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所属成套资源：2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪（含答案）
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2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪 专题六 动词时态、语态和主谓一致
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这是一份2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪 专题六 动词时态、语态和主谓一致，共2页。试卷主要包含了动词时态、语态和主谓一致等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪
专题六 动词时态、语态和主谓一致
命题规律与趋势
命题规律
1. 2020年新高考I卷在语篇型填空中对谓语动词的考查以时态为主，语态为辅。对时态的考查主要集中在一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时等常见时态。
2. 在考查时态的同时兼顾对主谓一致的考查。主谓一致主要考查主语为第三人称单数，在一般现在时中，实义动词应加"-s"，be 动词应用is； 一般过去时中，be 动词用 was 或were。
命题趋势
1. 对谓语动词的考查仍然是高考语篇型填空最为重要的考点之一，而且动词的时态和语态依然是热点所在，尤其是一般现在时态、一般过去时态和现在完成时态等基本时态。2. 对主谓一致的考查仍然会与时态或语态结合在一起，体现语法测试的语境化和综合化。
考点
一、谓语动词的时态
1.一般现在时
（1）构成：
①一般现在时主要用动词原形表示，如果主语为第三人称单数，则一般在动词原形后加-s或-es, 其变化规则如下表所示：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加-s
eat-eats rise-rises
以s, sh, ch, x, o, z 结尾的动词
加-es
discuss-discusses
teach- teaches
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词
变y为ies
carry-carries fly-flies
② be的变化：am, is, are.
③ have的变化：has, have.
（2）用法：
①表示现状、性质、状态、经常发生的或习惯性的动作，且常与 usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes 等表频率的时间状语连用。
John sometimes sits up very late. 约翰有时很晚才睡。
②表示客观事实或普遍现象。此用法即使出现在过去的语境中，也用一般现在时。
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
③如果主句是一般将来时，那么时间、条件等状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
If it rains tomorrow, I won't go there. 如果明天下雨，我将不去那儿。
Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不等人。
Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。
④用在以 here, there 开头的倒装句中，表示现在正发生的动作或存在的状态。
Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了！
注意：如果主语是代词，则不用倒装，如：Here it comes.
练习：1. Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future ________ (belong) to the well-educated.
2. The teacher told us the earth __________ (go) around the sun.
3. -Have you seen my e-mail about our TESL project?
-Yes. Luckily I checked my e-mails yesterday. Normally I __________ (not open) my e-mail box for days.
4. The plane __________ (take) off at five.
5. If you _________ slowly, I understand; if you ___________ fast, I don't. (speak)
答案：1. belongs 2. goes 3. don't open 4. takes 5. speak; speak
2. 一般过去时
（1）构成：
①一般过去时用动词的过去式表示，其规则动词变化方法如下表所示：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加-ed
pack-packed
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词
变y为ied
carried-carried
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词
双写辅音字母加-ed
plan-planned
以不发音的e结尾的动词
直接加-d
liked-liked provide-provided
② was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他情况。
③注意以元音字母加y结尾的动词：规则变化是直接加-ed, 如 play-played; 不规则变化是把y改为id, 如：pay-paid, say-said.
④不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式，需要个别记忆，课本后页有详细完整的不规则动词表。
（2）用法：
①表示在确定的过去的时间里发生的动作。
Where did you go just now? 你刚才去了哪里？
He saw Mr. Wang yesterday. 他昨天看见王先生了。
②表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。表示这种意义时，句子中常带有 every day， often，usually，always，sometimes 等时间状语。
Mrs. Peter went to the park to have a walk every day last year, 彼得太太去年每天都到公园去散步。
I went to the cinema once a week when I was at school. 我上学时每周去看一场电影。
③表示过去连续发生的动作。这种情况下，往往没有表示过去的时间状语，而通过上下文来判断。
The boy opened his eyes for a moment, looked at the captain, and then closed his eyes. 那个男孩把眼睛睁开了一会儿，看了看船长，然后就闭上了眼睛。
She got up early, fetched water, cleaned the room and then went out for a walk.
她早早起床、提水，打扫房间，然后出去散步。
④在表示时间、条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。
They said they would let me know as soon as they got there. 他们说只要他们一到那儿就会马上通知我。
He said he would not go if it rained. 他说如果下雨他就不去。
⑤一般过去时常用的时间状语有yesterday，last week，an hour ago，the other day，in 1982等。
She suddenly fell ill yesterday. 昨天她突然病倒了。
练习：1. I'm sorry. I __________ (do) not realize I was blocking your way.
