高考英语总复习题型二阅读理解课件

这是一份高考英语总复习题型二阅读理解课件，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了题型要求，命题分析，一理解主旨要义，语篇体裁，一记叙文，二说明文，三应用文，四论述文，考查形式，一细节理解题等内容，欢迎下载使用。

专题二 阅读理解
一、题型要求
该部分主要考查考生阅读理解书面英语的能力，共 15 小题，每小题 2.5 分。要求考生根据所提供的 4 篇短文内容(不少于 900 词)，从每小题所给的 4 个选项中选出最佳选项。该部分要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中普遍性话题的简短文章。
二、命题分析
(一)理解主旨要义
每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义，从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么事情(即文章的主题)，亦会知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，作者没有明示文章的主旨要义，需要读者从文章的字里行间进行归纳和概括。
(二)理解文中具体信息
文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节信息对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。具体信息有时可以直接从文章中获取，有时则需要进行归纳、概括或推断后才能得到。
(三)根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义
阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的单词和短语，但许多这类词语的含义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断词语含义的能力，是一个合格的读者必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读理解部分经常考查的一种能力。
(四)根据所读内容作出判断和推理
在实际的阅读活动中，常常需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行二级推理，推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势等。这种推理能力是阅读理解能力的重要构成部分，因而也是阅读理解部分重点考查的能力之一。
(五)理解文章的基本结构
阅读文章需要具备一定的语篇知识。文章作者常常会使用各种衔接手段使行文连贯。如果希望准确、深刻地理解文章，必须把握住全篇的基本结构，理清上下文的衔接关系，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。
(六)理解作者的意图、观点和态度
每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。而这些信息通常并不是明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。因此，读者需要在理解文章总体内容的基础上，去领会作者的言外之意。
三、语篇体裁
高考英语阅读理解文章的文体类型主要有：记叙文、说明文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。
(一)记叙文
记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明确表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清 who, what, when,where, why 与 how 等六要素。
记叙文又可分传记类和故事类。时间是传记类文章的关键，在阅读这类文章时，我们可以根据时间找到相关的事件,抓住文章的主要内容。故事类文章情节性较强,阅读时要注意故事中的时间、地点、人物和发生的事件,这些都是文章中的主要内容和信息,对于准确理解文章十分重要。
(二)说明文
说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍、解释或阐述的文章，多见于科普类文章。把握所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键。这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象。在阅读时，我们要弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式，把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。
(三)应用文
应用文涉及的范围比较广，包括广告、通知、书信等。应用文一般语言简洁，省略句及不规范的句子较多。阅读时一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息，并运用这些信息去解决问题。因此对题干的理解尤为重要。
(四)论述文
论述文处处都渗透着作者的个人观点和态度。阅读论述文时应该从文体的写作结构和特点入手。论述文的结构往往容易把握,主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词和关联词来组织段落、文章，因此对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的。此外，要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点,同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。
四、考查形式
高考阅读理解的考查形式主要有四大类：细节理解题、推
理判断题、主旨大意题、词义/句意猜测题。
(一)细节理解题
高考对英语篇章中事实细节的考查主要分为两种情况：一是直接细节类，有些问题可以或几乎可以直接在文章中找到答案，考生只要根据题干中的关键词与原文进行对照，就能找到答案；二是隐含细节类，这类题虽然不能直接从原文中找到对应的词或短语，但考生可以在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化，如通过计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。
常见的设问方式有：
1.特殊疑问句形式。以 when, where, what, which, who, how
much/many 等疑问词开头引出的问题。
2.是非题的形式。含有 true/false, wrong/right, not true/false或 except 等的判断是非的问题，选项通常是三正一误或三误一正，此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如 not，never 等。
3.以“ According to...”开头的提问方式。
4.填空题的形式。如：
(1)To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised
________.
(2)It seems that now a country's economy depends much on
________.
(3)If you are interested in knowing about what people's life
will be, you may visit ________.
(4)The policemen were told “to look the other way” (the
underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that ________.
(5)Choose the best order in which the people do ________.
(二)推理判断题
推理是指通过文章提供的信息得出文中没有明确提到的结论，因此在进行推理时必须以文中的有关内容作为前提和依据。判断是指对文章提供的事实进行分析，然后得出合理的结论，因此在进行判断时必须考虑文章的全部事实和信息。 阅读理解中对考生推理判断能力的考查要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对文中细节中隐含的信息和语篇逻辑关系的分析作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解作者所要传达的信息，得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。
推理判断题主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力和考生的识别能力。解答此类题要以文字信息为依据，既不能作出在原文中找不到依据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息进行多余推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。切忌以片面思考得出片面结论。考生切记，推理判断题必须把握住的一个原则是：正确选项必须是由文中事实推断出的另一个正确的事实，而不是文章细节的直接陈述。
常见的设问方式有：
What can be inferred from the text?What can we infer about/from...?
What do we know about...from the first/second...paragraph?Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to
the text?
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?What is the purpose of the last part of the text?What is the author's purpose in writing the text?What is the author's attitude toward the...?
Where is the passage most likely to be taken from?Where would this passage most probably appear?The passage is most likely a part of ________.
It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that ________.The passage suggests/implies that ________.
By the first sentence of the second paragraph the author means
________.
We can conclude that ________.
When the writer talks about..., what he really means is that
________.
(三)主旨大意题
主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，即考查考生的归纳概括能力。这类试题包括归纳文章标题(title)、概括文章或段落的主题以及中心思想(main idea)。这类题在设题时常含有 title, subject, main idea, topic, theme 等词。
常见的设问方式有：
Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
What is the best title for the text?
The best title/headline for this passage is ________.
The text/passage could be entitled ________.
What might be the most suitable title for the passage?
What is Paragraph...mainly talking about?
What is the text mainly about?
What is the general/main idea of this passage?
Which of the following expresses the main idea?
The passage/text is mainly about ________.
What's the topic of the article?
What's the subject discussed in the text?
(四)词义/句意猜测题
词义猜测题是高考阅读理解中的一种常见题型。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。它要求考生不但要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是词组、句意猜测题。因为猜测词组、句意涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。
在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。
常见的设问方式有：
As used in the passage, the phrase “...” suggests ________.
From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase/sentence
“...” is/refers to ________.
What does the underlined phrase/word/sentence “ ... ” in
Paragraph...refer to/mean?
What do you think the expression “...” stands for?
Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the
underlined word in the last paragraph?
