高考英语必考语法专题之名词性从句语法详解

这是一份高考英语必考语法专题之名词性从句语法详解，共19页。学案主要包含了master等内容，欢迎下载使用。

在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫作名词性从句。包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。


注：由于名词性从句在句中不同的句法功能（即名词性从句在复合句中，能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。）相应地，名词性从句可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。


目录


\l "_Tc31297_WPSOffice_Level1" 主语从句2


\l "_Tc31297_WPSOffice_Level2" that引导的主语从句2


\l "_Tc24460_WPSOffice_Level2" whether/if引导的主语从句5


\l "_Tc20435_WPSOffice_Level2" 连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句6


\l "_Tc24460_WPSOffice_Level1" 宾语从句7


\l "_Tc7990_WPSOffice_Level2" that引导的宾语从句9


\l "_Tc3674_WPSOffice_Level2" whether/if引导的宾语从句9


\l "_Tc12089_WPSOffice_Level2" 连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句10


\l "_Tc12070_WPSOffice_Level2" 宾语从句的注意事项11


\l "_Tc20435_WPSOffice_Level1" 表语从句13


\l "_Tc16239_WPSOffice_Level2" that, whether引导的表语从句14


\l "_Tc30544_WPSOffice_Level2" as if, as thugh, because引导的表语从句14


\l "_Tc2732_WPSOffice_Level2" 表语从句的注意事项15


\l "_Tc7990_WPSOffice_Level1" 同位语从句16


\l "_Tc16_WPSOffice_Level2" 常跟同位语从句的名词或短语。16


引导词








主语从句





主语从句可直接放在句首，也可用形式主语it代替，而将主语从句后置。





that引导的主语从句





1)that引导的主语从句置于句首（that此时在从句中不充当任何成分，无含义，只起连接作用，不能省略）


That the earth mves arund the sun is knwn t all.


注：从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。


2)在that引导的主语从句中，常用it作形式主语，that引导的真正的主语从句后置，常见的此类句型有：


①It+系动词+形容词+that从句。


常用于这种结构的形容词有：





It is likely that he can’t cme t the meeting.It is bvius that yu have made a big mistake.


注：It is necessary/imprtant/surprising/strange/unthinkable/unbelievable/incredible that+主语(shuld)+动词原形+其它。


例：It is necessary that a cllege student (shuld) master ne r tw freign languages.It is strange that yu (shuld) trust Jane.


②It+系动词+名词+that从句。


常用于这种结构的名词有：





It is a pity that yu didn’t attend the lecture yesterday.It is n wnder that yu’ve achieved s much success.


③It+ be+过去分词+that从句。


常用于这种结构的过去分词有：





It is reprted that n passengers were injured in the accident.It is generally cnsidered that bys are better at science than girls.


注：It is suggested/advised/rdered/requested/insisted/demanded +that+主语(shuld)+动词原形+其它。


例：It is suggested that yu(shuld) spend mre time in studying English.


④It+动词（+宾语或状语）+that从句。


常用于这种结构的动词有：





It happened t me that I was away when he called.It ccurred t me that we shuld get in tuch with the manager.





whether/if引导的主语从句





whether引导的主语从句即可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，但if引导的主语从句只能放在句末，前面需用it作形式主语。whether， if只起连句中不作成分，且不可省略。


Whether yu can succeed r nt depends n hw hard yu wrk at it.（whether引导的主语从句放在句首）


It is unknwn whether/if he has agreed t my plan.（主语从句是whether/if he has agreed t my plan, it作形式主语）





连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句





1）连接代词what, wh, whm, , whse, which , whatever, whever, whichever等在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语,不可以省略。


What he said just nw is true.Wh breaks the law will be punished.


