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高考英语一轮复习必修2Unit4Cyberspace学案北师大版
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这是一份高考英语一轮复习必修2Unit4Cyberspace学案北师大版，共25页。学案主要包含了典型例句，词块必记，巧学助记，语境速测，知识拓展，写作金句，熟词生义，文化金句等内容，欢迎下载使用。
主题: 人与社会 子话题: 科技与技术 对应教材: 必修2 Unit 4 Cyberspace; 必修3 Unit 9 Wheels; 选修7 Unit 20 New Frntiers
Ⅰ. 细品味经典文章
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)
As data and identity theft becmes mre and mre cmmn, the market is grwing fr bimetric(生物测量)technlgies—like fingerprint scans—t keep thers ut f private e-spaces. At present, these technlgies are still expensive, thugh.
Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw-cst device(装置)that gets arund this prblem: a smart keybard. This smart keybard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which ne types and the pressure fingers apply t each key. The keybard culd ffer a strng layer f security by analyzing things like the frce f a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique t each persn. Thus, the keybard can determine peple’s identities, and by extensin, whether they shuld be given access t the cmputer it’s cnnected t—regardless f whether smene gets the passwrd right.
It als desn’t require a new type f technlgy that peple aren’t already familiar with. Everybdy uses a keybard and everybdy types differently.
In a study describing the technlgy, the researchers had 100 vlunteers type the wrd “tuch”fur times using the smart keybard. Data cllected frm the device culd be used t recgnize different participants based n hw they typed, with very lw errr rates. The researchers say that the keybard shuld be pretty straightfrward t cmmercialize and is mstly made f inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hpes t make it t market in the near future.
Ⅱ. 按要求完成任务
1. 写出文章中与科技相关的单词和短语。
data and identity theft, fingerprint scans, e-spaces, a smart keybard, type, passwrd
2. 写出文章中的优美句式。
(1)Thus, the keybard can determine peple’s identities, and by extensin, whether they shuld be given access t the cmputer it’s cnnected t—regardless f whether smene gets the passwrd right.
(2)It als desn’t require a new type f technlgy that peple aren’t already familiar with.
(3)Data cllected frm the device culd be used t recgnize different participants based n hw they typed, with very lw errr rates.
Ⅰ. 重点词汇
1. fcus vt. &vi. 集中注意; (使聚焦) n. 焦点, 聚焦; (活动兴趣)中心, 集中点
【典型例句】
If yu fcus yur attentin n yur study, I am sure yu will make greater prgress.
如果你专注于学习, 我相信你会取得更大的进步。
【词块必记】
(1)fcus n 聚焦于; 专注于
fcus ne’s eyes n 凝视; 注意
fcus ne’s attentin n集中注意力于
fcus ne’s mind n把心思集中到……上
(2)in fcus焦距对准, 清晰
ut f fcus焦距没对准, 模糊
【巧学助记】 集中注意力于fcus
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①Sme parents fcus mre n children’s academic perfrmances, ignring the educatin f survival skills.
②With yur attentin fully fcused (fcus)n the cell phne, perhaps, yu will fail t ntice the traffic arund yu.
③ The bk fcuses (fcus) n big questins: What has science revealed abut human nature?
一句多译
④他当时正集中精力阅读。
He was fcusing his attentin n reading at that time. (fcus)
=He was fixing his attentin n reading at that time. (fix)
=He was absrbed in reading at that time. (absrb)
=He was lst in reading at that time. (lse)
=He was cncentrating his attentin n reading at that time. (cncentrate)
【知识拓展】 表示“专心于……”的同义词组还有:
①cncentrate n ②fix ne’s attentin n
③be lst in④be absrbed in
⑤be buried in⑥be devted t
2. harm vt. & n. 伤害, 损害
【典型例句】
Littering and scribbling d great harm t the image f ur schl. 乱丢垃圾, 乱涂乱画严重损害了我们学校的形象。
【词块必记】
mean n harm=nt mean any harm 无恶意
There is n harm in ding sth. 做某事无害处
(2)harmfuladj. 有害的
be harmful t... 对……有害
【巧学助记】
【知识拓展】对比记忆派生短语
ability→ne’s ability t d able→be able t d
success→ne’s success insuccessful→be successful in
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①Fr anther thing, smking des great harm t ur health, s these candies can serve as an alternative r a dctr.
② If yu want t slve the prblem in this way, there is n harm in calling(call) her.
同义句转换
③Saps and ther wastes can harm waterways, s be careful that yur washing water desn’t pllute the sea, lakes and rivers.
→Saps and ther wastes can d harm t/be harmful t/be bad fr waterways, s be careful that yur washing water desn’t pllute the sea, lakes and rivers.
【写作金句】
As the legend tells, fire is prhibited during the Qingming Festival, s peple cme t jin sme sprts activities t keep warm and avid harms caused by cld dishes.
相传清明节要禁火, 为了取暖和防止寒食冷餐伤身, 所以大家来参加一些体育活动。
3. settle vt. &vi. 安放; 安居, 定居; 解决
【典型例句】
Besides watching lanterns, it is als a day t appreciate the full mn, settle lantern riddles, watch art perfrmances and eat tang yuan, dumpling balls made f glutinus rice, usually with sweet fillings.
除了看灯, 它(元宵节)也是赏月、猜灯谜、看艺术表演、吃汤圆/元宵的好时候。汤圆是用糯米来做的, 通常包着甜馅。
【词块必记】
(1)settle dwn 安下心来; 定居下来; 舒适地坐下
settle dwn t sth. 安下心来做某事; 开始认真对待某事
settle in/int安顿下来; 逐渐适应(新环境、工作等)
settle n决定, 选定; 停留, 降落
(2)settlementn. 解决; 定居地; 协议
reach a settlement达成协议
(3)settledadj. 不变的, 稳定的; 固定的
(4)settlern. 定居者
【熟词生义】
I settled the bill fr my cffee and his tw glasses f wine. (v. 结账)
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
① Refugees settling (settle) in Britain suffer frm a number f prblems.
②They’d like t see their daughter settle (settle)dwn, get married and have kids.
③They settled dwn t a serius discussin ver cffee.
完成句子
④They failed t reach a settlement(没有达成协议), because they disagreed t much with each ther.
⑤Dn’t just waste yur precius time; settle dwn t sme reading r smething(坐下来读点书或者做点别的什么事).
【写作金句】
If yu want t imprve a subject that yu are weak in, yu shuld settle dwn t it, and be persistent. Yu will succeed in time.
如果你想提升你的弱科, 那么你应该专心于这个学科, 持之以恒。你终将会成功。
4. view n. 景色, 风景视野; 观点意见 vt. 眺望; 观察; 观看; 看作
【典型例句】
The view frm ur windw was ne f beautiful green cuntryside.
从我们的窗口能看见一片美丽的绿色田园风光。
【词块必记】
(1)cme int view 进入视野, 出现在眼前
in ne’s view=in the view f sb. 在某人看来
in view f鉴于, 考虑到
frm... pint f view从……观点来看
have a gd view f清楚地看到, 饱览
(2)view... as把……视为
不一样的“风景”
【语境速测】 写出黑体部分的含义
①Unfrtunately, just as I tk ut my camera, a wman apprached frm behind, and planted herself right in frnt f my view. (视野)
②A baby will cme t accept the idea that ther peple can have different views and desires frm what he r she has. (观点, 见解)
完成句子
③In my view/Frm my pint f view, if yu want t learn English well, yu need t d mre listening, speaking, reading and writing. 在我看来, 如果你想学好英语, 你需要多听、多说、多读、多写。
【文化金句】
Chinese view f Ca Ca mainly cmes frm the Ming Dynasty nvelist Lu Guanzhng’s The Rmance f the Three Kingdms.
中国人对曹操的评价主要源于明代小说家罗贯中所著的《三国演义》。
5. affect vt. 影响, 起作用; 感动, 打动; (疾病)感染, 侵袭
【典型例句】
The traffic issue is a hard nut t crack. It nt nly affects ur everyday life, but may als threaten peple’s lives.
交通问题是一个很难解决的难题。它不仅影响我们的日常生活, 还可能威胁人们的生命。
【词块必记】
(1)be affected with a high fever 发高烧
affect sb. t tears把某人感动得流泪
be greatly/deeply affected by被……深深打动
(2)effectn. 效果; 影响
have an effect n对……产生影响
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①The ftball players have spent dzens f days in the military camp with the sldiers, which has an effect n them.
②If seriusly affected (affect), huses f the rdinary kind might suddenly crumble, causing lss f lives.