The word “...” is closest in meaning to ________.
The word “ ... ” refers to/probably means/could best be
replaced by ________.
The word “...” is most likely to mean ________.
The word “it/they”in the last sentence refers to “________”.
The underlined word in the second paragraph means
“________”.
The underlined word “...”in Paragraph...can best be replaced
by “________”.
一、细节理解题1.直接信息题
该类试题的选项多根据原文中的信息直接进行考查。考生可先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中寻找细节，锁定与 who, what, when, where, why 等问题有关的细节及关键词后，然后比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，从而确定最佳选项。另外，广告、公告、演出信息、航班时间表等类别的文章常涉及快速寻找信息题。
在解答这类试题时，考生要抓住题干中的文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类试题的答案大都可以在文章中直接找到。凡是涉及 5W(who, what, when, where, why)和 5H(howsoon, how long, how often, how many/much, how about) 的 细节题，均可采取浏览或搜寻的方式进行解答。如果需要寻找事件发生的时间，注意力应放在日期上；寻找姓名和地点时，注意力应放在以大写字母开头的单词上。
考生可通过文章的结构预测所要搜寻的信息在文中可能出现的位置，以便阅读时具有一定的选择性和针对性。浏览材料时，应注意有针对性地选择出有关部分，进行仔细阅读，找出问题的答案。
例
(2020 年新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解 A)
Train Information All customers travelling on TransLink services must be inpossession of a valid ticket before boarding.For ticket information，please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30. While Queensland Rail makes every effort to ensure trains runas scheduled ， there can be no guarantee of connections betweentrains or between train services and bus services.
Lost property (失物招领)
Call Lost Property on 13 16 17 during business hours for
items lost on Queensland Rail services.
The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7：30 a.m.to
5：00 p.m.and is located (位于) at Roma Street station.
Public holidays
On public holidays, generally a Sunday timetable operates.On
certain major event days, i.e.Australia Day, Anzac Day, sporting
and cultural days, special additional services may operate.
Christmas Day services operate to a Christmas Day timetable.
Before travel please visit translink.com.au or call TransLink on 13
12 30 anytime.
Customers using mobility devices
Many stations have wheelchair access from the car park or
entrance to the station platforms.For assistance, please call
Queensland Rail on 13 16 17.
Guardian trains (outbound)
21.What would you do to get ticket information?A.Call 13 16 17.B.Visit translink.com.au.C.Ask at the local station.D.Check the train schedule.
解析：选 C
细节理解题。 根据首段 第二句“For ticket
information, please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.”，可知查询车票信息，可向当地的车站询问或拨打 131230。A 项的号码与原文不符合。故选 C。
22.At which station can you find the lost property office?
A.Altandi.
B.Roma Street.
C.Varsity Lakes.
D.Fortitude Valley.
解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据“Lost property”部分中第二段“The lost property office...is located at Roma Street station.”，可知失物招领处位于 Roma Street。故选 B。
2.间接理解题
该类试题的四个选项不出现在原文中的直接信息里而是借助同义转换、概念解析、归纳事实等方法对原文信息进行适当变换。回答时，一定以文章所谈到的内容为依据，切忌凭自己的观点和经验去选择不符合文章内容的答案。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换或简单换算)。
例
(2020 年新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解 C)
In the mid­1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer inUzbekistan.He left after seven months, physically broken andhaving lost his mind.A few years later, still attracted to the country,he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about thedisappearance of the Aral Sea. His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more thanthat.Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts ofEmpire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from
Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been
destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea.It is the story of an
American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets
on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24 ­ year ­ old who
picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his
hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness
and warmth, but also its darker side of society.In Samarkand,
Mr.Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to
Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug
dealing.In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral (葬礼) followed
by a strange drinking party.And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened
by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the
sea.
Mr.Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural
references, making his tale a well ­rounded picture of Uzbekistan,
seen from Western eyes.His judgment and references are decidedly
American, as well as his delicate stomach.As the author explains,
this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of
reportage.Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of
the purest of Central Asian traditions.
8.What made Mr.Bissell return to Uzbekistan?
A.His friends' invitation.
B.His interest in the country.
C.His love for teaching.
D.His desire to regain health.
解析：选 B
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A few years
later, still attracted to the country...(几年后毕塞尔仍然被这个国家所吸引……)”，可知毕塞尔对乌兹别克斯坦感兴趣，所以他才返回这个国家。A 项“朋友们的邀请”，C 项“对教育的热爱”，D 项“想要恢复健康”均与原文不相关。故选 B。
3.数字计算题
数字计算题可涉及年代、年龄、时间、金钱等方面的计算。此类试题分为直接考查和计算考查。直接考查是根据文中信息很容易地确定答案；对于计算考查，在文章中虽有相关的事实细节，但一般要经过具体的计算才能得出正确的答案。 数字计算题要求考生根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算得出正确的结论。这类计算比较简单，关键是要弄清数据间的逻辑关系，选准所需的数字，掌握单位换算关系，确定计算方法。在处理数字计算题时，首先通读题
干，明确题目要求，然后迅速找到与之相关的数据，对其进行分析、整合，并结合题干计算出正确答案。对于数据较多、项目复杂、时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。
例
(2018 年江苏卷·阅读理解 A)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art1000 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10028211­535­7710 www.metmuseum.orgEntrancesFifth Avenue at 82nd StreetHoursOpen 7 days a week.Sunday—Thursday 10：00—17：30Friday and Saturday 10：00—21：00
Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25, January 1, and the
first Monday in May.
Admission
$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for
students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters ( 回廊) on
the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.
Free with Admission
All special exhibitions, as well as films, lectures, guided tours,concerts, gallery talks, and family/children's programs are free withadmission.
Ask about today's activities at the Great Hall Information
Desk.
The Cloisters Museum and Gardens
The Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The
Metropolitan Museum of Art devoted to the art and architecture of
Europe in the Middle Ages.The extensive collection consists of
masterworks in sculpture, colored glass, and precious objects from
Europe dating from about the 9th to the 15th century.
Hours: Open 7 days a week.
March—October 10：00—17：15 November—February 10：00—16：45 Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25, and January 1. 56.How much may they pay if an 11 ­ year ­ old girl and herworking parents visit the museum?
A.$12.
B.$37.
C.$50.
D.$62.
