since he has lived near us.（仍住在此地） I haven't heard frm him since he lived here.（已不住在此地） He has been at schl since he has been ill. （病未好） He has been at schl since he was ill. （病已好） since 引导的状语从句谓语动词用非延续性动词的现在完成时或一般过去时，其内容与语法形式完全一致。例如： I haven't seen him since he (has) left Shanghai.
五.从属连词 till 与 until 引导的状语从句1. till 与 until 均表示“直到”。意义相同，一般可换用，until 比较正式。用在句首时，更多地用 until。例如： Until yu tld me, I had heard nthing f what happened. Nt until I shuted at the tp f my vice did he turn his head. Yu had better wait until/till the rain stps.2. till 和 until 引导从句时，主句是肯定式，谓语动词必须是延续性动词。主句是否定式（或含有否定意义的词），谓语动词用短暂性动词，表示主句的动作“到才”开始发生。此时的 till 和 until 可以换用 befre。3. 有些表示重复性含义的短暂性动词可以用在肯定式的主句中。例如： The retired receive mney frm the gvernment till they die.
六. as sn as, n sner ... than 与 hardly ... when 引导的状语从句1. as sn as, n sner ... than 与 hardly ... when 意为“一就”。后二者只用于过去时（从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时）。n sner 或 hardly 位于句首时主句的主谓语要倒装。例如： I shall d it as sn as I have time. As sn as I gt his letter I wrte back t him. N sner had we left the huse than it began t rain.（= We had n sner ...） Hardly had I reached the airprt when the plane tk ff.（= I had hardly ... ）
六. as sn as, n sner ... than 与 hardly ... when 引导的状语从句2. 尽管三者意思相同，但由 as sn as 引导的时间状语从句改用后二者引导时，却变成了主句，原来的主句变成了从句。比较： As sn as we left the huse, it began t rain. We had hardly left the huse when it began t rain. N sner had we left the huse than it began t rain.
七.连接副词 nce, immediately, directly, instantly 引导的状语从句nce 意为“一旦”，immediately, directly 与 instantly 意为“一就”，相当于 as sn as。例如： Once yu shw any fear, he will attack yu. I left immediately the clck struck twelve. Directly the teacher came in, everyne was quiet. Instantly I saw her I recgnized her.
八.名词短语和介词短语引导的状语从句1. 常见的名词短语有 the mment（一就）, the minute（同上）, the day（那天）, the week（那周）, every time（每次，每当）, the last time（上次）, the first time（第一次）, next time（下次）及介词短语 by the time（到时）等。例如： I'll tell him the minute he cmes. Every time I meet him, he always ddges me and runs away quickly. We'll be ready by the time yu get back.
八.名词短语和介词短语引导的状语从句2. the mment/day/time 等后，如加上 when 或 that，后面的从句便成了定语从句，不再是状语从句。3. 注意：下面句子中 the last/first time 后省略了 when，其后是定语从句。 The last time (when) I travelled here, was in the spring f 2005. This is the first time (when) I have been here.4. 其余如 the instant, the secnd, each time, any time, the mrning, the mnth, the summer, the year 等，也可同样用作连词，引导时间状语从句。
地点状语从句通常由 where（在的地方）, wherever（无论哪里；在任何的地方）, everywhere（到处）, anywhere（任何地方，无论哪里）引导。例如： I hid it where yu will never find it. Wherever we g, we must wrk hard fr the peple. Everywhere(= Wherever) the went, they were warmly welcmed. We'll cme t meet yu anywhere(= wherever) yu like.
1. 原因状语从句一般由 because, since, as, fr, nw (that), as/s lng as 引导。例如： I study because I want t learn. Since yu've cme, we needn't g there. As I'm leaving tmrrw, I've bught yu a present. I asked her t stay t tea, fr I had smething t tell her. Nw that yu are here, yu can leave. As lng as we've driven this far, we might as well g n.
2. because, since, as 和 fr 均可表示原因。其中 because 语势最强，常表示人们不知道的直接原因。回答 why 的问题，以及在“It is/was ... that”强语势句型中，都只能用 because；since 语势较弱，常是人们已经知道的事实，一般译作“既然”；as 语势更弱，表示已为人们所知的理由或原因，多译为“由于”；fr 语势最弱，所表示的理由只是一种附带说明，fr 所引导的分句只能放在句子后部，也可单独成为一个句子。比较： I brught an umbrella because I think it might rain. Since it lks as thugh it might rain, I brught an unbrella. As it was raining, I brught an umbrella. I brught an umbrella, fr it was raining.