句式升级
③The audience were deeply affected, and they warmly applauded fr a lng time.
→Deeply affected, the audience warmly applauded fr a lng time. (非谓语动词作状语)
→ The audience, wh were deeply affected, warmly applauded fr a lng time. (定语从句)
Ⅱ. 核心短语
6. get in tuch取得联系
【典型例句】
I tried t get in tuch with him, but unfrtunately, I dn’t have his address and can’t cnnect with him.
我试着和他联系, 但不幸的是, 我没有他的地址, 无法和他联系。
【词块必记】
be in tuch/cntact (with) 与……有联系
be ut f tuch/cntact (with)与……没有联系
stay/keep in tuch/cntact (with)与……保持联系
lse tuch/cntact (with)与……失去联系
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①Get in tuch with me withut hesitatin if necessary.
②Gvernment ministers are ften being accused f being ut f tuch with life.
完成句子
③They have been ut f tuch with each ther since their graduatin frm cllege.
大学毕业之后他们就失去联系了。
【写作金句】
Thse wh are interested in the jb please get in tuch with us as sn as pssible by telephne r e-mail.
对这份工作感兴趣的人, 请用电话或者电子邮件尽快和我们取得联系。
7. be up t做, 从事于; 多达, 达到(数量/规格); 胜任; 直到……为止; 取决于, 由……决定; 是……的责任
【典型例句】
Up t twenty thusand students paid between five and six thusand dllars.
多达20 000名学生支付了5 000到6 000美元。
【词块必记】
(1)up t sth. 做, 忙于; 多达; 胜任;
直到……为止
up t sb. 由某人决定, 是某人的责任
It is up t sb. t d sth. 由某人决定做某事
live up t达到……的标准; 不辜负
(2)What’s up? 怎么了?
【语境速测】 写出黑体部分的含义
①I’m afraid Tim just isn’t up t the jb. (胜任)
②Up t six hundred peple attended the meeting. (多达)
③She cntinued t care fr her father up t the time f his death. (直到)
【写作金句】
Hwever, if yu dn’t have spare time fr this trip, it is fine. It’s just up t yu.
不过, 如果你没有时间去旅行, 也没关系。这取决于你。
8. be knwn as被认为是
【典型例句】
The disease is mre cmmnly knwn as Mad Cw Disease.
这种疾病更通俗的名称是疯牛病。
【词块必记】
be knwn fr 因为……而出名
be knwn t sb. 为某人所熟知
be well knwn出名
as is knwn t all众所周知
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①It is knwn t us that China is making great prgress in the develpment f ecnmy.
②The West Lake is knwn t us all fr its beauty.
完成句子
③ As is knwn t all/ As we all knw (众所周知), high schl life is an imprtant turning pint and high schl campus is an imprtant place where students study and live.
Ⅲ. 经典句式
9. It is clear that we are ging t see a huge grwth in shpping n the Internet.
很明显, 我们将会看到网上购物的大幅度增长。
【典型例句】
It is likely that babies are nt brn knwing this basic fact f the universe; nr are they ever clearly taught it.
婴儿出生时可能并不知道宇宙的这一基本事实; 他们也没有清楚地学习过。
【句型公式】
(1)在“It is+adj. +that从句(或动词不定式等)”结构中, it作形式主语代替后面that引导的主语从句(或动词不定式等)。
(2)it代替从句作形式主语的常见句型有:
①It is/was+adj. (clear, bvius, true, pssible, necessary, natural, imprtant... )+that...
②It is/was+n. (a pity, a shame, n wnder... )+that...
③It is/was+过去分词(said, reprted, suggested, requested, rdered... )+that...
④It seems/happened/appears/ccurred/desn’t matter/makes n difference+that...
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①Therefre, it is imprtant that we shuld frm gd habits when we study.
②It is natural that yung girls at yur age hpe t lk beautiful.
一句多译
③很显然, 对某些人来说, 孩子的出生会使他们失去自由。
It’s bvius that, t sme, the birth f a baby will be at the expense f their freedm.
=Obviusly, t sme, the birth f a baby will be at the expense f their freedm.
【写作金句】
It is clear that bicycle riding can bring us many benefits, such as relieving pressure n the dwntwn transprtatin, making less nise and air pllutin and s frth.
很明显, 骑自行车会为我们带来很多益处, 比如, 缓解城区交通压力, 降低噪音和空气污染等。
【误区释疑】
在以上句型中, 如果从句内容只是简单地陈述事实, 谓语动词用陈述语气; 如果从句内容并不是陈述事实, 而是表达某种强烈的情感(要求、建议、命令、责备、惋惜、吃惊等), 谓语动词用虚拟语气, 即“(shuld +)d”形式。
10. Sme experts see ur future in virtual reality—the use f cmputers with sunds and pictures that make yu feel as if yu are in a real situatin.
有些专家看到了虚拟现实中我们的未来——计算机通过声音和图像使你感到你仿佛置身于一个真实的情境中。
【典型例句】
The huse seemed muted, hushed as if it had been deserted.
房子里似乎悄然无声, 安静得好像已经没人在住一样。
【句型公式】
(1)as if/thugh可以引导表语从句或方式状语从句。
(2)如果as if/thugh引导的从句表示实现的可能性很小或与事实相反, 则从句用虚拟语气:
(3)as if/thugh引导状语从句时, 如果状语从句含有be动词, 且其主语与主句主语一致, 则可省略其中的主语和be动词。
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①It was Peter wh brke the vase. Why are yu talking as if I had dne (d) it?
②Thugh the lcal villagers were pr, they ffered their clthes and fd as if I were (be) their wn family.
句型转换
③The by walked arund the playgrund again and again as if he was lking fr smething.
→The by walked arund the playgrund again and again as if lking fr smething.
④They were talking in a whisper as if they were saying smething secret.
→They were talking in a whisper as if saying smething secret.
【写作金句】
The by caught cheating yesterday acted as if nthing had happened.
昨天被发现作弊的那个男孩表现得好像什么也没发生过。
【备选要点】
1. likely adj. 有可能的 adv. (与mst, very 连用)可能
【典型例句】
Tickets are likely t be expensive. 入场券可能很贵。
【词块必记】
(1)sb. /sth. be likely t d sth. 某人/某物可能做某事
(2)It’s likely that... ……是可能的
(3)nt likely不可能
【易混辨析】
【巧学助记】 不一样的可能
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①Peple wh are addicted t fast fd are mre likely t suffer (suffer) frm varius life-threatening diseases.
②It is likely that persnal infrmatin culd be let ut and mney stlen.
完成句子
③Peple are likely t frget their wn traditin and culture(可能忘记他们自己的传统和文化) if they fcus t much n freign festivals.
④Physically active children are mre likely t becme active and healthy adults. (更有可能成长为积极健康的成年人)
一句多译
⑤如果继续吸烟, 你的身体健康会受到损害。
Yu are likely t suffer frm bad health if yu keep smking.
=It is likely that yu will suffer frm bad health if yu keep smking.
【写作金句】
When teens use scial media, they are likely t have truble cncentrating n their schlwrk.
当青少年使用社交媒体的时候, 他们可能会难以集中注意力于学习。
2. reject vt. 拒绝, 不接收
【典型例句】
Mst f my classmates wanted t g t a park while I had an idea f ging t a nicer place. I managed t persuade my classmates nt t reject my idea. We did have a gd time that day. 我的大多数同学想去公园, 而我却想到了一个更好的地方。我设法说服同学们接受我的想法。那天我们确实玩得很开心。
【易混辨析】
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①There are plenty f well-qualified candidates, s it is nt wrng t reject (reject) smene wh might disappint my custmers.
②Jhn had been rejected (reject) by a number f universities when he received an e-mail frm the University f Califrnia last mnth.
完成句子
I made it clear t him that I rejected his prpsal.
我清楚地告诉他, 我拒绝了他的建议。
【写作金句】
It is up t yu t accept r reject the prpsals.
接受或是拒绝这些建议由你决定。
3. fancy vt. (非正式)想要做; 幻想 n. 幻想; 喜好 adj. 花哨的
【典型例句】
She makes mst f her wn clthes, cpying any fashin which takes her fancy.
她大部分的衣服是模仿中意的时装自己做的。
【词块必记】
(1)have a fancy fr/take a fancy t... 喜欢……
have a lively fancy有丰富的想象力
(2)fancy ding sth. 想象做某事, 竟然做某事
I fancy... =I bet/guess... 我想……
fancy neself (as) sth. 自以为, 自命为……
(3)fancy clthes/diving/fresh fruits/prices
新奇的服装/花式跳水/特级新鲜水果/高昂的价格
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①Surely as a wman she has simply taken a fancy t the place.