解析：选 C 数字计算题。根据“Admission”部分可知，11岁的女孩和她父母去参观博物馆只需付两个成人的票价即25×2＝50。故选 C。
4.排列顺序题
排列顺序类细节理解题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后要求学生根据文章内容对选项中的事实进行排序。
这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。做此类试题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即找出事件发展的首与尾，迅速缩小范围，从而快速选出正确选项；或直接逐一用排除法按顺序排除，得出正确选项。排列顺序题常出现在记叙文和说明文中，一般按事件发生的顺序。
常见的设问方式有：
Which of the following is the correct order of...?
Which of the following shows the path of signals described in
Paragraph...?
例
It was Groundhog Day.A winter storm had hit overnight, too.I
tried to open my backdoor only to find six inches of wet, heavy
snow piled up against it.I knew I had quite a job of shoveling out
ahead of me, so I reached over to grab my snow shovel.It looked a
lot more ready to work than I did.I sighed and pulled on my boots,
gloves, and heavy coat.
The wind chill was below zero and cut into my face as I
slowly shoveled off my deck.After that, I stayed my way over to
my daughter's house shoveling the path as I walked.It took a while
to get her driveway clear and I knew I still had a lot to do.Next
came the paths down the hill to my own cars covered in snow.I had
grabbed the broom to sweep them off as well.I winced when the
breeze blew the swept snow back into my face.Then I started to
shovel out my driveways.My back was aching as I worked.I wished
I could be building a snowman instead of shoveling.Winter surely
had seemed a lot more fun when I was a boy.
After it was done, I examined my work.It didn't look half
bad.I smiled and looked at the woods covered in white.They were
such a special sight.I leaned on my shovel and took it all in.Then I
started up the hill with the snow shovel in one hand and the broom
in the other.Suddenly, an urge came over me and I dropped them
both.I spread my arms, fed back into the blanket of white and
happily moved my arms and legs to make an angel in the snow.
As you go through the seasons of this life, take joy in your
work and take joy in your life.Remember that the course of your
days rests in your own hands.
Which is the correct order of what the author shoveled?
A.his deck—his daughter's driveway—his cars—his driveway.B.his cars—his deck—his daughter's driveway—his driveway.
C.his daughter's driveway—his deck—his driveway—his cars.
D.his driveway—his daughter's driveway—his cars—his deck.
解析：选 A
排列顺序题。根据第二段中的“The wind chill
was below zero and cut into my face as I slowly shoveled off mydeck.After that, I stayed my way over to my daughter's houseshoveling the path as I walked.It took a while to get her drivewayclear and I knew I still had a lot to do.Next came the paths downthe hill to my own cars covered in snow.I had grabbed the broom tosweep them off as well.I winced when the breeze blew the sweptsnow back into my face.Then I started to shovel out mydriveways.”可知，作者铲雪的先后顺序是：他的木制平台——女儿的车道——他自己的汽车——他的车道。故选 A。
二、推理判断题1.推断隐含意义题
此 类 试 题 的 标 志 性 词 及 短 语 有 infer, suggest, imply,conclude, indicate, intend, be likely to 等。阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息，即作者所要传达的信息。有时读者需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性。做题时要注意：全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考、得出片面结论；忠实原文，切忌脱离原文、凭空臆断；切忌选择表层信息类的答案，应该立足于已知，推断未知。
常见的设问方式有：
It can be inferred/concluded from the text that ________.
The author implies/suggests that ________.
We may infer that ________.
Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?
例
(2020 年新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解 C)
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for theenvironmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn't cross yourmind.But some ecologists and fashion (时装) enthusiasts are tryingto bring back the market for fur made from nutria (海狸鼠). Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn haveshowcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “ Itsounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur—unless you understandthat the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year，” saysCree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to
pay hunters $5 a tail.Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows
like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and
let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can't handle thisnon ­native species (物种).It's destroying the environment.It's themor us，” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the
market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat­sized animals
multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for
Louisiana.He says it's not easy to convince people that nutria fur is
green, but he has no doubt about it.Hunters bring in more than
300，000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton's job these days is
trying to promote fur.
Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions.A model
says, “To give people a guilt ­ free option that they can wearwithout someone throwing paint on them —I think that's going tobe a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer
Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion
that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable.She's
trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it
is eco-friendly.
31.What can we infer about wearing fur in New Yorkaccording to Morgan?
A.It's formal.C.It's harmful.解析：选 B
B.It's risky. D.It's traditional.推断隐含意义题。根据最后一段中的“To give
people...in New York.” ，提到“给人们一种无愧疚感的选择”，“人们可以穿裘皮服装而不被泼油漆”。由此可知，在纽约穿裘皮服装是有风险的。故选 B。
2.推断作者观点、态度或写作目的和意图题
此类试题是阅读理解中难度较大的试题，要求考生不仅理解文章的全部事实和细节，掌握全篇的主题，还要推测作者的观点、态度、写作目的或意图等。做题时，考生要注意不要把自己的态度揉入其中，也要区分开作者的态度和作者描述的别人的态度。当作者没有明确表达自己的态度时，要根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断。
(1)观点态度题
该类题指考查作者的观点和态度以及文章基调的题，例如作者对陈述的观点是赞成、反对还是中立，是肯定、否定还是不置可否，对描写和记叙的人、物或事件是喜欢还是厌恶，是同情还是冷漠，或仅仅是客观陈述。这类题除了考查作者在整篇文章中所表现的态度和观点外，有的还考查作者对具体的某个人或事物的态度或评价。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的结论中，或流露于修饰性的词语之中。
常见的设问方式有：
What is the author's attitude towards...?
What is the author's opinion on...?
The author's tone in this passage is ________.常用的解题技巧有：
①寻找文中具有感情色彩的形容词、副词或动词，根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度。常见的表示态度的词有：
(续表)
②作者的观点一般与文章主旨相关联，因此可以抓住论述
的主线及举例的方式。
③多注意文章开头、结尾等传达作者感情倾向的地方。④不要掺杂自己的观点。
例 1
(2020 年新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解 C)
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running,research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries.Itdoes, however, have its own problem. Race walkers are conditioned athletes.The longest track andfield event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk,which is about five miles longer than the marathon.But the sport'srules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through mostof the leg swing and one foot remain in contact ( 接 触 ) with theground at all times.It's this strange form that makes race walking
such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, anassistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University inSalem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, shesays.According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace
of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories ( 卡路里) per
hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burnwalking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn
about 1，000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much asrunning does, Dr.Norberg says.According to her research, runnershit the ground with as much as four times their body weight perstep, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create onlyabout 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated withrunning, such as runner's knee, are uncommon among racewalkers.But the sport's strange form does place considerable stresson the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuriesmight want to be cautious in adopting the sport.In fact, anyone
wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach orexperienced racer to learn proper technique, she says.It takes somepractice. 31.Which word best describes the author's attitude to racewalking?