2. -What about your self-drive trip yesterday?
-Tiring! The road was being widened, and we __________ (have) a rough ride.
3. I didn't think I'd like the movie, but actually it ________ (be) pretty good.
4. I felt very tired when I got home and I _________ (go) straight to bed.
5. -Haven't seen you for ages! Where have you been?
-I went to Ningxia and _________ (stay) there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.
6. The real reason why prices __________ (be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.
答案：1. did 2. had 3. was 4. went 5. stayed 6. were
3. 一般将来时
（1）构成：
①will/ shall+动词原形
②is/am/are going to+动词原形
③is/am/are about to+动词原形
④is/am/are to+动词原形
⑤is/am/are due to+动词原形
⑥某些动词的一般现在时或现在进行时形式
（2）用法：
①will
表示将来的习惯性动作或状态；
Spring will come again. 春天还会再来。
He will be here in an hour. 他一个小时后到这里。
表示将来发生的一次性动作；
If you don't hurry, you will miss the train. 如果你不快点儿，你就会赶不上火车。
表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势；
Fish will die without water. 离开水，鱼就会死。
表示偶然的、临时的决定。
－Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town?
－No. I will go and visit him right now.
－你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗？
－不知道。我马上就去看他。
②be going to
用在口语中，表示“计划、打算要做某事”， 此外，be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。
He is going to speak on TV this evening. 他今晚要在电视上演讲。
Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain. 看这些乌云，要下雨了。
③be about to/be on the point of +动名词
表示“立即的将来（immediate future）”，这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用，但可以和并列连词 when (=and at this/that time)引出的分句连用
The train is about to start. 火车就要开了。
I'm not about to stop when I'm so close to success. 在这样接近成功时，我不打算就此罢手。
④ be to
表示“按计划或安排要做的事”；
When are you to leave for home? 你什么时候回家？
表示要求做某事，意为“应该”， 相当于should, ought to；
You are to report it to the police. 你应该报警。
表示“想，打算”， 相当于 intend, want。
If we are to be there before ten, we'll have to go now.
如果我们要在10点前到那儿，我们现在就得走。
⑤ be due to
表示“预定、定于”；
They are due to meet again tomorrow. 他们定于明天再见面。
有些动词，如 come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start 等，其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作；
I'm leaving for Beijing next month. 下个月我要动身去北京。
某些动词的一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要做的事情，这种用法常常用于介绍火车时刻表、飞机时刻表、电影开演时刻表、作息安排等。
We must hurry up. The first class begins at 8 o'clock. 我们必须快点儿。第一节课将在8点开始。
练习：1.－What time is it?
－I have no idea. But just a minute, I __________ (check) it for you.
2.－Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.
－All right. I ___________ (call) him later.
3. As you go through this book, you ___________ (find) that each of the millions of people who lived through World War II had a different experience.
答案：1. will check 2. will call 3. will find
4. 现在进行时
（1）构成：
is/am/are +现在分词
（2）用法：
①表示现在（说话人说话时）正在发生或进行的动作或状态，常与 now，right now，at this moment，at present等时间状语连用。
We are waiting for you now. 我们正在等你。
②表示现阶段发生的动作，说话时该动作未必正在进行。
He is teaching in a middle school. 他在一所中学教书。
③表示将要发生的动作，此时常与表示将来的时间状语连用，多指按计划、安排好的事情。
I'm meeting my father at the station at 5 o'clock. 我五点要去车站接我的父亲。
④表示渐变，有些动词，如 come，go，leave，start，begin，stop，arrive，return等的进行时表示逐渐变化的过程。
It is getting warmer and warmer in spring. 春天天气越来越暖和了。
⑤表示动作的反复。进行时与 always，constantly，forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的厌烦、喜爱等感情色彩。
You are always changing your mind. 你总是不停地改变主意。 （不满）
She's always helping people. 她总是乐意帮助别人。（赞扬）
The boy is constantly lying. 这个男孩老是撤谎。（厌烦）
⑥不能用进行时态的动词。
感觉类：look，smell，feel，sound，taste，see，hear等。
The soup tastes good. (不可说：The soup is tasting good.) 这汤尝起来不错。
Your hands feel cold. (不可说：Your hands are feeling cold.)你的手摸起来很凉。
情感类：like，love，prefer，admire，hate，fear，adore等。
I love my dad and mum. (不可说：I am loving my dad and mum.)我爱我的爸爸妈妈。
心态类：wish，hope，want，need，believe，understand，agree，know，remember，forget等。
I don't believe my eyes. (不可说：I am not believing my eyes.) 我不相信我的眼睛。
存在状态类：appear，lie (位于），remain，belong，have等。
Those books belong to Mr. Li. (不可说：Those books are belonging to Mr. Li.)那些书是李先生的。
练习：1. －Hi, let's go skating.