②She fancies herself as anther Madnna.
句式转换
③As middle schl students, we ften imagine studying in ur favrite universities.
→As middle schl students, we ften fancy studying in ur favrite universities.
【写作金句】
I was infrmed that ur schl Ping-png Team is lking fr new members amng us students. I knw yu shw great fancy in ball games, especially ping-png.
我听说我们学校的乒乓球队正在从我们学生中招新队员。我知道你很喜欢球类运动, 尤其是乒乓球。
4. suggestin n. 建议, 提议
【典型例句】
Learning yur keen interest in Chinese culture, I suggest yu apply fr Peking University, ne f the best universities in China. 鉴于你对中国文化的浓厚兴趣, 我建议你申请中国最好的大学之一北京大学。
【词块必记】
(1)make/ffer/give a suggestin 建议, 提议
ask fr a suggestin征求建议
(2)suggestvt. 建议; 暗示; 表明
suggest ding sth. 建议做某事
suggest (that)sb. /sth. (shuld) d sth. 建议……做……
【误区释疑】suggest 表示“暗示, 表明”时, 其主语往往是事物, 而不是人。这时suggest后的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①The smile n her face suggested that she was(be) very satisfied with what we had dne.
②He suggested dealing (deal) with the prblem in anther way.
一句多译
他建议我们步行去那里。
③He suggested that we (shuld) g there n ft.
④He made a suggestin that we (shuld) g there n ft.
【写作金句】
I suggest yu ask him sme specific questins abut his past.
我建议你问问他有关他的过去的一些具体问题。
5. average adj. 平均的, 普通的, 平常的 n. 平均数, 一般水平, 中等
【典型例句】
On average, each student reads 5. 34 bks, which is definitely nt adequate.
平均来说, 每个学生读5. 34本书, 这肯定是不够的。
【词块必记】
n (the) average 平均而言; 一般来说
abve/belw (the) average 高于/低于平均水平
an average f... 平均数为……
up t the average达到一般水平
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①On average each reprt requires 1, 000 hurs t prepare.
②It takes an average f ten weeks fr a huse sale t be cmpleted.
语段填空
③The average wrking hurs fr mst teachers are ver 10 hurs a day in mst areas. On average, their salary is abve the average. Mst f them have an average f 5, 000 yuan a mnth.
很多地区的大多数老师平均每天的工作时间超过了10个小时。一般来说, 他们的收入高于平均水平。他们中的大多数平均每月有5 000元。
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. ( 2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely (like) cntributing t fewer injuries.
2. (2020·全国Ⅰ卷)These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful (harm) chemicals in grundwater.
3. (2020·全国Ⅰ卷)It’s this strange frm that makes race walking such an attractive (attract) activity, hwever, says Jaclyn Nrberg, an assistant prfessr f exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
4. (2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Official (ffice) reprts suggest that the number f husehlds with three generatins living tgether had risen frm 325, 000 in 2001 t 419, 000 in 2013.
5. (2020·全国Ⅲ卷)As we travel suth frm Madrid with Prf. Rnald Messier t histric Tled, Rman Merida and int Andalucia, we explre histrical (histry) mnuments and architecture.
Ⅱ. 语法填空(黑体词为本单元重点词汇)
短文中黑体部分为本单元核心知识点, 请按要求补全短文, 并背诵体会黑体部分用法。
One day, Tm 1. gt(get)in tuch with ne f his gd friends Linda. She 2. is knwn(knw)as a writer and 3. has settled(settle)in the suburbs. Nwadays, she is fcusing her attentin n 4. writing(write) a new nvel abut cyberspace, which cnsists 5. f six sectins. Tm tld Linda that he wuld take 6. ver his father’s cmpany sn. What’s mre, he wuld take immediate actin 7. t realize (realize) his dream. 8. It is clear that he is ging t make the business bigger and strnger. His father tld him if he kept the business 9. running(run) smthly, he wuld travel abrad as if his grandfather had dne s. In the view f Linda, Tm shuld hang 10. n until he succeeds.
Ⅲ. 短文改错
(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)
Tday I tried cking a simply dish myself. I like eating frying tmates with eggs, and I thught it must t be easy t ck. My mm tld me hw t preparing it. First I cut the tmates int pieces but put them aside. Next I brke the eggs int a bwl and beat them quickly with chpstick. After that I pured il int a pan and turned ff the stve. I waited patiently unless the il was ht. Then I put the tmates and the beaten eggs int pan tgether. “Nt that way, ” my mm tried t stp us but failed. She was right. It didn’t turn ut as I had wished.
【文章大意】本文是记叙文。文章介绍了我第一次做西红柿炒鸡蛋的经历。
答案:
1. 【解析】第一句: simply →simple。修饰名词要用形容词。
2. 【解析】第二句: frying→ fried。tmates with eggs与fry存在逻辑上的动宾关系, 故用过去分词作定语。
3. 【解析】第二句: 去掉must后的t。must是情态动词, 后须跟动词原形。
4. 【解析】 第三句: preparing →prepare。 hw t d sth. 如何做某事。
5. 【解析】第四句: but →and。句意: 首先我把西红柿切成片并把它们放在一边。cut与put是并列关系。
6. 【解析】 第五句: chpstick →chpsticks。根据常识, 中国人用筷子时, 一般用一双, 故chpstick要改成复数。
7. 【解析】第六句: ff →n。turn n 打开。turn ff关闭。把油倒进锅里后, 应该是打开炉子。
8. 【解析】第七句: unless →until/till。unless意为“除非”; until或till 意为“直到……为止”。句意: 我耐心地等到油热为止。
9. 【解析】第八句: pan前加the。此处指把打好的鸡蛋倒进锅里面。因上文提到了pan, 所以此处为特指, 指代上文提到的pan。
10. 【解析】第九句: us→ me。根据上文可知, 作者在尝试做西红柿炒鸡蛋, 所以说妈妈想阻止“我”, 而不是“我们”。
核心素养 培养学生的科技素养、科学思想, 培养学生客观、求真、合作、竞争等科学精神及创新能力
高考链接 2020·全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D; 2020·全国Ⅰ卷语法填空; 2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解C; 2019·全国卷Ⅱ阅读理解D; 2019·全国卷Ⅲ阅读理解D; 2019·全国卷Ⅲ完形填空
Ⅰ. 话题与阅读理解
(2020·全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther, emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy(MIT)have taken it a step further—changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse, even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. “We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day, ”explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants glw(发光)in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light, abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by, is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn trees int self-pwered street lamps.
In the future, the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff “switch”where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(电源)—such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway — a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(传输). Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.
【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了科学家运用高科技改造绿色植物从而达到节能减排的科学探索。
1. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
【解析】选D。段落大意题。根据第一段最后两句“例如, 在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现, 城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中发现, 员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰后, 他们的工作效率会提高15%。”可知, 本段主要介绍绿色植物的益处。故选D。
2. What is the functin f the sensrs printed n plant leaves by MIT engineers?
A. T detect plants’ lack f water.
B. T change cmpsitins f plants.
C. T make the life f plants lnger.
D. T test chemicals in plants.
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“其中包括在叶子上印上传感器以显示植物的缺水情况, 还可以检测地下水中的有害化学物质。”可知选A。
3. What can we expect f the glwing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy prductin.
B. They may transmit electricity t the hme.
C. They might help reduce energy cnsumptin.
D. They culd take the place f pwer plants.
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“发光的植物可以缩短这个距离, 从而帮助节约能源。”可知这种发光的植物在将来可能会有助于节约能源。
4. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B. Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C. Culd glwing plants replace lamps?
D. Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
【解析】选C。标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了麻省理工学院的科研团队的一项研究: 利用特殊的装置让植物发光来照亮房间或把树变成会发光的路灯, 以此来节约和利用能源。故“发光的植物能代替灯吗? ”为最佳标题。
【难句剖析】
In the future, the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime.