A.Skeptical.C.Tolerant.解析：选 B
B.Objective. D.Conservative.观点态度题。根据第一段可知，竞走有很多
益处，不过它也有一些问题。作者对于竞走的优缺点都有提及，从事实出发，由此判断作者的态度是客观的。故选 B。
例 2
(2020 年新课标Ⅲ卷·阅读理解 C)
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old atrisk of isolation (孤独), more families are choosing to live together. The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leadsstraight to his mother ­in ­law: she lives on the ground floor, whilehe lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters. Four years ago they all moved into a three ­ storey Victorianhouse in Bristol—one of a growing number of multigenerationalfamilies in the UK living together under the same roof.They share afront door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her ownkitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house，” saysKathryn Whitehead.Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick
because I think it's a big thing for Nick to live with his
mother-in-law.”
And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems
to work very well.Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”
It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but
research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some
time.Official reports suggest that the number of households with
three generations living together had risen from 325，000 in 2001 to419，000 in 2013. Other varieties of multigenerational family are morecommon.Some people live with their elderly parents; many moreadult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left.It issaid that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents,
compared
with
16%
in
1991.The
total
number
of
all
multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world wheremultigenerational living is more firmly rooted.In India, particularlyoutside cities, young women are expected to move in with theirhusband's family when they get married. 29.What is Nick's attitude towards sharing the house with hismother­in­law?
A.Positive.C.Tolerant.解析：选 A
B.Carefree. D.Unwilling.观点态度题。根据第五段可知，“从我的角
度来看，一切都很顺利……我想我会推荐在一起居住”。由此判断出，尼克对和岳母合住房子的态度是积极的。故选 A。
(2)写作意图题
该类题多出现在记叙文或夹叙夹议类的文章中。如果是议论文，应该抓住作者的论点和论据；如果是记叙文，应该特别注意总结性的文字。 常见的设问方式有：
The purpose of the text is ________.
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?
By mentioning..., the author aims to show that ________.
询问写作意图的题目，选项里常出现的词有：explain(解释),prove( 证 明 ), persuade( 劝 说 ), advise( 劝 告 ), comment( 评 论 ),praise( 赞扬), criticize( 批评), entertain( 娱乐), demonstrate(证明),argue(辩论), tell(讲述), analyze(分析)等。不同的文章可能有不同的写作意图，但写作意图通常有以下三种：
①to entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑)：常见于个人经历
或故事类的文章。
②to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告类文章或议论文。广告是作者要推销的一种产品或一种服务：吸引更多的游客、读者或订户、观众等。议论文是为了说服读者接受或赞同某一观点。
③to inform readers(告知或提供给读者某些信息)：多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性的文章。弄清其写作意图，需要找准主题句，把握文章主旨。
因此，考生可以根据文体类别、写作手法来推断文章的写
作意图或目的。
例
(2020 年新课标Ⅲ卷·阅读理解 D)
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution thatoccurred billions of years ago.As scientists look deeper into ourgenes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in justthe past few thousand years.People in Ethiopian highlands haveadapted to living at high altitudes.Cattle-raising people in EastAfrica and northern Europe have gained a mutation ( 突 变 ) thathelps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of
researchers reported a new kind of adaptation—not to air or to food,but to the ocean.A group of sea ­dwelling people in Southeast Asia
have evolved into better divers.The Bajau, as these people areknown, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia,Malaysia and the Philippines.They have traditionally lived on
houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱)in coastal waters.“They are simply a stranger to the land，” said
Redney C.Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studiesthe Bajau.
Dr.Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal
Island in the Philippines.They made a living as divers, spearfishing
or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stayunderwater much longer than us local islanders，”Dr.Jubilado said.“I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at
the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau.She
wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of
physical characteristics that made the task easier for them.“It
seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a
population ，” said Dr.Ilardo.She also said there were likely a
number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
32.What does the author want to tell us by the examples in
Paragraph 1?
A.Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.
B.New knowledge of human evolution.
C.Recent findings of human origin.
D.Significance of food selection.
解析：选 B 推理判断题。根据首段第一、二句，“当科学家更深入地研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子”可知，作者列举第一段的例子目的是告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在过去几千年也在进化。故选 B。
3.推断文章出处或读者对象
这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处或写作类型，而判断读者对象主要通过寻找关键的信息词。以下是一些常见的文章类型：
(1)报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。(2)广告：因其用词和格式特殊，容易辨认。
(3)产品说明：器皿、设备等的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。
(4)网络：文中会出现 click here(点击此处)，online(在线)，
web(网络)，website(网址)等关键词。
(5)展览手册：会提供有关展览的各方面信息。常见的设问方式有：
The passage is probably taken out of/taken from ________.The passage would most likely be found in ________.The passage is most likely a part of ________.The text is intended for________.
Where does this text probably come from?For whom the text is most probably written?
例 1
(2019 年新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解 C)
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common,the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologies—likefingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces.At present,these technologies are still expensive, though. Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come upwith a low ­ cost device ( 装置 ) that gets around this problem: asmart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures thecadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply
to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by
analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time
between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus,
the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension,
whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected
to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people
aren't already familiar with.Everybody uses a keyboard and
everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100
volunteers type the word “ touch ” four times using the smart
keyboard.Data collected from the device could be used to recognize
different participants based on how they typed, with very low error
rates.The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty
straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of
inexpensive, plastic­like parts.The team hopes to make it to market
in the near future.
31.Where is this text most likely from?
A.A diary.C.A novel.
B.A guidebook.D.A magazine.
解析：选 D 文章出处题。原文介绍的是智能键盘，且根据文章中的“biometric (生物测量)”“device (装置)”“researchers”等词，可见文章用词比较严谨，其他 A、B 和 C 三个选项(日记、指南或小说)的体裁的文章用词应简单易懂，与杂志上报道的研究有很大不同。故选 D。
例 2
(2019 年山西省太原市高三一模)
Dear Durhammers， Durham has been your home in the past three years.This is anappropriate moment in time to invite you as a group of “tourists”in this special exploration.We would also like to congratulate youon your forthcoming transition from being a Durhammer to amember of society.Please see information below on offers andactivities to assist with planning your coming celebrations. View details of special offers for Winter Assembly at：
http：//www.dur.ac.uk/ceremonies/congregation/offers/
●Sign up to keep in touch with Durham University and get a
goody bag sponsored by the ALUMNI team.