3. nw that 引导原因状语从句，通常还有时间或条件或时间的含义。例如： Nw that yu have left schl, yu will have t find a jb.4. seeing (that)（鉴于，由于，既然，因为）, cnsidering (that)（考虑到）, given (that)（考虑到）, prviding (that)（考虑到）也可用作连词。例如： Seeing that yu have grwn up, yu must deal with sme prblems n yur wn. Cnsidering he's nly been learning English a year he speaks it very well. Given that they are inexperienced, they've dne a gd jb.5. that（因为，由于）和 in that（因为，既然）也可引导原因状语从句。例如： Nt that I'm unwilling t d the jb, but I'm equal t it. Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us t crrect ur mistakes.
1. 带结果状语从句的句子和带原因状语从句的句子可看成是主从关系正相反的两个句子。例如： We were late s that the teacher was angry. The teacher was angry because we were late.2. 结果状语从句常由 s that, s ... that, such (a) ... that, that 引导。例如： I hadn't any mney with me s that I culd nt by the dictinary. It is s ht that I can't sleep. He tld such a funny stry that we all laughed. What was the matter with the fellw that he lked s happy?
3. s 后接形容词或副词，such 后接名词。但如果名词前有表示数量多少的形容词如 many, much, few, little 等修饰时，则用 s 而不用 such。例如： Yu tk s many materials that there was nt enugh left fr us. Jhn has s little mney that he can't by the bk.另外，“such a/an + 形容词 + 单数名词”也可替换为“s + 形容词 + a/an + 单数名词”的形式。例如： Mr Miller is such a busy man/s busy a man that he can't leave his ffice.4. s that, s ... that, such ... that 中的 that 可以省略，尤其是在口语中。
1. 条件状语从句一般由连词 if（如果）, suppse/suppsing（假如）, unless（除非）, as/s lng as（只要）, in case（如果）, n cnditin that（如果，在的条件下）, prvided (that)（如果的话，只要）, prviding that（如果的话，只要）, in the event that（如果是的话，如果）, assume/assuming (that)（假定）, n the assumptin that（假定）, but（若不，除非） 等引导。例句见下页。
1. If it rains tmrrw, we will stay at hme. Suppse/Suppsing that he is absent, what shall we d? I wn't g t the meeting unless he phnes me himself. As/S lng as yu wrk hard, yu'll succeed in the end. In case yu fail, yu must try again. I'll cme n cnditin that Jhn is invited, t. She will g prvided her friends can g als. Yu may g ut prviding yu d yur hmewrk first. In the event that he has nt been tld, I will tell him. Assuming that we can hld the meeting, what shall we discuss? We will rder tea fr 12 n the assumptin that all twelve will cme. But that I saw it, I wuldn't have believed it. I never think f summer but I think f childhd.
2. prvided (that)=prviding (that)，前者在正式文体中用的多一些。3. 条件状语从句分为真实条件句和非真实条件句。后者即我们平时所说的“虚拟语气”。比较： If yu ask him, he will help yu.（真实） If yu were a bird, yu culd fly.（非真实）
1. 目的状语从句一般由连词 s that, rder that, in case, fr fear (that), that 引导。例如： I'll give yu his telephne number, s that yu can call him whe yu arrive. He waved t the driver in rder that the bus might stp. He left early in case he shuld miss the last train. He handled the instrument with care fr fear that it shuld be damaged. They have died that liberty might live.译：为了自由他们献出了生命。
2. 目的状语从句和结果状语从句都可用 s that 引导。两种从句的根本区别是：（1）如果从句表示的是一种可能性，则是目的状语从句，s that 意为“以便，使能够，为的是”；如果表示的是一种事实，则是结果状语从句，意为“结果是，以致”。（2）目的状语从句中常有 may, might, can, culd, shuld, will, wuld 等情态动词，而结果状语从句中则不常有。（3）目的状语从句置于主句之后或之前均可，而结果状语从句只能置于主句之后。
2. 观察以下句子，可以对前述的区别有更好的理解： I'll give yu all the facts s that yu can judge fr yurself.（目的） S that I might get there in time, I tk an early bus.（目的） Gerge ften tld stries that weren't true, s that n ne believed him when he tld abut a deer in the schl yard.（结果） I tk an early bus, s that I gt there in time.（结果）3. 引导目的状语从句的 s that，也常省略 that 或 s。
1. 方式状语从句由连词 as（正如，按照）, as if/thugh （好像）, what（恰像，犹如，好比）引导。例如： He speaks English as an Englishman des. Yu shuld write as I tell yu t. Sn we were chatting away as if we had been ld friends. Air is t us what water is t fish. Petrl is t industry what bld is t man.* what 作“恰像；犹如；好比”讲时，用在 A is t B what C is t D 的句式中。意为“ A 对 B 的关系犹如 C 对 D 的关系”。
2. as if/thugh 引导的从句在连系动词 be, feel, lk, seem 等后，则为表语从句。as if/thugh 引导的从句中的谓语动词，根据其有可能性与否，而分别用陈述语气或虚拟语气。属比喻性或夸张性的说法，亦即非事实，必须用虚拟语气；表示确有可能，用陈述语气。例如： He fught as if his life was/were in danger.3. 现代英语中，尤其是在美国，人们常把 like 作为连词使用代替 as 或 as if，引导方式状语从句。例如： She's ding the wrk exactly like I want her d.4. as if/thugh 可以接一个不定式短语或介词短语作状语。例如： She paused, as if t let the painful memries pass.