分析: 本句主干为the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy, 其中第一个that引导定语从句, 修饰先行词technlgy, 在从句中作主语; 第二个that引导定语从句, 修饰先行词treatment。
翻译: 未来, 该团队希望能开发出一种可以一次性喷洒到植物叶子上就能延长植物寿命的技术。
【微技能点拨】 归纳整合 全解主旨大意题
主题句定位法:
1. 主题句在篇头: 依据第一段或第一句确定主旨。
2. 主题句在篇中: 文章往往先列举次要甚至错误观点, 然后点明自己的观点并展开论述。
3. 主题句在篇尾: 整篇文章大部分在叙述或列举, 最后归纳总结, 概括主旨。
本文中第1题为归纳段落大意题, 根据策略解题如下:
Step 1 确定题干关键词:
依据第一段的第一句、第二句即可确定整段主旨, 第一段剩下的内容为举例, 进一步印证了该段的主题句。
Step 2 对比选项找最佳: 尝试解答 D 。
【语用提能】
【微语法填空】
(2020·全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Recent studies have fund psitive effects n the 1. cnnectin (cnnect) between peple and plants. A study 2. cnducted(cnduct) in Yungstwn, Ohi, discvered that 3. greener (green) areas f the city experienced less crime. The engineers at the MIT have taken it a step further—changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them 4. t perfrm (perfrm) diverse, even unusual functins. One f the latest 5. prjects(prject) has been t make plants glw(发光)in experiments 6. using (use) sme cmmn vegetables. The team fund that they culd create 7. a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff “switch”8. where the glw wuld fade 9. when expsed t daylight. Glwing plants 10. are hped (hpe) t reduce this distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps and therefre help save energy.
Ⅱ. 话题与写作
(2018·天津高考)
假设你是晨光中学的机器人兴趣小组组长李津, 你的美国朋友Chris就读于天津某国际学校, 他曾在机器人技能竞赛中获奖。你打算邀请他加入你的团队, 参加即将于7月底在天津举行的世界青少年机器人技能竞赛。请根据以下提示代表兴趣小组给他写一封电子邮件。
(1)比赛的时间、地点;
(2)邀请他的原因;
(3)训练计划将发送其邮箱, 请他提出建议。
注意:
(1)词数不少于100;
(2)可适当加入细节, 使内容充实、行文连贯;
(3)开头和结尾已给出, 不计入总词数。
参考词汇:
世界青少年机器人技能竞赛: the Wrld Adlescent Rbtics Cmpetitin
Dear Chris,
I have gd news t tell yu.______________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
I’m lking frward t yur reply.
Yurs,
Li Jin
Step 1 写作技巧
①词汇提升
Our team needs yur help very much.
→Our team is desperately in need f yur help.
②句式多变(非谓语)
I knw yu nce participated in a rbtics cmpetitin and wn the award, s yu must have accumulated much experience in it.
→Having participated in a rbtics cmpetitin and wn the award, yu must have accumulated much experience in it, I think.
③句式多变 (非谓语)
I will email yu ur training plan sn and hpe yu can ffer sme cnstructive suggestins regarding it.
→ I will email yu ur training plan sn, hping yu can ffer sme cnstructive suggestins regarding it.
Step 2 妙笔成篇
Dear Chris,
I have gd news t tell yu. The Wrld Adlescent Rbtics Cmpetitin is t be held in Tianjin at the end f this July, which interests me greatly.
On hearing the news, sme f my classmates and I frmed a grup t take part in the cmpetitin. Having participated in a rbtics cmpetitin and wn the award, yu must have accumulated much experience in it, I think. Our team is desperately in need f yur help. S as the grup leader, I sincerely invite yu t jin us. I am greatly cnvinced that with ur jint effrts we can undubtedly get gd results. What’s mre, I will email yu ur training plan sn, hping yu can ffer sme cnstructive suggestins regarding it.
I’m lking frward t yur reply.
Yurs,
Li Jin
【加固训练】
Acrss Asia many peple have just witnessed the natural wnder that is a ttal slar eclipse. 1
This week’s ttal eclipse culd be seen in eastern India befre slwly mving acrss Burma, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Japan, and the Pacific Ocean. Yesterday, when it reached eastern China, peple flcked (聚集)int the streets t witness the astrnmical wnder.
As daylight disappeared and the sky quickly darkened. 2 Cities such as Shanghai were plunged int (陷入) darkness during what is thught t be the lngest ttal eclipse f the 21st century. It lasted 6 minutes and 39 secnds.
Ttal slar eclipses f such a lng duratin are very rare events. 3 Sha Zhenyi, an astrnmer at the Shanghai Astrnmical Observatry in China explained: “We’ll have t wait a few hundred years fr anther pprtunity t bserve a slar eclipse that lasts this lng, s it’s a very special pprtunity. ”
But while millins celebrate this phenmenn, it shuld be remembered that ttal eclipses have nt always been such treasured events. Many cultures traditinally believed that a ttal eclipse was a bad men (凶兆) r a supernatural event. 4 Others believed that the eclipse signified ncming disasters. Nwadays it appears that these fears and superstitins(迷信)are lng frgtten. As daylight nce again flded Asian cities such as Shanghai, whps and cheers culd be heard amng the gathered crwds.
Reflecting n what had just happened, ne Shanghai resident described the eclipse as “eerie”(怪诞的, 奇异的, 可怕的), while anther said, “It’s like magic; the day turns int night in such a shrt perid f time. I have n idea where I am right nw. 5 . ”
A. It feels like a different wrld.
B. They happen but nce in a lifetime.
C. Thse watching were left far frm disappinted.
D. Sme believed that evil gds were eating the Sun.
E. Peple were frightened by the sudden darkness.
F. Sme peple thught it was a natural wnder.
G. A ttal slar eclipse ccurs when the Sun, Mn and Earth line up in such a way that ur view f the Sun is ttally hidden by the Mn.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了此次21世纪最长日全食的情况, 整个日全食过程持续了6分39秒。如此长时间的日全食是非常罕见的, 想要再次看到可能还得等上几百年。文章还介绍了历史上人们对于日全食的不同看法。
1. 【解析】选G。根据上文可知亚洲各地的许多人刚刚目睹了日全食这一自然奇观。由此可知, 上文提到了日全食的景象, 本句应当是说明这一现象发生的原因。故G选项“当太阳、月球和地球排成一条直线时, 我们看到的太阳完全被月球遮住了, 日全食就发生了”符合语境, 故选G。
2. 【解析】选C。 根据后文可知, 在这场被认为是21世纪持续时间最长的日全食中, 上海等城市陷入了黑暗之中。整个过程持续了6分39秒。由此可知, 这次日全食是21世纪持续时间最长的, 所以那些观看日全食的人不会失望。故C选项“那些观看的人远远没有失望”符合语境, 故选C。
3. 【解析】选B。根据后文可知中国上海天文台的天文学家邵振义解释说: “我们必须等待几百年才能再有机会观测到持续这么久的日全食。所以这是一个非常特殊的机会。”由此可知, 再次看到这么久的日全食需要等待几百年, 所以这是一生只有一次的机会。故B选项“它们一生只发生一次”符合语境, 故选B。
4. 【解析】选D。根据后文Others believed that the eclipse signified ncming disasters. 可知, 另一些人认为日食预示着即将到来的灾难。由此可知, 本句与后文都是在说明人们对这一现象的看法, 其中D选项中Sme可与后文Others构成对应, sme... thers... “一些人……另一些人……”。故D选项“有些人相信邪恶的神正在吃太阳”符合语境, 故选D。
5. 【解析】选A。根据上文可知在回忆刚刚发生的事情时, 一位上海居民形容日食“可怕”, 而另一位说, “这就像魔术一样, 在这么短的时间内白天就变成了黑夜。我不知道我现在在哪里。”由此可知, 本句承接上文, 说明日全食给人一种进入了不同世界的感觉。故A选项“感觉就像进入了一个不同的世界”符合语境, 故选A。与现在的事实相反
谓语动词使用过去式(be的过去式一律使用were)
与过去的事实相反
谓语动词使用过去完成式
表示将来情况发生的可能性小
谓语动词用“wuld/culd/might+动词原形”
likely
表示某事很可能发生, 与prbable意思相近, 主语可以是人也可以是物。常用“It is likely that... ”或“sb. /sth. be likely t d sth. ”
pssible
可能性相对小, 作表语时, 主语不能是人。常用“It is pssible fr sb. t d sth. ”或“It is pssible that... ”
prbable
带有“很可能”的意味, 语气比pssible强, 作表语时不能用人或不定式作主语。常用“It is prbable that... ”
reject
语气比refuse强, 后面通常只接名词或代词, 意为“摒弃, 拒绝接受, 不予考虑”
refuse
是普通用词, 语气比decline强, 指态度坚决、肯定无疑地拒绝。可用名词、代词或不定式作宾语
decline
指婉言谢绝有关社交活动的邀请或请求等
话题词汇
scientific research, sensr, self-pwered street lamps, cnsume, save energy
短语
the cnnectin between... and... , be expsed t, cnduct a study, be decrated with, be shrt f
主题: 人与社会 子话题: 科技与技术 对应教材: 必修2 Unit 4 Cyberspace; 必修3 Unit 9 Wheels; 选修7 Unit 20 New Frntiers
Ⅰ. 细品味经典文章
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)
As data and identity theft becmes mre and mre cmmn, the market is grwing fr bimetric(生物测量)technlgies—like fingerprint scans—t keep thers ut f private e-spaces. At present, these technlgies are still expensive, thugh.
Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw-cst device(装置)that gets arund this prblem: a smart keybard. This smart keybard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which ne types and the pressure fingers apply t each key. The keybard culd ffer a strng layer f security by analyzing things like the frce f a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique t each persn. Thus, the keybard can determine peple’s identities, and by extensin, whether they shuld be given access t the cmputer it’s cnnected t—regardless f whether smene gets the passwrd right.
It als desn’t require a new type f technlgy that peple aren’t already familiar with. Everybdy uses a keybard and everybdy types differently.
In a study describing the technlgy, the researchers had 100 vlunteers type the wrd “tuch”fur times using the smart keybard. Data cllected frm the device culd be used t recgnize different participants based n hw they typed, with very lw errr rates. The researchers say that the keybard shuld be pretty straightfrward t cmmercialize and is mstly made f inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hpes t make it t market in the near future.
Ⅱ. 按要求完成任务
1. 写出文章中与科技相关的单词和短语。
data and identity theft, fingerprint scans, e-spaces, a smart keybard, type, passwrd
2. 写出文章中的优美句式。
(1)Thus, the keybard can determine peple’s identities, and by extensin, whether they shuld be given access t the cmputer it’s cnnected t—regardless f whether smene gets the passwrd right.
(2)It als desn’t require a new type f technlgy that peple aren’t already familiar with.
(3)Data cllected frm the device culd be used t recgnize different participants based n hw they typed, with very lw errr rates.
Ⅰ. 重点词汇
1. fcus vt. &vi. 集中注意; (使聚焦) n. 焦点, 聚焦; (活动兴趣)中心, 集中点
【典型例句】
If yu fcus yur attentin n yur study, I am sure yu will make greater prgress.
如果你专注于学习, 我相信你会取得更大的进步。
【词块必记】
(1)fcus n 聚焦于; 专注于
fcus ne’s eyes n 凝视; 注意
fcus ne’s attentin n集中注意力于
fcus ne’s mind n把心思集中到……上
(2)in fcus焦距对准, 清晰
ut f fcus焦距没对准, 模糊
【巧学助记】 集中注意力于fcus
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①Sme parents fcus mre n children’s academic perfrmances, ignring the educatin f survival skills.
②With yur attentin fully fcused (fcus)n the cell phne, perhaps, yu will fail t ntice the traffic arund yu.
③ The bk fcuses (fcus) n big questins: What has science revealed abut human nature?
一句多译
④他当时正集中精力阅读。
He was fcusing his attentin n reading at that time. (fcus)
=He was fixing his attentin n reading at that time. (fix)
=He was absrbed in reading at that time. (absrb)
=He was lst in reading at that time. (lse)
=He was cncentrating his attentin n reading at that time. (cncentrate)
【知识拓展】 表示“专心于……”的同义词组还有:
①cncentrate n ②fix ne’s attentin n
③be lst in④be absrbed in
⑤be buried in⑥be devted t
2. harm vt. & n. 伤害, 损害
【典型例句】
Littering and scribbling d great harm t the image f ur schl. 乱丢垃圾, 乱涂乱画严重损害了我们学校的形象。
【词块必记】
mean n harm=nt mean any harm 无恶意
There is n harm in ding sth. 做某事无害处
(2)harmfuladj. 有害的
be harmful t... 对……有害
【巧学助记】
【知识拓展】对比记忆派生短语
ability→ne’s ability t d able→be able t d
success→ne’s success insuccessful→be successful in
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①Fr anther thing, smking des great harm t ur health, s these candies can serve as an alternative r a dctr.
② If yu want t slve the prblem in this way, there is n harm in calling(call) her.
同义句转换
③Saps and ther wastes can harm waterways, s be careful that yur washing water desn’t pllute the sea, lakes and rivers.
→Saps and ther wastes can d harm t/be harmful t/be bad fr waterways, s be careful that yur washing water desn’t pllute the sea, lakes and rivers.
【写作金句】
As the legend tells, fire is prhibited during the Qingming Festival, s peple cme t jin sme sprts activities t keep warm and avid harms caused by cld dishes.
相传清明节要禁火, 为了取暖和防止寒食冷餐伤身, 所以大家来参加一些体育活动。
3. settle vt. &vi. 安放; 安居, 定居; 解决
【典型例句】
Besides watching lanterns, it is als a day t appreciate the full mn, settle lantern riddles, watch art perfrmances and eat tang yuan, dumpling balls made f glutinus rice, usually with sweet fillings.
除了看灯, 它(元宵节)也是赏月、猜灯谜、看艺术表演、吃汤圆/元宵的好时候。汤圆是用糯米来做的, 通常包着甜馅。
【词块必记】
(1)settle dwn 安下心来; 定居下来; 舒适地坐下
settle dwn t sth. 安下心来做某事; 开始认真对待某事
settle in/int安顿下来; 逐渐适应(新环境、工作等)
settle n决定, 选定; 停留, 降落
(2)settlementn. 解决; 定居地; 协议
reach a settlement达成协议
(3)settledadj. 不变的, 稳定的; 固定的
(4)settlern. 定居者
【熟词生义】
I settled the bill fr my cffee and his tw glasses f wine. (v. 结账)
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
① Refugees settling (settle) in Britain suffer frm a number f prblems.
②They’d like t see their daughter settle (settle)dwn, get married and have kids.
③They settled dwn t a serius discussin ver cffee.
完成句子
④They failed t reach a settlement(没有达成协议), because they disagreed t much with each ther.
⑤Dn’t just waste yur precius time; settle dwn t sme reading r smething(坐下来读点书或者做点别的什么事).
【写作金句】
If yu want t imprve a subject that yu are weak in, yu shuld settle dwn t it, and be persistent. Yu will succeed in time.
如果你想提升你的弱科, 那么你应该专心于这个学科, 持之以恒。你终将会成功。
4. view n. 景色, 风景视野; 观点意见 vt. 眺望; 观察; 观看; 看作
【典型例句】
The view frm ur windw was ne f beautiful green cuntryside.
从我们的窗口能看见一片美丽的绿色田园风光。
【词块必记】
(1)cme int view 进入视野, 出现在眼前
in ne’s view=in the view f sb. 在某人看来
in view f鉴于, 考虑到
frm... pint f view从……观点来看
have a gd view f清楚地看到, 饱览
(2)view... as把……视为
不一样的“风景”
【语境速测】 写出黑体部分的含义
①Unfrtunately, just as I tk ut my camera, a wman apprached frm behind, and planted herself right in frnt f my view. (视野)
②A baby will cme t accept the idea that ther peple can have different views and desires frm what he r she has. (观点, 见解)
完成句子
③In my view/Frm my pint f view, if yu want t learn English well, yu need t d mre listening, speaking, reading and writing. 在我看来, 如果你想学好英语, 你需要多听、多说、多读、多写。
【文化金句】
Chinese view f Ca Ca mainly cmes frm the Ming Dynasty nvelist Lu Guanzhng’s The Rmance f the Three Kingdms.
中国人对曹操的评价主要源于明代小说家罗贯中所著的《三国演义》。
5. affect vt. 影响, 起作用; 感动, 打动; (疾病)感染, 侵袭
【典型例句】
The traffic issue is a hard nut t crack. It nt nly affects ur everyday life, but may als threaten peple’s lives.
交通问题是一个很难解决的难题。它不仅影响我们的日常生活, 还可能威胁人们的生命。
【词块必记】
(1)be affected with a high fever 发高烧
affect sb. t tears把某人感动得流泪
be greatly/deeply affected by被……深深打动
(2)effectn. 效果; 影响
have an effect n对……产生影响
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①The ftball players have spent dzens f days in the military camp with the sldiers, which has an effect n them.
②If seriusly affected (affect), huses f the rdinary kind might suddenly crumble, causing lss f lives.
句式升级
③The audience were deeply affected, and they warmly applauded fr a lng time.