● 20% discount on pre ­ ordered Durham University
Merchandise with the ticket code WGRADUATE2019 (Or you
have to pay the full price at the shop).
●Pre­order your photographs and receive a discounted rate.●Free entry to the exhibitions at Palace Green Library for
you and your guests (with tickets).
● Purchase a diploma container to keep your degree
certificate safe.Please check：
https：//www.dur.ac.uk/student.registry/qualifications/order/●Details of celebration events being held in Departments and
Colleges are published at：
https：//www.dur.ac.uk/ceremonies/congregation/celebrations/Information on the highlight of the celebration，including but
not limited to the opportunity to go out for BBQ and camping at
Botanic Garden is published at：
https：//www.dur.ac.uk/campusperks/whatsnewon/ceremonies/
We also hope very much that you will come and meet us and
colleagues at the ceremony，which is a traditional and magnificentpublic presentation of your diploma and award ，and it is alwaysmemorable and fun.You will have already received a formal e­mail
invitation, but this is just to say that we hope to meet you there and
congratulate you in person.
Yours sincerely，
Sir Thomas Allen
Who is the letter intended for?A.Visitors exploring the campus.B.Graduates from Durham University.C.Colleagues in Durham University.D.Organizers of the ALUMNI Group.
解析：选 B
读者对象题。根据第一段中的“Durham has
been your home in the past three years.” 以及“We would also liketo congratulate you on your forthcoming transition from being aDurhammer to a member of society.”可知，这封信是写给 Durham大学的毕业生。故选 B。
4.推理文章的篇章结构
篇章结构题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上，对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点的过程中使用的方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。
一是考查对文章整体结构的把握。解题关键在于找出篇章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词，如表时间、方位、因果关系或对比的关联词等。一般可细读文章，根据其内在的逻辑关系及内容进行判断。二是考查根据现有文章预测后文的能力。对于推测作者接下来要叙述的事件或将要发表的观点题，要在正
确理解篇章内容的基础上对文章的发展作出合理的推断。通常最后一段或某段最后一句给读者充分的证据对后文进行推测；或是说明了两个对象中的一个；或是只讲了区别，未讲联系；或是只给出了理论解释，而缺少事例的证明。
考生可根据文章的写作方法总结文章结构，常见的组织文章的写作方法有：(1)时间顺序，即按时间先后顺序说明某一事件的发展，或某一研究由过去到现在的发展情况；(2)空间顺序，即按照事物的空间结构顺序，从左到右，或从内到外，或从整体到局部等进行描写或说明；(3)举例论述，即用所列的事物来
论证观点，通常是列举一些数据、事例等；(4)对比或类比，即对比各事物之间的共同点或差异，以突出文章主题；(5)解释，即对专业术语、新事物或新现象进行阐述，降低阅读难度；(6)分析，即分析某事物或现象发生的原因；(7)描述，即抓住人物的特征、事情的关键情节发展或对重要景物进行详尽、细致的描述，以突出中心思想。
常见的文章结构有：(1)说明文结构：下定义(介绍)→描写/解说(例子、比较、类比)→结论；(2)议论文结构：论点(话题/观点)→论据(事实、举例、理论)→结论；(3)记叙文结构：描写故事的发生经过(时间线索)→结局(惊人的、幽默的等)。
常见的设问方式有：
How is the text/passage organized?
The first paragraph is used as.../to...
At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write
________.
Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
The author develops the passage mainly by ________.
例 1
Why College Is Not Home
The college years are supposed to be a time for important
growth in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult
identity.However, now they are becoming an extended period of
adolescence, during which many of today's students are not
shouldered with adult responsibilities.
For previous generations, college was a decisive break from
parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people
of the same age and from within.In the past two decades, however,
continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cell
phones, e­mail and social media, have increased significantly.Some
parents go so far as to help with coursework.Instead of promoting
the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to
autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the
idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the
home.
To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, collegeneeds to be a time of exploration and experimentation.This processinvolves “trying on ” new ways of thinking about oneself bothintellectually ( 在思维方面 ) and personally.While we shouldprovide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe toexpress opinions and challenge majority views.Intellectual growthand flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.
Learning to deal
with the
social
world is equally
important.Because a college community (群体) differs from the
family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging.Ifstudents rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and
thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding anidentity within a larger and complex community.
Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shapestudent behavior runs up against another characteristic of youngadults: the response to being controlled by their elders.If acceptable
social behavior is too strictly defined ( 规定 ) and controlled, the
insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking tominimize may actually be encouraged.
It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out,particularly when there are reasons to do so.Our generation oncejoined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency.What islacking today is the conflict between adolescent's desire forautonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world.Therefore,there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and notplaces to experience intellectual growth. Every college discussion about community values, social
climate
and
behavior
should
include
recognition of
the
developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation,of the necessary tension between safety and self­discovery. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in thepassage?
A.
B.
C: ConclusionP: Point
I: IntroductionSp: Sub-point(次要点)
C.
D.
解析：选 C 篇章结构题。文章的第一段和第二段是介绍，第三段是论点一，论述了大学应当培养学生的思维能力和个人能力；第四、五、六段是论点二，论述了大学生的社交能力的重要性，第五段提出了学校对大学生社交行为的管理与学生性格特点间的冲突的分论点，第六段提出了大学生追求自主与世界安全间的冲突的分论点，最后一段是对文章的概括总结。故选 C。
例 2
When people find themselves in difficult conflicts, they often
turn to mediation (调解).Mediators are advised to listen attentively,
avoid favoring the ideas of one party, and make both sides feel at
ease.Surprisingly, new research that my colleagues and I conducted
suggests that, to effectively help people settle their conflicts,
mediators should adopt a hostile ( 敌对的 ) attitude rather than a
calming one.A hostile mediator, we find, brings better results than a
nice one.
Why would adding more negativity ( 消极性 ) to an alreadyhostile situation prove beneficial ？Consider how parents typicallyreact when they can't get their children to stop quarreling：“I don'tcare who started it—both of you, go to your rooms！”At first sight,
a calm mediator seems likely to be more effective.But as anyone
with brothers or sisters knows, parents' seemingly unsympathetic
treatment of the situation can have an unusual effect.Children who
were troubling each other just now suddenly become more
reasonable due to their unkind parents.