让步状语从句一般由下列连词或短语引导： thugh, althugh, even if/thugh, if(= even if, even thugh), whever, whatever, whichever, hwever, whenever, wherever, n matter wh/what/which/when/where/ hw/whether, as（虽然）, whether ... r ..., while（尽管）, etc.例如： Thugh it was late, he went n wrking. Everyne agreed t this, althugh they were all in great danger.* althugh 和 thugh 常可换用，但前者语势更强。thugh 前可用表示强调意味的 even，而 althugh 前不可。thugh 可以后移而把表语放在句首，althugh 则不能，比如 Thugh he is pr ... = Pr thugh he is ...。** 表示让步时，thugh/althugh 和 but 只能用一个，但可以和 yet, still 连用。
Even if yu fall, yu will have gained experience. If he is little, he is strng. 译：虽然他个头小，但他力气大。 If I am wrng, yu are wrng, t. 译：就算我错了，你也错了。 I will g if I die fr it. 译：我死也要去。 Whenever I may g, I find him at his hks. Wherever he may be, he will be happy.* whenever 引导的让步状语从句同时也是时间状语从句，wherever 引导的让步状语从句同时也是地点状语从句，但它们的强调点不同。在时间、地点状语从句强调“任何时间、地点”，而在让步状语从句中强调的则是“无论在任何时间、地点”，相当于 n matter when/where。
** everywhere 有时起连词作用，引导让步状语从句，和 wherever 意思相近。例如： Everywhere I g, I find the same thing. N matter which bike yu chse, yu must let me knw. N matter whether yu have any mney r nt, yu can cme with us. Rich as she is, she never helps us. Child as he is/A yung child as he is, he knws much abut ftball.* as 引导的让步状语从句，详见“虚拟语气”一节。 Whether yu like it r nt, yu'll have t d it. While I like the clr f that, I dn't like the shape.
1. 比较状语从句一般由 as ... as ...（和一样）, nt s/as ... as ...（和不一样）, than（比）, “the + 形容词/副词比较级 ... the + 形容词/副词比较级”（越越）引导。在比较状语从句中经常只保留与主句比较的那部分，其他部分省略。例如： She's as pretty as her sister. Gerge desn't have as/s many bks as I have. He speaks English better than I (d). The higher we climbed, the clder the weather became.
2. 有些引导状语从句的从属连词前，可以加 nly, just, even 等，以加强语势。例如： She didn't cme t class nly because she was ill. Just when I rang my father up, my mther came in. Even as I wrte t yu, I gt yur letter.3. 在时间、条件和某些让步状语从句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： I'll give the pht t him after he cmes back. We'll g swimming if it is fine tmrrw. N matter what we d this afternn, they'll cme.
1. If we wrk with a strng will, we can vercme the difficulty, ____ great it is.A. what B. hwever C. whatever D. hw
2. Smene called me up in the middle f the night but they hung up ____ I culd answer the B. since C. until D. befre
3. I was s familiar with him that I recgnized his vice _____ I picked up the phne.A. immediately B. quickly C. suddenly D. hurriedly
4. We fund peple friendly____ we went.A. t which B. in which C. wherever D. t where
5. The day breaks, ____ the birds are singing.A. because B. as C. since D. fr
6. 翻译。（1）既然你已经来了，那就和我们一起唱歌跳舞吧。 Since yu have cme, jin us in singing and dancing.（2）虽然他是班里成绩最好的学生，但他仍有一些缺点。 Althugh he is the student with the highest grades, he still has sme drawbacks.（3）不论你选择哪一个，这都会影响你进一步的发展。 Whichever yu chse, it will have influence n yur further develpment.
时间状语从句 地点状语从句原因状语从句 结果状语从句条件状语从句 目的状语从句方式状语从句 让步状语从句比较状语从句
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