－Sorry, I'm busy right now. I ___________ (fill) in an application to look for a new job.
2. Hurry up! Mark and Carol __________ (expect) us.
3. －Hello. I ___________ (phone) to ask if I can book two tickets for tonight's film.
－Sorry, we've already sold out.
4. Listen! The girl ___________ (play) the piano in the next room.
5. -Why are the Woods selling their belongings?
－They_____________(move) to another city.
答案：1. am filling 2.are expecting 3.am phoning 4.is playing 5.are moving
5. 过去进行时
（1）构成：was/were +现在分词
（2）用法：
①表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作，常有表过去时间的状语（从句）
The last time I saw Jane, she was picking cotton in the fields.
我最后一次见简时，她正在地里摘棉花。
②表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作。常用的时间状语有this morning，the whole morning，all day，from nine to ten等
We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.
昨天晚上七点到九点我们在看电视。
③用过去进行时表过去将来时，与现在进行时表将来相同，表示过去将要发生的动作，常用动词有go，come，stay，leave等
She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.
她问他是否要回来吃晚饭。
④表示过去的反复性或习惯性的动作，常与副词 always，constantly，continually，frequently 等连用，常常带有说话人的某种感情色彩
His mother was always working like that.
他母亲总是那样工作。
练习：1. I ____________ (come) to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.
2. She ______________ (phone) someone, so I nodded to her and went away.
3. Jim _______________ (watch) a late night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank.
4. －I don't understand why you didn't go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.
－I'm so sorry. But I ____________ (do) my homework.
答案：1. was coming 2. was phoning 3. was watching 4. was doing
6. 现在完成时
（1）构成：has/have +过去分词
（2）用法：
①表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在（甚至到将来）。常与之连用的时间状语有：lately，recently，in the last (past) few days/ years，since then，up to now，so far等
In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown.
在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
②表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响。常用的状语有：already，ever，just (刚刚），yet，before等
He has turned off the light. (=The light is off now.)
他已经关掉灯了。
③在“最高级＋名词”或“It/This is+ the+序数词＋time”之后的从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时
This is the first time (that) I have come here.
这是我第一次来这里。
④have gone to 意为“去某地了”， 表示此人现在还没回来
He has gone to the zoo.
他去动物园了。
⑤have been to 意为“去过某地”， 表示此人已经回来了
Have you ever been to Shanghai?
你去过上海吗？
⑥“It has been/is+一段时间＋since. . . ”意为“自从……以来已有多长时间”
It has been weeks since I saw Grandma.
我已经好几个星期没有见到祖母了。
⑦瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语
（√）He has finished his work.
（×）He has finished his work for an hour.
注意：
瞬间动词若用于现在完成时且与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，需在谓语动词、时态或句型方面作相应变化。如：
他参军3年了。
（×）He has joined the army for 3 years.
（√）He has been in the army for 3 years. (变换动词）
（√）He joined the army 3 years ago. (变换时态）
（√）It has been/is 3 years since he joined the army. (变换句型）
练习：1. －Do you still remember the name of the company?
－I'm really sorry. The name ____________ (escape) from my mind.
2. When I first met Bryan I didn't like him, but I ____________ (change) my mind.
3. In the last few years, China _____________ (make) great achievements in environmental protection.
4. It's the first time that the boy ___________ (speak) to a foreigner.
5. －Oh no! We're too late. The train ____________ (leave).
－That's OK. We'll catch the next train to London.
答案：1. has escaped 2. have changed 3. has made 4. has spoken 5. has left
7. 过去将来时
（1）构成：
①should/would+动词原形
②was/were going to+动词原形
③was/were about to+动词原形
④was/were to+动词原形
⑤was/were due to+动词原形
⑥was/were +to have done
（2）用法：
表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态
He said he would be here at eight o'clock.
他说他将在八点钟到这里。
He told me he was leaving in an hour.
他告诉我他一小时后就要走了。
I was about to take a bath when the telephone rang.
我正要洗澡时电话铃响了。
He told me he was to get married the next week.