In our research, we created situations in which pairs of
negotiators were part of a heated conflict.In some cases, the
mediator had a “nice ” approach —calm and polite.In others, he
was hostile—aggressive and somewhat rude.Across different types
of conflicts, we found that negotiators were more willing and able
to reach an agreement in the presence of a hostile mediator than in
the presence of a nice one.
The main result of the test is not that hostility pays off.In fact,
recent research has documented the social costs of negative
behavior.For example, being the target of rude behavior reduces
people's performance on a variety of tasks.Other research shows
the social benefits of positive behavior.People are more likely to
close deals and become future business partners.
Even with the widespread social benefits of positive behavior
and costs of negative behavior, hostility can pay off in certain
situations.
How does the author support his viewpoints?A.By giving examples and experimenting.B.By analyzing causes and effects.C.By presenting facts.D.By making comparison.
解析：选 A
写作手法题。根据第二段第二句“Consider
how parents typically react when they can't get their children to stopquarreling...”和第三段中对所做实验的介绍可知，作者通过举例子和做实验来证明观点。故选 A。
三、主旨大意题
1.文章主旨或段落大意题
文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是文章中心思想的有机组成部分。因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解题的关键。
段落大意是指一篇文章的各个段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的概括。概括段落大意时，一定要在把握全段或全文中心思想的基础上进行，做到围绕中心展开。段落大意要用明确、完整、简洁的语句表达。
“
寻找文章主题的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。 主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾(含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句)。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。解
题时，我们通常采用浏览的方式，仔细选读文章的首尾段和首尾句(包括每一段的首尾句)，重点搜索主题线索和脉络。以下阐述五种主题呈现的方式：
(1)开门见山式：即主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、论证或发展主题思想。这种写作手法叫作演绎法，在英语文章中尤为常见，这种文章的主题句最容易找到，故主题思想显而易见。
(2)藏头露尾式：即主题句出现在文尾。即文章先阐述了细节，然后归纳要点，得出结论，概括主题，也叫归纳写作法。这一类文章的主题句也很明显，不难找到。
(3)首尾呼应式：即在有些文章中，为了突出主题，作者在文章开头提出主题，接着进行阐述或论证，在结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也很常见。值得注意的是，前后两个主题句不是简单的重复，再次出现的主题句往往是前面主题句的进一步引申或发展。
(4)抛砖引玉式：即文章的开头只是提出一个问题或者貌似正确的观点，而真正的主题则是通过对问题的解析和引申，或是通过责问或驳论的方式导出主题。
(5)藏龙卧虎式：即主题句隐含在全文当中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，要求考生根据文章的细节来分析、概括，从而推导出文章的主题。具体方法是：首先弄清楚各个段落讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，寻找共同点，然后加以归纳，从而形成主题。
常见的设问方式有：
What is Paragraph...mainly talking about?
What is the text mainly about?
What is the main idea of this passage?
What does this passage mainly discuss?
例 1
(2020 年新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解 B)
Some parents will buy any high ­tech toy if they think it willhelp their child, but researchers said puzzles help children withmath­related skills. Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematicsdevelopment in young children at the University of Chicago, foundchildren who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later developbetter spatial skills. “ Puzzle play was found to be a significantpredictor of cognition ( 认知 ) after controlling for differences in
parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk，” Levine
said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child ­parent
pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who
play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better
spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better thanthose who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate (旋转) and translate shapes，” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as theynormally would, and about half of the children in the study played
with puzzles at one time.Higher ­ income parents tended to have
children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girlswho played with puzzles had better spatial skills.However, boystended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and theparents of boys provided more spatial language and were more
active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental
Science.
27.What is the text mainly about?A.A mathematical method.B.A scientific study.C.A woman psychologist.D.A teaching program.
解析：选 B
主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏
的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素、研究过程和结果。所以文章大意是关于科学研究的。故选 B。
例 2
(2020 年新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解 D)
The connection between people and plants has long been thesubject of scientific research.Recent studies have found positiveeffects.A study conducted in Youngstown ， Ohio, for example,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.Inanother，employees were shown to be 15% more productive whentheir workplaces were decorated with houseplants. The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) have taken it a step further—changing the actual
composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even
unusual functions.These include plants that have sensors printed
onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant
that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.“We're thinking
about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things
that we use every day，” explained Michael Strano, a professor of
chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow (发光)
in experiments using some common vegetables.Strano's team found
that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours.The
light，about one­thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just
a start.The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light
the rooms or even to turn trees into self­powered street lamps. In the future ， the team hopes to develop a version of the
technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off
treatment that would last the plant's lifetime.The engineers are also
trying to develop an on and off “switch” where the glow would
fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity
consumed in the U.S.Since lighting is often far removed from the
power source ( 电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to
street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during
transmission ( 传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and
therefore help save energy.
32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A.A new study of different plants.
B.A big fall in crime rates.
C.Employees from various workplaces.
D.Benefits from green plants.
解析：选 D 段落大意题。第一段提及城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高 15%。所以第一段主要讲述了绿色植物的益处。故选 D。
2.标题归纳题
文章标题就是对文章主要意思的概括，既要精练又要准确。首先，标题应具有概括性，即准确而简短，一般多为一个短语，标题的用词不应为太具体的细节描述，而要站在全文的角度进行归纳；其次，标题应具有针对性，对全文的核心或主题一针见血，所表达的内容不能超出或多于文章阐述的内容；最后，标题应具有醒目性，即新颖巧妙，能引发读者的阅读兴趣。 选择文章标题时应注意以下几点：(1)要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑选项与文章主题是否有密切的关系；(2)判断选项
对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何，是范围过大还是过小；(3)要避免下列三种错误：概括不够(多表现为部分代替整体，从而导致不能全面概括文章大意)；过度概括(多表现为标题概括的内容超出了文章大意)；以事实或细节代替抽象或具体的大意。
常见的设问方式有：
Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
What is the best title for the text?
What might be the most suitable title for the passage?
The best title for this text is ________.