→Deeply affected, the audience warmly applauded fr a lng time. (非谓语动词作状语)
→ The audience, wh were deeply affected, warmly applauded fr a lng time. (定语从句)
Ⅱ. 核心短语
6. get in tuch取得联系
【典型例句】
I tried t get in tuch with him, but unfrtunately, I dn’t have his address and can’t cnnect with him.
我试着和他联系, 但不幸的是, 我没有他的地址, 无法和他联系。
【词块必记】
be in tuch/cntact (with) 与……有联系
be ut f tuch/cntact (with)与……没有联系
stay/keep in tuch/cntact (with)与……保持联系
lse tuch/cntact (with)与……失去联系
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①Get in tuch with me withut hesitatin if necessary.
②Gvernment ministers are ften being accused f being ut f tuch with life.
完成句子
③They have been ut f tuch with each ther since their graduatin frm cllege.
大学毕业之后他们就失去联系了。
【写作金句】
Thse wh are interested in the jb please get in tuch with us as sn as pssible by telephne r e-mail.
对这份工作感兴趣的人, 请用电话或者电子邮件尽快和我们取得联系。
7. be up t做, 从事于; 多达, 达到(数量/规格); 胜任; 直到……为止; 取决于, 由……决定; 是……的责任
【典型例句】
Up t twenty thusand students paid between five and six thusand dllars.
多达20 000名学生支付了5 000到6 000美元。
【词块必记】
(1)up t sth. 做, 忙于; 多达; 胜任;
直到……为止
up t sb. 由某人决定, 是某人的责任
It is up t sb. t d sth. 由某人决定做某事
live up t达到……的标准; 不辜负
(2)What’s up? 怎么了?
【语境速测】 写出黑体部分的含义
①I’m afraid Tim just isn’t up t the jb. (胜任)
②Up t six hundred peple attended the meeting. (多达)
③She cntinued t care fr her father up t the time f his death. (直到)
【写作金句】
Hwever, if yu dn’t have spare time fr this trip, it is fine. It’s just up t yu.
不过, 如果你没有时间去旅行, 也没关系。这取决于你。
8. be knwn as被认为是
【典型例句】
The disease is mre cmmnly knwn as Mad Cw Disease.
这种疾病更通俗的名称是疯牛病。
【词块必记】
be knwn fr 因为……而出名
be knwn t sb. 为某人所熟知
be well knwn出名
as is knwn t all众所周知
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①It is knwn t us that China is making great prgress in the develpment f ecnmy.
②The West Lake is knwn t us all fr its beauty.
完成句子
③ As is knwn t all/ As we all knw (众所周知), high schl life is an imprtant turning pint and high schl campus is an imprtant place where students study and live.
Ⅲ. 经典句式
9. It is clear that we are ging t see a huge grwth in shpping n the Internet.
很明显, 我们将会看到网上购物的大幅度增长。
【典型例句】
It is likely that babies are nt brn knwing this basic fact f the universe; nr are they ever clearly taught it.
婴儿出生时可能并不知道宇宙的这一基本事实; 他们也没有清楚地学习过。
【句型公式】
(1)在“It is+adj. +that从句(或动词不定式等)”结构中, it作形式主语代替后面that引导的主语从句(或动词不定式等)。
(2)it代替从句作形式主语的常见句型有:
①It is/was+adj. (clear, bvius, true, pssible, necessary, natural, imprtant... )+that...
②It is/was+n. (a pity, a shame, n wnder... )+that...
③It is/was+过去分词(said, reprted, suggested, requested, rdered... )+that...
④It seems/happened/appears/ccurred/desn’t matter/makes n difference+that...
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①Therefre, it is imprtant that we shuld frm gd habits when we study.
②It is natural that yung girls at yur age hpe t lk beautiful.
一句多译
③很显然, 对某些人来说, 孩子的出生会使他们失去自由。
It’s bvius that, t sme, the birth f a baby will be at the expense f their freedm.
=Obviusly, t sme, the birth f a baby will be at the expense f their freedm.
【写作金句】
It is clear that bicycle riding can bring us many benefits, such as relieving pressure n the dwntwn transprtatin, making less nise and air pllutin and s frth.
很明显, 骑自行车会为我们带来很多益处, 比如, 缓解城区交通压力, 降低噪音和空气污染等。
【误区释疑】
在以上句型中, 如果从句内容只是简单地陈述事实, 谓语动词用陈述语气; 如果从句内容并不是陈述事实, 而是表达某种强烈的情感(要求、建议、命令、责备、惋惜、吃惊等), 谓语动词用虚拟语气, 即“(shuld +)d”形式。
10. Sme experts see ur future in virtual reality—the use f cmputers with sunds and pictures that make yu feel as if yu are in a real situatin.
有些专家看到了虚拟现实中我们的未来——计算机通过声音和图像使你感到你仿佛置身于一个真实的情境中。
【典型例句】
The huse seemed muted, hushed as if it had been deserted.
房子里似乎悄然无声, 安静得好像已经没人在住一样。
【句型公式】
(1)as if/thugh可以引导表语从句或方式状语从句。
(2)如果as if/thugh引导的从句表示实现的可能性很小或与事实相反, 则从句用虚拟语气:
(3)as if/thugh引导状语从句时, 如果状语从句含有be动词, 且其主语与主句主语一致, 则可省略其中的主语和be动词。
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①It was Peter wh brke the vase. Why are yu talking as if I had dne (d) it?
②Thugh the lcal villagers were pr, they ffered their clthes and fd as if I were (be) their wn family.
句型转换
③The by walked arund the playgrund again and again as if he was lking fr smething.
→The by walked arund the playgrund again and again as if lking fr smething.
④They were talking in a whisper as if they were saying smething secret.
→They were talking in a whisper as if saying smething secret.
【写作金句】
The by caught cheating yesterday acted as if nthing had happened.
昨天被发现作弊的那个男孩表现得好像什么也没发生过。
【备选要点】
1. likely adj. 有可能的 adv. (与mst, very 连用)可能
【典型例句】
Tickets are likely t be expensive. 入场券可能很贵。
【词块必记】
(1)sb. /sth. be likely t d sth. 某人/某物可能做某事
(2)It’s likely that... ……是可能的
(3)nt likely不可能
【易混辨析】
【巧学助记】 不一样的可能
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①Peple wh are addicted t fast fd are mre likely t suffer (suffer) frm varius life-threatening diseases.
②It is likely that persnal infrmatin culd be let ut and mney stlen.
完成句子
③Peple are likely t frget their wn traditin and culture(可能忘记他们自己的传统和文化) if they fcus t much n freign festivals.
④Physically active children are mre likely t becme active and healthy adults. (更有可能成长为积极健康的成年人)
一句多译
⑤如果继续吸烟, 你的身体健康会受到损害。
Yu are likely t suffer frm bad health if yu keep smking.
=It is likely that yu will suffer frm bad health if yu keep smking.
【写作金句】
When teens use scial media, they are likely t have truble cncentrating n their schlwrk.
当青少年使用社交媒体的时候, 他们可能会难以集中注意力于学习。
2. reject vt. 拒绝, 不接收
【典型例句】
Mst f my classmates wanted t g t a park while I had an idea f ging t a nicer place. I managed t persuade my classmates nt t reject my idea. We did have a gd time that day. 我的大多数同学想去公园, 而我却想到了一个更好的地方。我设法说服同学们接受我的想法。那天我们确实玩得很开心。
【易混辨析】
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①There are plenty f well-qualified candidates, s it is nt wrng t reject (reject) smene wh might disappint my custmers.
②Jhn had been rejected (reject) by a number f universities when he received an e-mail frm the University f Califrnia last mnth.
完成句子
I made it clear t him that I rejected his prpsal.
我清楚地告诉他, 我拒绝了他的建议。
【写作金句】
It is up t yu t accept r reject the prpsals.
接受或是拒绝这些建议由你决定。
3. fancy vt. (非正式)想要做; 幻想 n. 幻想; 喜好 adj. 花哨的
【典型例句】
She makes mst f her wn clthes, cpying any fashin which takes her fancy.
她大部分的衣服是模仿中意的时装自己做的。
【词块必记】
(1)have a fancy fr/take a fancy t... 喜欢……
have a lively fancy有丰富的想象力
(2)fancy ding sth. 想象做某事, 竟然做某事
I fancy... =I bet/guess... 我想……
fancy neself (as) sth. 自以为, 自命为……
(3)fancy clthes/diving/fresh fruits/prices
新奇的服装/花式跳水/特级新鲜水果/高昂的价格
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①Surely as a wman she has simply taken a fancy t the place.