他告诉我他下周结婚。
练习：When he knocked on the door I was about ___________ (leave) for Shanghai.
答案：to leave
8. 将来进行时
（1）构成：will/shall be doing
（2）用法：
表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作
At this time tomorrow, I will be lying on the beach.
明天这个时间，我正躺在沙滩上。
练习：Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she _________ (teach) a class at that time.
答案：will be teaching
9. 过去完成时
（1）构成：had +过去分词
（2）用法：
①一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它发生（即表示“过去的过去”） , 那么发生在前的动作要用过去完成时。
He said that he had been abroad for 3 years. 他说他在国外待了3年。
②表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有：by/until/before/by the end of+过去的某一时间。
By then he had learned English for 3 years.
到那时，他已学了3年英语。
③hope，expect，mean，intend，want的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
我本希望在上海多看看。 （但未能如愿）
④在“Hardly/Scarcely/Barely. . .when. . .”和“No sooner. . .than. . .”句型中，when和 than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚……就……”
Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.
我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。
⑤在“It was/had been+一段时间+since从句”中，since从句的谓语动词用过去完成时
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
我们有10年没那么高兴过了。
⑥在“That/It/This was the first/second/. . .time + that从句”句型中，that从句的谓语动词要用过去完成时
It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.
那是他第三次犯同样的错误。
练习：1. Silk ___________ (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
2. When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I _____________ (not see) for years.
3. Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I _____________ (leave) my book in the cafe.
4. －Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house?
－Not really. She_____________ (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
5. During his stay in Xi'an, Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends ___________ (recommend).
答案：1. had become 2. hadn't seen 3. had left 4. had given 5. had recommended
10.现在完成进行时
（1）构成：have/has been doing
（2）用法：
表示某一动作从过去某时开始一直持续到现在（这个动作可能刚停止，也可能还在进行）， 不少情况下表示与现在状态有联系，有时表示动作的重复等。
Since the Lunar New Year, the number of bikes has been growing rapidly.
自从农历新年以来，自行车的数量一直在快速增长。
练习：1. Mary ___________ (work) really hard on his book and thinks he'll have finished it by Friday.
2. Since mankind started gardening, we _____________ (try) to make our environment more beautiful.
3. The girl has a great interest in sports and ___________ (take) badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.
答案：1. has been working 2. have been trying 3. has been taking
二、谓语动词时态的呼应
1. 主将从现
所谓“主将从现”， 即主句表将来（不一定为一般将来时，祈使句、“情态动词＋动词原形”也可表将来）， 从句（包括时间、条件、让步状语从句）用现在时（不一定是一般现在时，现在进行时、现在完成时也可在这类从句中表示将来）
Whatever you say, I will not change my mind.
无论你说什么，我都不会改变主意。
I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.
我一做完工作就和你一起去。
2. 含宾语从句的句子的时态一致问题
（1）宾语从句中的动词时态常受主句谓语动词时态的制约，如果主句谓语动词为一般现在时或一般将来时，宾语从句中的谓语动词可以不受影响。
He says (that) his father is a teacher.
他说他父亲现在是老师。
He says (that) his father was a teacher.
他说他父亲过去是老师。
He says (that) his father will become a teacher.
他说他父亲要当老师。
（2）如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词一般需用过去的某种时态，即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时、过去将来时、过去将来进行时。
I thought (that) he was a smart boy.（was 与 thought 同时发生）
I thought (that) he was sleeping.（thought 发生时，sleep正在进行）
I thought (that) he had got well.（get well先于thought 发生）
I thought (that) he had been learning French for at least 4 years.
（learn French 发生在 thought 之前，并延续到了 thought这一动作发生时，且在thought 发生时还在进行）
I thought (that) he would find a job soon.（find a job 发生在 thought 之后）
I thought (that) he would be going by bus.（go发生在thought 之后）
注意：
（1）当主句为过去时、宾语从句有明确的表示过去的时间状语时，可不必用过去完成时，而用一般过去时。
I knew he was born in 1991. 我知道他生于1991年。
（2）当宾语从句表达真理时，谓语动词不必变为过去时，而继续采用一般现在时态。
This proved that the earth is round. 这证明地球是圆的。
练习：1. The teacher told us that the Yangtze River ____________ (originate) in Qinghai.