例 1
(2020 年天津卷·阅读理解 D)
After years of observing human nature, I have decided thattwo qualities make the difference between men of greatachievement and men of average performance: curiosity anddiscontent.I have never known an outstanding man who lackedeither.And I have never known an average man who had both.Thetwo belong together. Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for muchmore than ambition.Galileo was not merely ambitious when he
dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisaand timed their fall to the ground.Like Galileo, all the great namesin history were curious and asked in discontent, “ Why? Why?Why？” Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don't have to belearned.We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man，” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who doesnot lose his child's heart.” Yet most of us do lose it.We stop asking
questions.We stop challenging custom.We just
follow the
crowd.And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average.It
encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish
leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with
hesitation.But once having met and liked them, we think how
terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance.We will
probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and
discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become
discouraged.I think of one friend who couldn't arrange flowers to
satisfy herself.She was curious about how the experts did it.How
she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses.You haven't
any special ability? Most people don't; there are only a few
geniuses.You haven't any time? That's good, because it's always the
people with no time who get things done.Harriet Stowe, mother of
six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom's Cabin while cooking.You're too old?
Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first
novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she
was 78.
However you start, remember there is no better time to start
than right now, for you'll never be more alive than you are at this
moment.
55.What could be the best title of the passage?A.Curious Minds Never Feel ContentedB.Reflections on Human NatureC.The Keys to AchievementD.Never Too Late to Learn
解析：选 C
标题归纳题。本文主要论述了影响人们成就
大小的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。C 项“The Keys toAchievement”(成就的要诀)适合做本文的标题。故选 C。
例 2
(2020 年浙江卷·阅读理解 C)
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking,planning and other managerial skills might help your brain staysharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journalNeurology suggests. Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germanygathered more than 1 ，000 retired workers who were over age 75and assessed the volunteers' memory and thinking skills through abattery of tests.Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same
group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same
sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating (刺激), demanding
jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests.And they
tended to lose cognitive (认知) function at a much slower rate than
those with the least mentally challenging jobs.The results held true
even after the scientists accounted for the participants' overall
health status.
“ This works just like physical exercise ，” says FranciscaThen, who led the study.“After a long run, you may feel like you're
in pain, you may feel tired.But it makes you fit.After a long day at
work—sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay
healthy.”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help
keep your brain fit, Then points out.A waiter's job, for example,
that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision­making could bejust as stimulating as any high-level office work.And “running a
family household requires high-level planning and coordinating (协调)，” she says.“You have to organize the activities of the childrenand take care of the bills and groceries.”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of
reasons — including other environmental influences or genetic
factors.Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping
your mind busy can only help.
30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A.Retired Workers Can Pick Up New SkillsB.Old People Should Take Challenging JobsC.Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You SharpD.Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
解析：选 C
标题归纳题。第一段是本文的主题句，文章
主要讲述了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏锐。故选 C。
四、词义/句意猜测题
1.某个单词或词组的意思
此类题主要考查考生能否根据上下文理解某个单词或词组的含义；其中以根据上下文来推测生词的含义为主，也包括推测一些熟悉的词汇在文中的特定含义。
(1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。通过上下文的具体信息猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常见的一种命题形式。考生可以根据上下文中的描述，即作者为帮助读者更深、更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写，从而来确定词语的含义。
(2)根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面的词义进行猜测。
(3)根据构词法(合成、派生、转化等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。如前缀 un-表示反义词；后缀-ment 表示名词；后缀-er, ­or, ­ist 表示同源名词等。
(4)根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。通过因果关系猜词，首先要找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词( 如because, as, since, for, so, thus, therefore, as a result 等)表示前因后果。
(5)根据同义关系进行猜测
当词或短语之间有并列连词 and 或 or 时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，从而推知其大致意思。
(6)根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如 but,while, however 等； 二是 根据 上下句的连接词， 如 however,otherwise 等，就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。也可以根据与 not 搭配的或表示否定意义的词语来判断。另外，分号也可以表示转折或对比的意义。
(7)利用例证猜词
为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助我们猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如 such as, for example, for instance,like 等。
(8)利用词义搭配关联猜词
任何一个单词在句子中总是与其他词是相关联的，我们可
以通过这些前后的关联来猜测生词的词义。
例 1
(2020 年新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解 B)
Returning to a book you've read many times can feel likedrinks with an old friend.There's a welcome familiarity—but alsosometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, andthus the relationship.But books don't change, people do.And that'swhat makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative. The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with thework is based on our present mental register.It's true, the older I get,the more I feel time has wings.But with reading, it's all about the
present.It's about the now and what one contributes to the now,
because reading is a give and take between author and reader.Each
has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually.The first, which I take
to reading every spring is, Ernest Hemingway's A Moveable
Feast.Published in 1964, it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.The
language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的) ， an aging writer
looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time.Another is Annie
Dillard's Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about
everything and nothing.The third book is Julio Cortazar's SaveTwilight: Selected Poems, because poetry.And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to
me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I attach to them.But I
imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,
rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay
them.The best books are the ones that open further as time
passes.But remember, it's you that has to grow and read and reread
in order to better understand your friends.
26.What does the underlined word “currency” in Paragraph4 refer to?
A.Debt.C.Allowance.解析：选 B
B.Reward. D.Face value.词义猜测题。单词所在的句子意思为：虽然
金钱确实是必要的，但是重新阅读作品是读者能支付给作者的最高回报。由此判断出画线词的意思是“回报”。故选 B。
例 2
(2020 年新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解 D)
I have a special place in my heart for libraries.I have for aslong as I can remember.I was always an enthusiastic reader,sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child.Stories werelike air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, Ilived out adventures through the books I checked out from thelibrary.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16
years old.It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving
books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a
new place and an added meaning in my life.I had several children
and books were our main source (来源) of entertainment.It was a
big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids
could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to
them.
I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting
out the stories with my voice and they loved it! It was a special
time to bond with my children and it filled them with the
wonderment of books.
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and
I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on from
generation to generation.
As a novelist, I've found a new relationship with libraries.I
encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford
to purchase a book.I see libraries as a safe haven (避风港) for
readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a
book.Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy (盗版行为)
and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way
when they can.Encourage readers to use the library.Share library
announcements on your social media.Frequent them and talk about
them when you can.
33.What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in
Paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Pleasure from working in the library.B.Joy of reading passed on in the family.C.Wonderment from acting out the stories.D.A closer bond developed with the readers.