注：①whever和whatever引导的名词性从句一般不用it作形式主语。②what 引导的主语从句一般按单数对待，但在实际使用中，其单复数取决于其成分的含义。


例： What the kid wanted was nly a new schl bag.（schlbag是可数名词单数，谓语动词用单数）What they need are a car and sme water.（a car and sme water表示复数概念，谓语动词用复数）


2）连接副词when, where, why, hw，whenever，hwever，wherever等在从句中作状语。


Why they suddenly disappeared remains a mystery.（why在从句中作原因状语）


When we’ll g fr a picnic isn’t knwn.（when在从句中作时间状语）








宾语从句








句法功能





1)作动词的宾语





①大多数位于及物动词后。I hpe (that) yu can jin us in the game.I dubt whether/if he will cme t the wedding.


②有些动词短语后。


常见的这类动词短语有：





Please find ut when the ship sails fr New Yrk.


We shuld keep in mind that sprts can help us develp bth ur bdies and characters.


③可以运用it作形式宾语代替宾语从句


A.动词find, feel, think, cnsider, make, believe, guess, suppse, assume等后有宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，而把that引导的宾语从句后置。


例：I think it necessary that we take plenty f ht water every day.I have made it rule that I keep diaries.


B.有些动词（词组）带宾语从句时需要在从句前加it.如：hate, dislike, appreciate, see t, depend n等。除此之外，take it fr granted中的it是位于动词短语而不是从句前。


例：I hate it when they talk with their muths full f fd.Sme students just take it granted that they will pass the exam.





2)作介词的宾语





一般情况下介词后常用wh-类连接词引导宾语从句。（有的介词如in, except, but后可跟that引导的宾语从句）


We are talking abut whether we admit students int ur clubs.They lk similar except that ne is a little tall.





3)作系表结构的宾语。





常用于此类结构的形容词有：sure, certain, glad, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied, srry等表示“情感”的形容词。


We’re all pleased that we have nce again vercme the difficulty.I am extremely srry that I have trubled yu s much.





that引导的宾语从句





that引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义。that无实际意义，在从句中不充当任何成分。that可以省略。


I dn’t think (that) there will be time t d it.Many peple believe that rbts will d mst f ur wrk.





whether/if引导的宾语从句





1）可用whether/if的情况


whether/if常放在ask, care, wnder, find ut等后引导宾语从句。whether/if在从句中不作成分，但是有“是否”含义，不可省略。


I asked them whether/if they wuld win the match.D yu care whether/if yu win?


2) 只用whether不用if的情况


①引导介词后的宾语从句时。


It depends n whether it will snw tmrrw.


②与r nt连用时。


I asked yur secretary whether she culd cme r nt.


③与不定式连用时。


I really dn’t want knw whether t accept r refuse.有些动词，如leave, put, discuss, dubt等后的宾语从句常用whether引导。


④We dubt whether he will keep his prmise.


⑤宾语从句前置，置于句首时。


Whether they can cme here n time, we dn’t knw.





连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句








1）连接代词what, wh, whm, , whse, which , whatever, whever, whichever等在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语,不可以省略。


I dn’t knw whm yu shuld depend n.Culd yu tell me which gate we have t g t?


2) 连接副词when, where, why, hw，whenever，hwever，wherever等在从句中作状语。


He didn’t tell me when the traffic accident had taken place. Culd yu please tell me hw I can read the new wrld?


注：hw构成的疑问短语也可以引导宾语从句，常见的有hw ld, hw many, hw much, hw far, hw sn, hw lng等。例： D yu knw hw ld yur English teacher is.





宾语从句的注意事项








1）宾语从句的时态


宾语从句谓语动词的时态常常受到主句谓语动词的影响，因而在使用时要注意主句和从句两部分的时态。





2) 宾语从句的语序


陈述句作宾语从句时，仍然用陈述语序；疑问句作宾语从句时，原来的倒装语序要改为陈述语序。


Tm advised that I shuld take mre water.I dn’t knw why he is leaving.