2. He said he ___________ (leave) a few days later.
答案：1. originates 2. was leaving/ would leave
三、易混时态的区别
1. 一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别
一般过去时单纯谈过去的事，与现在没有联系；而现在完成时表示的动作与现在有关系，或是对现在有影响。例如：
He wrote many plays when he was at college. （写剧本是他过去做的事）
He has written many plays. （这意味着他现在是剧作家）
2. 一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别
（1）一般过去时是指过去的动作或情况，而过去完成时指过去的一个动作或时间之前发生的事。
He had learned 3, 000 English words before he came to this school.
他来这个学校之前就已经学了3, 000个英语单词。
（2）过去完成时的时间状语常用by或before引导的短语或句子表示，如 by that time, by the end of, before 2010,by the time+句子（一般过去时）等。
He had finished writing the book by the end of last month.
到上个月月底，他已经写完这本书了。
3. 过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别
两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语）， 而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作（句中可有表示过去特定时间的状语）。比较下面的说法：
She had been ill for a week before she came back.
（“回来”发生在过去某一时间，“生病”发生在这一时间之前，即过去的过去）
She has been ill for a week.（现在仍然病着）
练习：1. The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody ___________ (see) them since.
2. I'm calling for the apartment you ______________ (advertise) the other day. Could you tell me more about it?
3. During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs ______________ (increase) sharply.
4. The twins, who ______________ (finish) their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.
答案：1. has seen 2. advertised 3. has increased 4. had finished
四、动词的语态
（1）构成：
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be动词的变化表现出来的，其变化形式如下（以动词do为例）：
一般现在时：am/is/are +done
一般过去时：was/were +done
一般将来时：will/shall be +done
现在进行时：am/is/are being +done
现在完成时：have/has been +done
将来完成时：will/shall have been +done
过去将来完成时：would/should have been +done
过去进行时：was/were +being +done
过去完成时：had been +done
过去将来时：would/should be +done
现在完成进行时：have/has been being +done
过去完成进行时：had been being +done
（2）用法：
①不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者
Attention, please! A meeting will be held in the office at 8: 00 a.m. tomorrow. Everyone is expected to attend on time.
请注意！明天上午八点在办公室召开会议。望大家准时参加。
②强调或突出动作的承受者
The woman was taken to hospital.
那位女士被送进了医院。
③动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰
The idea was supported by those who wished to make much money.
想挣许多钱的人们支持那个主意。
注意：
①动词短语在含被动语态的句子中作谓语时，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
The plan will be given up. 这项计划就要被放弃了。
Bad habits have been done away with. 坏习惯已经改掉了。
②含情态动词的被动语态形式：情态动词+be+过去分词。
He must be prevented from going. 必须阻止他去。
The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.
这项计划应该尽早执行。
③“get+过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。
The patient got treated once a week.
那位病人一周治疗一次。
（3）主动形式表被动意义
①“系动词 look，sound，feel，smell，taste 等＋形容词”构成系表结构
The steel feels cold. 钢摸起来很凉。
②某些与can't，won't等连用的不及物动词，如 open，shut，move等
The door won't shut. 这扇门关不上。
③某些可和 well，easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如 read，write，draw，wash，clean，cook等
Nylon cleans easily. 尼龙容易洗干净。
Your article reads very well. 你的文章读起来很不错。
④少数不及物动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动意义，如 cook，sell 等
The meat is cooking. 肉正在炖着。
练习：1. If nothing ____________ (do), the oceans will turn into fish deserts.
2. A new cinema _____________ (build) here. They hope to finish it next month.
3. We won't start the work until all the preparations _______________ (make).
4. Sarah ____________ (tell) that she could be Britain's new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.
5. Truly elegant chopsticks might ______________ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
答案：1. is done 2. is being built 3. have been made 4. was told/has been told 5. be made
五、主谓一致
主谓一致即在句子中谓语动词的数必须和主语的数保持一致。一般可根据三个原则来确定：
语法一致：主语的单、复数决定谓语动词的单、复数
意义一致：形单意复或形复意单的名词作主语，谓语动词要根据主语的意义决定
就近一致：谓语动词要和离它最近的主语在数上保持一致
1. 语法一致
①主语是单数，谓语动词用单数；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数
The results of the research are to be published soon. 研究结果不久将发表。
②复合不定代词 someone，anyone，everyone，nobody/no one，something，anything，everything，nothing等作主语，谓语动词用单数
If anyone sees Lisa, ask her to call me. 如果有人看到莉萨，请她给我打个电话。
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。
③each of +名词复数/each of +them/us/you作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，但“we，you，they或名词复数＋each”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式
Each of the students has an apple.
这些学生每人有一个苹果。 （不定代词 Each 作主语）
The students each have an apple.