②She fancies herself as anther Madnna.
句式转换
③As middle schl students, we ften imagine studying in ur favrite universities.
→As middle schl students, we ften fancy studying in ur favrite universities.
【写作金句】
I was infrmed that ur schl Ping-png Team is lking fr new members amng us students. I knw yu shw great fancy in ball games, especially ping-png.
我听说我们学校的乒乓球队正在从我们学生中招新队员。我知道你很喜欢球类运动, 尤其是乒乓球。
4. suggestin n. 建议, 提议
【典型例句】
Learning yur keen interest in Chinese culture, I suggest yu apply fr Peking University, ne f the best universities in China. 鉴于你对中国文化的浓厚兴趣, 我建议你申请中国最好的大学之一北京大学。
【词块必记】
(1)make/ffer/give a suggestin 建议, 提议
ask fr a suggestin征求建议
(2)suggestvt. 建议; 暗示; 表明
suggest ding sth. 建议做某事
suggest (that)sb. /sth. (shuld) d sth. 建议……做……
【误区释疑】suggest 表示“暗示, 表明”时, 其主语往往是事物, 而不是人。这时suggest后的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①The smile n her face suggested that she was(be) very satisfied with what we had dne.
②He suggested dealing (deal) with the prblem in anther way.
一句多译
他建议我们步行去那里。
③He suggested that we (shuld) g there n ft.
④He made a suggestin that we (shuld) g there n ft.
【写作金句】
I suggest yu ask him sme specific questins abut his past.
我建议你问问他有关他的过去的一些具体问题。
5. average adj. 平均的, 普通的, 平常的 n. 平均数, 一般水平, 中等
【典型例句】
On average, each student reads 5. 34 bks, which is definitely nt adequate.
平均来说, 每个学生读5. 34本书, 这肯定是不够的。
【词块必记】
n (the) average 平均而言; 一般来说
abve/belw (the) average 高于/低于平均水平
an average f... 平均数为……
up t the average达到一般水平
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①On average each reprt requires 1, 000 hurs t prepare.
②It takes an average f ten weeks fr a huse sale t be cmpleted.
语段填空
③The average wrking hurs fr mst teachers are ver 10 hurs a day in mst areas. On average, their salary is abve the average. Mst f them have an average f 5, 000 yuan a mnth.
很多地区的大多数老师平均每天的工作时间超过了10个小时。一般来说, 他们的收入高于平均水平。他们中的大多数平均每月有5 000元。
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. ( 2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely (like) cntributing t fewer injuries.
2. (2020·全国Ⅰ卷)These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful (harm) chemicals in grundwater.
3. (2020·全国Ⅰ卷)It’s this strange frm that makes race walking such an attractive (attract) activity, hwever, says Jaclyn Nrberg, an assistant prfessr f exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
4. (2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Official (ffice) reprts suggest that the number f husehlds with three generatins living tgether had risen frm 325, 000 in 2001 t 419, 000 in 2013.
5. (2020·全国Ⅲ卷)As we travel suth frm Madrid with Prf. Rnald Messier t histric Tled, Rman Merida and int Andalucia, we explre histrical (histry) mnuments and architecture.
Ⅱ. 语法填空(黑体词为本单元重点词汇)
短文中黑体部分为本单元核心知识点, 请按要求补全短文, 并背诵体会黑体部分用法。
One day, Tm 1. gt(get)in tuch with ne f his gd friends Linda. She 2. is knwn(knw)as a writer and 3. has settled(settle)in the suburbs. Nwadays, she is fcusing her attentin n 4. writing(write) a new nvel abut cyberspace, which cnsists 5. f six sectins. Tm tld Linda that he wuld take 6. ver his father’s cmpany sn. What’s mre, he wuld take immediate actin 7. t realize (realize) his dream. 8. It is clear that he is ging t make the business bigger and strnger. His father tld him if he kept the business 9. running(run) smthly, he wuld travel abrad as if his grandfather had dne s. In the view f Linda, Tm shuld hang 10. n until he succeeds.
Ⅲ. 短文改错
(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)
Tday I tried cking a simply dish myself. I like eating frying tmates with eggs, and I thught it must t be easy t ck. My mm tld me hw t preparing it. First I cut the tmates int pieces but put them aside. Next I brke the eggs int a bwl and beat them quickly with chpstick. After that I pured il int a pan and turned ff the stve. I waited patiently unless the il was ht. Then I put the tmates and the beaten eggs int pan tgether. “Nt that way, ” my mm tried t stp us but failed. She was right. It didn’t turn ut as I had wished.
【文章大意】本文是记叙文。文章介绍了我第一次做西红柿炒鸡蛋的经历。
答案:
1. 【解析】第一句: simply →simple。修饰名词要用形容词。
2. 【解析】第二句: frying→ fried。tmates with eggs与fry存在逻辑上的动宾关系, 故用过去分词作定语。
3. 【解析】第二句: 去掉must后的t。must是情态动词, 后须跟动词原形。
4. 【解析】 第三句: preparing →prepare。 hw t d sth. 如何做某事。
5. 【解析】第四句: but →and。句意: 首先我把西红柿切成片并把它们放在一边。cut与put是并列关系。
6. 【解析】 第五句: chpstick →chpsticks。根据常识, 中国人用筷子时, 一般用一双, 故chpstick要改成复数。
7. 【解析】第六句: ff →n。turn n 打开。turn ff关闭。把油倒进锅里后, 应该是打开炉子。
8. 【解析】第七句: unless →until/till。unless意为“除非”; until或till 意为“直到……为止”。句意: 我耐心地等到油热为止。
9. 【解析】第八句: pan前加the。此处指把打好的鸡蛋倒进锅里面。因上文提到了pan, 所以此处为特指, 指代上文提到的pan。
10. 【解析】第九句: us→ me。根据上文可知, 作者在尝试做西红柿炒鸡蛋, 所以说妈妈想阻止“我”, 而不是“我们”。
核心素养 培养学生的科技素养、科学思想, 培养学生客观、求真、合作、竞争等科学精神及创新能力
高考链接 2020·全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D; 2020·全国Ⅰ卷语法填空; 2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解C; 2019·全国卷Ⅱ阅读理解D; 2019·全国卷Ⅲ阅读理解D; 2019·全国卷Ⅲ完形填空
Ⅰ. 话题与阅读理解
(2020·全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther, emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy(MIT)have taken it a step further—changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse, even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. “We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day, ”explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants glw(发光)in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light, abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by, is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn trees int self-pwered street lamps.
In the future, the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff “switch”where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(电源)—such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway — a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(传输). Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.
【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了科学家运用高科技改造绿色植物从而达到节能减排的科学探索。
1. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
【解析】选D。段落大意题。根据第一段最后两句“例如, 在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现, 城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中发现, 员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰后, 他们的工作效率会提高15%。”可知, 本段主要介绍绿色植物的益处。故选D。
2. What is the functin f the sensrs printed n plant leaves by MIT engineers?
A. T detect plants’ lack f water.
B. T change cmpsitins f plants.
C. T make the life f plants lnger.
D. T test chemicals in plants.
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“其中包括在叶子上印上传感器以显示植物的缺水情况, 还可以检测地下水中的有害化学物质。”可知选A。
3. What can we expect f the glwing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy prductin.
B. They may transmit electricity t the hme.
C. They might help reduce energy cnsumptin.
D. They culd take the place f pwer plants.
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“发光的植物可以缩短这个距离, 从而帮助节约能源。”可知这种发光的植物在将来可能会有助于节约能源。
4. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B. Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C. Culd glwing plants replace lamps?
D. Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
【解析】选C。标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了麻省理工学院的科研团队的一项研究: 利用特殊的装置让植物发光来照亮房间或把树变成会发光的路灯, 以此来节约和利用能源。故“发光的植物能代替灯吗? ”为最佳标题。
【难句剖析】
In the future, the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime.