宾语从句的语序：引导词+主语+谓语+其他


3) 宾语从句的否定转移 主语是第一人称I/we，主句的谓语动词是表示“想，认为”等意义的动词，如：think，believe, imagine, suppse, expect, guess等，若后面的从句时否定意义时，从句的否定一般要转移到主句中，其反义疑问句的人称和时一般要与宾语从句一致。


We dn’t think yu can play the guitar.I dn’t believe that’s his fault, is it?We find that he seldm ges t visit his teacher, des he? （否定词否定，hardly, never, seldm, n, few, little等）


4） 不能省略that的情况


在that引导的宾语从句中，连接词that只起引导作用，无具体意义，不在从句中充当任何成分，常常可以省略。但是，在下列情况中不可以省略。


①句中出现两个或两个以上的由that引导的宾语从句时。此时，只有第一个从句中的that可以省去，其余并列的宾语从句中的that都要保留。He said (that) the film was excellent and that he wanted t see it nce again.


②that从句中又有其他从句时。I am afraid that if yu’ve lst it, yu must pay fr it.


③it作形式宾语代替that引导的宾语从句时，不能省略that。We tk it fr granted that they wuld help us.


④当宾语从句的主语是this，that或者被this，that修饰时。He said that this bk was very useful.


⑤当宾语从句时双宾语中的直接宾语时。I want t tell yu that this prblem is very cmmn.


⑥宾语从句前有插入语时。We hpe, n the cntrary, that he will stay at hme with us.


⑦that引导的宾语从句谓语句首时。That ur team will win, I believe.


⑧宾语从句在except, but, except, in等介词之后。He als likes playing the pian besides that he is gd at playing basketball.








表语从句





表语从句位于主句的连系动词be, seem, lk, sund, taste, feel, remain, appear等之后，常用的连接词与主语从句和宾语从句的连接词相同，用法也一样。此外，表语从句还可用as if, as thugh, because来引导。





that, whether引导的表语从句








that, whether只起连接作用，在从句中不作成分。that无实义，一般不可省略，whether意为“是否”，不能换成if.（一般不用if引导表语从句）


Our prblem is that I dn’t lk any different frm ther peple.Anther imprtant difference is whether schls are state schls r private schls.





as if, as thugh, because引导的表语从句








1）as if, as thugh 引导的表语从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。


Yu lk as if yu’ve had a gd time. （陈述语气）Yu lk as if he were frm the Mars. （虚拟语气）


注：此类表语从句常跟在特定的动词后面，如seem, appear, lk, taste, sund, feel等。


2）because引导的表语从句主语不能用reasn。


---Yu lk tired.---That may be because I didn’t have a gd sleep yesterday mrning.


注：如果主句主语是reasn，表语从句的连接词用that，不能用我why或because。常见的句型为“The reasn(why) is that…”。


The reasn (why) he came late was that he gt up late.（that不能换成because）





表语从句的注意事项








1）wh-表语从句应注意的问题


wh-类连接词引导的表语从句作表语时，通常不含疑问意义，而是分别表示具体的地点、时间、原因和方式等。


This is why I think my happiest days will be in the future. （表示具体原因）Tmrrw is when it will be mst cnvenient. （表示具体时间）This is where I met Peter fr the first time. （表示具体地点）


2）表语从句用虚拟语气的情况


如果主句的主语是advice, demand, rder, suggestin, requirement, request, cmmand等时，表语从句用虚拟语气，结构是“(shuld)+动词原形”。








同位语从句





同位语从句是用以解释说明某一名词内容和实质的从句。常见的连接词有：that, whether, why, wh, where, hw, when等。if一般不引导同位语从句。that, whether不作成分，whether表示“是否”，其它连接词具有实义，同时在同位语从句中作一定成分。引导同位语从句的连接词一般不可省略。





常跟同位语从句的名词或短语。











The stry ges that the lst child has gne abrad.Jim kept his prmise that he wuld always d everything he culd fr Mary t make sure f her happiness.