这些学生每人有一个苹果。 （The students作主语，each 作同位语）
④代词all作主语：若指人，谓语动词用复数；若指事物或现象，谓语动词通常用单数
All are equal before the law. 法律面前，人人平等。
All is well that ends well. 结局好一切都好。
⑤不定式、动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数
Having to change trains is a small inconvenience.
不得不换乘火车有一点儿不便。
⑥many a/the whole/each/every/either/neither＋单数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数
Many a page in this book is missing. 这本书缺了许多页。
The whole nation is in deep sorrow. 整个国家沉浸在悲痛之中。
练习：1. His suggestion _______________ (have) been accepted.
2. To say you were ignorant of the rules _____________ (be) no excuse.
3. How to earn daily bread by my pen _____________ (be) then the problem.
答案：1. has 2. is 3. was
2. 意义一致
①形式为单数但意义为复数概念的 police，cattle 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数
The police have not made any arrests. 警方未逮捕任何人。
②表示一类人的 the poor/rich/ dead/injured/wounded 等和“the＋姓氏复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数
The Greens are going to Paris.
格林一家要去巴黎。
③表示某国人总称的 the Chinese，the British，the Irish等作主语时，谓语动词用复数
The Chinese are hard-working.
中国人民是勤劳的。
④诸如 maths，physics，politics，news等以“－s”结尾却表示单数或不可数概念的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数
Maths is my favorite subject.
数学是我最喜欢的科目。
⑤单复数同形的名词，如 sheep，deer，means，works (工厂）等作主语时，谓语动词的数与实际意义一致
Three sheep are eating grass there.
三只羊正在那里吃草。
A sheep is lying there.
有只羊正躺在那里。
⑥集体名词，如 family，class，crew，team，group，audience，committee，crowd，government 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要根据主语所指的意义而定。当集体名词被作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词用单数；如果指其中各个成员时，谓语动词用复数
The whole class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls.
这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。（强调 class这一整体）
The whole class are doing experiments.
全班学生正在做实验。（强调class里的各个成员）
练习：1. The cattle ____________ (be) eating grass on the hill now.
2. The English _________ (be) proud of their sense of humor.
答案：1. are 2. are
3. 就近一致
①并列连词连接的成分作主语
or，either. . .or. . . ，neither. . .nor. . . ，not. . .but. . .，not only. . .but (also) . . . 等并列连词连接并列成分作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式要与最靠近的主语一致。
Neither I nor my daughter likes pop music. 我和我女儿都不喜欢流行音乐。
Not only the door but also the windows are open. 门和窗户都开着。
Either you or he is to take part in the competition. 要么你去参加竞赛，要么他去。
Was he or you able to persuade her? 是你还是他能够说服她？
②在 there be，here be结构中
在 there be，here be结构中，若有几个并列成分作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式由最靠近的主语决定。
There is an apple and some oranges on the table. 桌子上有一个苹果和一些橘子。
There are some oranges and an apple on the table. 桌子上有一些橘子和一个苹果。
练习：1. _________ (be) either you or he fit for the job?
2. Not you but I _______ (be) responsible for this.
答案：1. Are 2. am
4.主谓一致的难点
（1）并列主语的主谓一致
①两个单数可数名词或不可数名词用 and 连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数
Tom and Jack are close friends. 汤姆和杰克是亲密的朋友。
Steam and ice are different forms of water. 蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。
②两个单数可数名词用 and 连接，表示同一人、同一物或同一个概念，或表示不可分的整体时，谓语动词仍用单数
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party. 那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
③被 every，each，many a，no 等限定的单数可数名词由and 连接时，谓语动词仍用单数
Many a teacher and (many a) student has seen the film.
许多老师和学生看过这部电影。
④一个单数可数名词或不可数名词被几个用 and连接的并列形容词所修饰时，可以指一件事或几件事，这种名词作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式
Simple and plain living is a fine quality.
生活简朴是一种优良的品质。
English and American literature are appealing to her.
英国文学和美国文学都对她有吸引力。
⑤由and连接的两个what从句作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式
What he says and does do not agree.
他言行不一致。
What he says and does not concern me.
他的言行与我无关。
⑥在含“名词或代词＋with，along with，together with，as well as，rather than，but，except 或not 等＋名词或代词”结构的句子中，谓语动词的数应该和第一个名词或代词保持一致
Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.
除了汤姆的两个朋友，汤姆也被邀请参加聚会了。
Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.