分析: 本句主干为the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy, 其中第一个that引导定语从句, 修饰先行词technlgy, 在从句中作主语; 第二个that引导定语从句, 修饰先行词treatment。
翻译: 未来, 该团队希望能开发出一种可以一次性喷洒到植物叶子上就能延长植物寿命的技术。
【微技能点拨】 归纳整合 全解主旨大意题
主题句定位法:
1. 主题句在篇头: 依据第一段或第一句确定主旨。
2. 主题句在篇中: 文章往往先列举次要甚至错误观点, 然后点明自己的观点并展开论述。
3. 主题句在篇尾: 整篇文章大部分在叙述或列举, 最后归纳总结, 概括主旨。
本文中第1题为归纳段落大意题, 根据策略解题如下:
Step 1 确定题干关键词:
依据第一段的第一句、第二句即可确定整段主旨, 第一段剩下的内容为举例, 进一步印证了该段的主题句。
Step 2 对比选项找最佳: 尝试解答 D 。
【语用提能】
【微语法填空】
(2020·全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Recent studies have fund psitive effects n the 1. cnnectin (cnnect) between peple and plants. A study 2. cnducted(cnduct) in Yungstwn, Ohi, discvered that 3. greener (green) areas f the city experienced less crime. The engineers at the MIT have taken it a step further—changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them 4. t perfrm (perfrm) diverse, even unusual functins. One f the latest 5. prjects(prject) has been t make plants glw(发光)in experiments 6. using (use) sme cmmn vegetables. The team fund that they culd create 7. a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff “switch”8. where the glw wuld fade 9. when expsed t daylight. Glwing plants 10. are hped (hpe) t reduce this distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps and therefre help save energy.
Ⅱ. 话题与写作
(2018·天津高考)
假设你是晨光中学的机器人兴趣小组组长李津, 你的美国朋友Chris就读于天津某国际学校, 他曾在机器人技能竞赛中获奖。你打算邀请他加入你的团队, 参加即将于7月底在天津举行的世界青少年机器人技能竞赛。请根据以下提示代表兴趣小组给他写一封电子邮件。
(1)比赛的时间、地点;
(2)邀请他的原因;
(3)训练计划将发送其邮箱, 请他提出建议。
注意:
(1)词数不少于100;
(2)可适当加入细节, 使内容充实、行文连贯;
(3)开头和结尾已给出, 不计入总词数。
参考词汇:
世界青少年机器人技能竞赛: the Wrld Adlescent Rbtics Cmpetitin
Dear Chris,
I have gd news t tell yu.______________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
I’m lking frward t yur reply.
Yurs,
Li Jin
Step 1 写作技巧
①词汇提升
Our team needs yur help very much.
→Our team is desperately in need f yur help.
②句式多变(非谓语)
I knw yu nce participated in a rbtics cmpetitin and wn the award, s yu must have accumulated much experience in it.
→Having participated in a rbtics cmpetitin and wn the award, yu must have accumulated much experience in it, I think.
③句式多变 (非谓语)
I will email yu ur training plan sn and hpe yu can ffer sme cnstructive suggestins regarding it.
→ I will email yu ur training plan sn, hping yu can ffer sme cnstructive suggestins regarding it.
Step 2 妙笔成篇
Dear Chris,
I have gd news t tell yu. The Wrld Adlescent Rbtics Cmpetitin is t be held in Tianjin at the end f this July, which interests me greatly.
On hearing the news, sme f my classmates and I frmed a grup t take part in the cmpetitin. Having participated in a rbtics cmpetitin and wn the award, yu must have accumulated much experience in it, I think. Our team is desperately in need f yur help. S as the grup leader, I sincerely invite yu t jin us. I am greatly cnvinced that with ur jint effrts we can undubtedly get gd results. What’s mre, I will email yu ur training plan sn, hping yu can ffer sme cnstructive suggestins regarding it.
I’m lking frward t yur reply.
Yurs,
Li Jin
【加固训练】
Acrss Asia many peple have just witnessed the natural wnder that is a ttal slar eclipse. 1
This week’s ttal eclipse culd be seen in eastern India befre slwly mving acrss Burma, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Japan, and the Pacific Ocean. Yesterday, when it reached eastern China, peple flcked (聚集)int the streets t witness the astrnmical wnder.
As daylight disappeared and the sky quickly darkened. 2 Cities such as Shanghai were plunged int (陷入) darkness during what is thught t be the lngest ttal eclipse f the 21st century. It lasted 6 minutes and 39 secnds.
Ttal slar eclipses f such a lng duratin are very rare events. 3 Sha Zhenyi, an astrnmer at the Shanghai Astrnmical Observatry in China explained: “We’ll have t wait a few hundred years fr anther pprtunity t bserve a slar eclipse that lasts this lng, s it’s a very special pprtunity. ”
But while millins celebrate this phenmenn, it shuld be remembered that ttal eclipses have nt always been such treasured events. Many cultures traditinally believed that a ttal eclipse was a bad men (凶兆) r a supernatural event. 4 Others believed that the eclipse signified ncming disasters. Nwadays it appears that these fears and superstitins(迷信)are lng frgtten. As daylight nce again flded Asian cities such as Shanghai, whps and cheers culd be heard amng the gathered crwds.
Reflecting n what had just happened, ne Shanghai resident described the eclipse as “eerie”(怪诞的, 奇异的, 可怕的), while anther said, “It’s like magic; the day turns int night in such a shrt perid f time. I have n idea where I am right nw. 5 . ”
A. It feels like a different wrld.
B. They happen but nce in a lifetime.
C. Thse watching were left far frm disappinted.
D. Sme believed that evil gds were eating the Sun.
E. Peple were frightened by the sudden darkness.
F. Sme peple thught it was a natural wnder.
G. A ttal slar eclipse ccurs when the Sun, Mn and Earth line up in such a way that ur view f the Sun is ttally hidden by the Mn.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了此次21世纪最长日全食的情况, 整个日全食过程持续了6分39秒。如此长时间的日全食是非常罕见的, 想要再次看到可能还得等上几百年。文章还介绍了历史上人们对于日全食的不同看法。
1. 【解析】选G。根据上文可知亚洲各地的许多人刚刚目睹了日全食这一自然奇观。由此可知, 上文提到了日全食的景象, 本句应当是说明这一现象发生的原因。故G选项“当太阳、月球和地球排成一条直线时, 我们看到的太阳完全被月球遮住了, 日全食就发生了”符合语境, 故选G。
2. 【解析】选C。 根据后文可知, 在这场被认为是21世纪持续时间最长的日全食中, 上海等城市陷入了黑暗之中。整个过程持续了6分39秒。由此可知, 这次日全食是21世纪持续时间最长的, 所以那些观看日全食的人不会失望。故C选项“那些观看的人远远没有失望”符合语境, 故选C。
3. 【解析】选B。根据后文可知中国上海天文台的天文学家邵振义解释说: “我们必须等待几百年才能再有机会观测到持续这么久的日全食。所以这是一个非常特殊的机会。”由此可知, 再次看到这么久的日全食需要等待几百年, 所以这是一生只有一次的机会。故B选项“它们一生只发生一次”符合语境, 故选B。
4. 【解析】选D。根据后文Others believed that the eclipse signified ncming disasters. 可知, 另一些人认为日食预示着即将到来的灾难。由此可知, 本句与后文都是在说明人们对这一现象的看法, 其中D选项中Sme可与后文Others构成对应, sme... thers... “一些人……另一些人……”。故D选项“有些人相信邪恶的神正在吃太阳”符合语境, 故选D。
5. 【解析】选A。根据上文可知在回忆刚刚发生的事情时, 一位上海居民形容日食“可怕”, 而另一位说, “这就像魔术一样, 在这么短的时间内白天就变成了黑夜。我不知道我现在在哪里。”由此可知, 本句承接上文, 说明日全食给人一种进入了不同世界的感觉。故A选项“感觉就像进入了一个不同的世界”符合语境, 故选A。与现在的事实相反
谓语动词使用过去式(be的过去式一律使用were)
与过去的事实相反
谓语动词使用过去完成式
表示将来情况发生的可能性小
谓语动词用“wuld/culd/might+动词原形”
likely
表示某事很可能发生, 与prbable意思相近, 主语可以是人也可以是物。常用“It is likely that... ”或“sb. /sth. be likely t d sth. ”
pssible
可能性相对小, 作表语时, 主语不能是人。常用“It is pssible fr sb. t d sth. ”或“It is pssible that... ”
prbable
带有“很可能”的意味, 语气比pssible强, 作表语时不能用人或不定式作主语。常用“It is prbable that... ”
reject
语气比refuse强, 后面通常只接名词或代词, 意为“摒弃, 拒绝接受, 不予考虑”
refuse
是普通用词, 语气比decline强, 指态度坚决、肯定无疑地拒绝。可用名词、代词或不定式作宾语
decline
指婉言谢绝有关社交活动的邀请或请求等
话题词汇
scientific research, sensr, self-pwered street lamps, cnsume, save energy
短语
the cnnectin between... and... , be expsed t, cnduct a study, be decrated with, be shrt f
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