同位语从句的注意点





1）同位语从句的语气


在suggestin, advice, request, rder ,demand, requirement等意为“建议，命令，要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词常用“shuld+动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，其中shuld可以省略。


The suggestin came frm the chairman that the new rule (shuld) be adpted.The gvernment gave the rder that all these huses (shuld) be pulled dwn in three weeks.


2) 同位语从句与定语从句区别 ①从性质上区别：


同位语从句相当于一个名词，对前面的抽象名词进行解释和说明；而定语从句相当于一个形容词，对先行词进行修饰或限定。 The girls were surprised at the fact that cean ships can sailed up the Great lakes. （同位语从句）There are laws that d nt allw peple t burn t much cal. (定语从句) ②从引导词上区别： 引导定语从句的that是关系代词，它的作用是连接主句和从句，并代表先行词在从句中充当成分，且that作宾语时可以省略，指物时可用which代替。而引导同位语从句的that是连词，只起连接主句和从句的作用，它不充当任何成分，不能省略，也不可被which替代。 We expressed the hpe that Mr and Mrs Smith wuld cme t China the next year. （同位语从句）The news (that/which) we heard spread all ver the city.（定语从句） ③从所修饰词上区别：


同位语从句修饰的名词数量有限，往往是含有某种信息的词，如message, news, fact, hpe等。而定语从句修饰的词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。 Sme peple have the idea that yu can crss Canada in less than five days. （同位语从句）The time when I first met Nelsn Mandela was a very difficult perid f my life. （定语从句）


④判断定语从句和同位语从句的方法:


凡是同位语从句，改为The fact/news/idea/rder/truth is/was… 结构时，从语法和语义上都讲的通，而定语从句则不可。


The news that ur team wn the game excited us all.The news is that ur team wn the game. (√)


The news that the radi bradcast this mrning is nt true at all.The news was that the radi bradcast…。(×)


类别
功能
例词
从属连词
指起连接作用，不充当从句中的任何成分
that, whether, if
连接代词
既起连接作用，本身又作从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语
wh, whm, whse, which, what, whever, whatever, whichever
连接副词
既起连接作用，本身又作从句的状语
when, where, hw, why，whenever，wherever，hwever
necessary
必要的
certain
明确的
right
正确的
clear
清晰的
(un)likely
（不）可能的
pssible
可能的
strange
奇怪的
bvius
明显的
natural
自然的
imprtant
重要的
a pity
遗憾
a hnr
荣耀
a shame
令人遗憾的事
a wnder
奇迹
gd news
好消息
n wnder
难怪
a fact
事实
n surprise
不奇怪
said
据说
tld
有人告诉
heard
有人听说
reprted
据报道
decided
作出决定
suggested
有人建议
advised
有人建议
rdered
根据命令
remembered
有人记得
thught
有人认为
cnsidered
认为
well-knwn
很著名
hped
有人希望
annunced
据宣布
seem
显得
happen
碰巧
matter
重要
ccur
出现
turn ut
结果是
find ut
查出
turn ut
结果是
pint ut
指出
make sure
确信
figure ut
辨别出
keep/bear in mind
牢记
用法
例句
当主句的谓语动词是一般过去，其宾语从句的时态一般要用相应的过去时态
The plicewman asked the little by where he lived.He said (that) he was ging t take care f the baby.
当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或祈使句，其宾语从句的时态可以任何适当的时态
D yu knw hw Amy came t schl this mrning?Please tell me whm yu went t the garden with this mrning.
当宾语从句表达客观事实或规律时，其时态应用一般现在时
Everyne knew that there are sixty minutes in an hur.The teacher said that the earth ges arund the sun.
belief
信念
with the exceptin
…除外
explanatin
解释
dubt
怀疑
idea
主意
hpe
希望
pinin
观点
news
消息
thught
想法
pssibility
可能性
truth
事实
wish
愿望
questin
问题
fact
事实
prblem
问题
prmise
诺言
reprt
报道
Reply
答复
advice
建议
suggestin
建议
wrd
消息
warning
警告