只有一位老师和三名学生在实验室里。
练习：1. Many a good man ____________ (have) been destroyed by drink.
2. The writer and translator ____________ (be) delivering a speech in our school now.
3. Tom, not the students, ____________ (have) gone there.
练习：1. has 2. is 3. has
（2）由两部分构成的表示物体的名词，如 trousers，pants，jeans，glasses等作主语时，请语动词常用复数形式。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of 或two/three/. . .pairs of 来修饰，谓语动词的单复数往往取决于pair的单复数形式。
The trousers need cleaning.
This pair of trousers needs cleaning. 这条裤子需要洗。
The two pairs of trousers are mine. 这两条裤子是我的。
练习：Compasses _________ (be) usually used to draw circles.
答案：are
（3）数词与量词（＋名词）作主语时的主谓一致
①表示时间、重量、距离、价格和体积等的名词复数作主语时，通常被当作整体看待，后接谓语动词的单数形式
Twenty years is a long time in one's life. 20年在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。
②“分数、百分数、half、the rest 或most of+名词”作主语时，其谓语动词需与 of 后的名词保持一致
About one third of the books are worth reading. 这些书中大约有1/3 值得一读。
但：Two thirds of the population in China are/is farmers. 中国三分之二的人口是农民。
③由“kind/form/type/sort/series/. . . +of+名词”作主语时，其谓语动词的形式取决于of 前的这些词的单复数形式
This type of buses is now on show.但（Buses of this kind are now on show.）
现在正展出这种公共汽车。
④a number of+名词＋谓语动词的复数形式（许多）
the number of+名词复数＋谓语动词的单数形式（……的数量）
A number of students are from the south. 许多学生来自南方。
The number of students from the north is small. 来自北方的学生人数很少。
⑤如果主语由“more than one+ 名词”构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词用单数
形式
More than one student has failed the exam.
但：More students than one have failed the exam. 不止一个学生考试不及格。
⑥a quantity of 后既可接复数名词，亦可接不可数名词，这时谓语动词都用单数形式；
quantities of 后接复数名词、不可数名词，后面的谓语动词都用复数形式
There is a large quantity of milk.
有很多牛奶。
Great quantities of fish were caught on the high seas.
在公海上捕到了大量的鱼。
练习：1. Ten years __________ (be) a moment in history.
2. A third of his composition ___________ (have) been corrected.
3. A third of his compositions ___________ (have) been corrected.
答案：1. is 2. has 3. have
六、定语从句、强调句型中的主谓一致
（1）定语从句中的主谓一致
定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数方面应该与其先行词保持一致。
I am not the one who is afraid of difficulty.
我不是害怕困难的人。
Don't choose me, who am not fit for this job.
别选择我，我不适合这个工作。
This is one of the novels that have ever been written by Mo Yan.
这是莫言所写的小说之一。
She is the only one of the girls who sings well in the class.
她是班里女生中唯一歌唱得很好的女生。
（2）在强调句型“It is/was+被强调部分＋that/who+其他部分”中，当被强调部分是句子主语时，“其他部分”中的谓语动词应和被强调的主语保持一致。
It is I who am a teacher. 我才是老师。
It is the boys who are responsible for the accident.
是这些男孩应为这次事故负责。
练习：1. He is one of the boys who _________ (have) helped me.
2. He is the only one of the boys who__________ (have) helped me.
答案：1. have 2. has
2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪
专题六 动词时态、语态和主谓一致
命题规律与趋势
命题规律
1. 2020年新高考I卷在语篇型填空中对谓语动词的考查以时态为主，语态为辅。对时态的考查主要集中在一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时等常见时态。
2. 在考查时态的同时兼顾对主谓一致的考查。主谓一致主要考查主语为第三人称单数，在一般现在时中，实义动词应加"-s"，be 动词应用is； 一般过去时中，be 动词用 was 或were。
命题趋势
1. 对谓语动词的考查仍然是高考语篇型填空最为重要的考点之一，而且动词的时态和语态依然是热点所在，尤其是一般现在时态、一般过去时态和现在完成时态等基本时态。2. 对主谓一致的考查仍然会与时态或语态结合在一起，体现语法测试的语境化和综合化。
考点
一、谓语动词的时态
1.一般现在时
（1）构成：
①一般现在时主要用动词原形表示，如果主语为第三人称单数，则一般在动词原形后加-s或-es, 其变化规则如下表所示：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加-s
eat-eats rise-rises
以s, sh, ch, x, o, z 结尾的动词
加-es
discuss-discusses
teach- teaches
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词
变y为ies
carry-carries fly-flies
② be的变化：am, is, are.