解析：选 B 词义猜测题。第三段提到作者成了母亲以后，与孩子们在图书馆，孩子挑选书籍来阅读，或者作者读给他们听，因此可知图书馆在作者的生活中又增添了新的意义，阅读的乐趣在家庭中代代相传。故选 B。
2.猜测某个句子的意思
此类题通常需要考生猜测的是一个具有概括性的句子或是格言、谚语等，要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。
考查句意理解的试题一般出现在长难句中。对于这种试题，考生应该认真阅读原文，特别是画线句子的上下文，准确理解作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点，以准确推断语句的含义。
做此类题目时应注意：
(1)根据题干，缩小并锁定相关句段；(2)挖掘选项异同点寻找提示；
(3)利用各类词义理解技巧逐一突破关键词；
(4)抓住表示因果、转折、递进、并列等关系的连词，准确把握句内各分句以及该句所在段落各句间的逻辑关系。
例
In the story of The crow and the Pitcher from Aesop's Fables,a thirsty crow (乌鸦) drops stones into a narrow jar to raise the low
level of water inside so he can take a drink.
Now scientists have evidence to back up that story.Crows
actually do understand how to make water displacement ( 移位 )
work to their advantage, experiments show.The results suggest that
the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first­graders.
Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University of
Auckland in New Zealand, presented six crows with tubes filled
with water.Inside the tubes, a worm or piece of meat on a piece of
wood was floating, just out of reach of the crow.In front of the
tubes, the researchers arranged several rubber erasers that would
sink, and some plastic objects that would float.The crows found out
that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the
water level and get their snacks.
However, the birds handled awkwardly in experiments in
which they could choose to drop objects in either a wide tube or a
narrow one to get a snack, the researchers said.Dropping objects
into narrow tube would lift the water level by a greater amount and
put the treat within reach after just two drops; while it took around
seven drops to raise the snack to the same level in the wide
tube.The crows obviously didn't realize this, and most of them went
for the wide tube first.
Previous studies showed that chimps and human children cansolve similar tasks.In a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out thatthey could put water into a tube to reach a peanut that was floatingin a small amount of water at the bottom.
What does the author mean by
“the birds handled
awkwardly” in Paragraph 4? A.They were unable to tell different shapes. B.They dropped objects only into narrow tubes. C.They were not aware of the snack at first sight. D.They mostly avoided the easier way to get the snack.
解析：选 D 句意猜测题。根据第四段可知，实验中的乌鸦在面对粗细不同的管子时，虽然细管比粗管需要更少的水和时间就可以把食物浮起来，但是乌鸦往往先去粗管那边，而没有选择更容易浮起食物的细管。由此可知，这一句话的意思是“鸟儿大多没有选择更容易的方式得到零食”。故选 D。
3.猜测代词指代的内容
此类题主要考查考生对在特定的上下文中某个代词所指代的内容能否正确理解。解答时，考生要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。因此，理解上下文(特别是上句)的意思和代词所在句的意思是解题的关键。
做此类题目的方法有：(1)弄清上下文的逻辑关系(因果、让步、转折、承接、递进关系等)，这样才能比较准确地判断出题目所涉及的代词的指代意义；(2)排除法：即将代词分别替换成四个选项的内容，放回原句看能否讲得通。
例 1
(2019 年新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解 A)
My Favourite Books Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co ­author of theThis Book Will series ( 系列) of lifestyle books.Here she picks hertop reads.MatildaRoald Dahl I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on RoaldDahl's writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange
and delightful words.Matilda's battles with her cruel me parentsand the bossy headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny andfrightening, but they're also aspirational.After DarkHaruki Murakami It's about two sisters —Eri, a model who either won't or can't
stop sleeping,
and Mari, a young student.In trying to connect to
her sister, Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world ofdiverse “night people” who are hiding secrets.
Gone Girl
Gillian Flynn
There was a bit of me that didn't want to love this when
everyone else on the planet did, but the horror story is
brilliant.There's tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick
and Amy battle for your trust.It's a real whodunit and the frustration
when you realise what's going on is horribly enjoyable.
The Stand
Stephen King
This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best
storytellers around.After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of
the world's population, a battle unfolds between good and evil
among those left.Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters
ever.
21.Who does “I” refer to in the text?
A.Stephen King.C.Jo Usmar.
B.Gillian Flynn.D.Roald Dahl.
解析：选 C
代词指代题。根据第一段及该段最后一句
“Here she picks her top reads.”可知，下文介绍作家 Jo Usmar 选出的最好的读物，所以下文中的“I”指的是 Jo Usmar。故选 C。
例 2
“Years ago when I was at the Grand Canyon, I remembered
someone coming up to the canyon's edge, taking a shot with a
camera and then walking away, like ‘got it—done’， barely evenglancing at the magnificent scene in front of him，” Linda Henkel,
a scientist at Fairfield University, U.S.told Live Science.
Henkel was surprised by how obsessed (痴迷的) people are
with taking pictures these days—before dinner, during friends'
birthday parties, on museum tours and so on.
They keep taking pictures because they think that it helpsrecord the moment, but as Henkel's latest study has just found out,
this obsession may prevent their brains remembering what actuallyhappened, reported The Guardian.
In her study, Henkel led a group of college students around amuseum and asked them to simply observe 15 objects andphotograph 15 others.The next day the students' memory of the tour
was tested, and the results showed that they were less accurate inrecognizing the objects and they remembered fewer details aboutthem if they photographed them.
“When people rely on technology to remember them —
counting on the camera to record the event and thus not needing to
attend to it fully themselves, it can have a negative impact on how
well they remember their experiences，” Henkel explained.
But there is also an exception: if students zoomed in tophotograph part of an object, their memory actually improved, and
those who focused the lens ( 镜头 ) on a specific area could even
recall parts that weren't in the frame.
So basically, this study is saying that constantly takingpictures can harm your memory.But shouldn't reviewing pictureswe have taken help wake up our memories? This is true, but only ifwe spend enough time doing it. “In order to remember, we have to access and interact with
the photos, rather than just collect them，”
Henkel told The
Telegraph.However, previous research has shown that most peoplenever take the time to look over their digital pictures simplybecause there are too many of them and they aren't usuallyorganized well on their computers.
The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 probably refers to“________”.
A.the cameraC.the event
B.technologyD.an object
解析：选C 词义猜测题。根据第五段第一句“When peoplerely on technology to remember them—counting on the camera torecord the event and thus not needing to attend to it fullythemselves”可知，本句是说如果你要用相机来记录事件，就不需要来关注它(事件)。the camera 相机；technology 技术；theevent事件；an object 物体。故选 C。