③ have的变化：has, have.
（2）用法：
①表示现状、性质、状态、经常发生的或习惯性的动作，且常与 usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes 等表频率的时间状语连用。
John sometimes sits up very late. 约翰有时很晚才睡。
②表示客观事实或普遍现象。此用法即使出现在过去的语境中，也用一般现在时。
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
③如果主句是一般将来时，那么时间、条件等状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
If it rains tomorrow, I won't go there. 如果明天下雨，我将不去那儿。
Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不等人。
Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。
④用在以 here, there 开头的倒装句中，表示现在正发生的动作或存在的状态。
Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了！
注意：如果主语是代词，则不用倒装，如：Here it comes.
练习：1. Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future ________ (belong) to the well-educated.
2. The teacher told us the earth __________ (go) around the sun.
3. -Have you seen my e-mail about our TESL project?
-Yes. Luckily I checked my e-mails yesterday. Normally I __________ (not open) my e-mail box for days.
4. The plane __________ (take) off at five.
5. If you _________ slowly, I understand; if you ___________ fast, I don't. (speak)
答案：1. belongs 2. goes 3. don't open 4. takes 5. speak; speak
2. 一般过去时
（1）构成：
①一般过去时用动词的过去式表示，其规则动词变化方法如下表所示：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加-ed
pack-packed
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词
变y为ied
carried-carried
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词
双写辅音字母加-ed
plan-planned
以不发音的e结尾的动词
直接加-d
liked-liked provide-provided
② was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他情况。
③注意以元音字母加y结尾的动词：规则变化是直接加-ed, 如 play-played; 不规则变化是把y改为id, 如：pay-paid, say-said.
④不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式，需要个别记忆，课本后页有详细完整的不规则动词表。
（2）用法：
①表示在确定的过去的时间里发生的动作。
Where did you go just now? 你刚才去了哪里？
He saw Mr. Wang yesterday. 他昨天看见王先生了。
②表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。表示这种意义时，句子中常带有 every day， often，usually，always，sometimes 等时间状语。
Mrs. Peter went to the park to have a walk every day last year, 彼得太太去年每天都到公园去散步。
I went to the cinema once a week when I was at school. 我上学时每周去看一场电影。
③表示过去连续发生的动作。这种情况下，往往没有表示过去的时间状语，而通过上下文来判断。
The boy opened his eyes for a moment, looked at the captain, and then closed his eyes. 那个男孩把眼睛睁开了一会儿，看了看船长，然后就闭上了眼睛。
She got up early, fetched water, cleaned the room and then went out for a walk.
她早早起床、提水，打扫房间，然后出去散步。
④在表示时间、条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。
They said they would let me know as soon as they got there. 他们说只要他们一到那儿就会马上通知我。
He said he would not go if it rained. 他说如果下雨他就不去。
⑤一般过去时常用的时间状语有yesterday，last week，an hour ago，the other day，in 1982等。
She suddenly fell ill yesterday. 昨天她突然病倒了。
练习：1. I'm sorry. I __________ (do) not realize I was blocking your way.
2. -What about your self-drive trip yesterday?
-Tiring! The road was being widened, and we __________ (have) a rough ride.
3. I didn't think I'd like the movie, but actually it ________ (be) pretty good.
4. I felt very tired when I got home and I _________ (go) straight to bed.
5. -Haven't seen you for ages! Where have you been?
-I went to Ningxia and _________ (stay) there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.
6. The real reason why prices __________ (be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.
答案：1. did 2. had 3. was 4. went 5. stayed 6. were
3. 一般将来时
（1）构成：
①will/ shall+动词原形
②is/am/are going to+动词原形
③is/am/are about to+动词原形
④is/am/are to+动词原形
⑤is/am/are due to+动词原形
⑥某些动词的一般现在时或现在进行时形式
（2）用法：
①will
表示将来的习惯性动作或状态；
Spring will come again. 春天还会再来。
He will be here in an hour. 他一个小时后到这里。
表示将来发生的一次性动作；
If you don't hurry, you will miss the train. 如果你不快点儿，你就会赶不上火车。
表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势；
Fish will die without water. 离开水，鱼就会死。
表示偶然的、临时的决定。
－Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town?
－No. I will go and visit him right now.
－你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗？
－不知道。我马上就去看他。
②be going to
用在口语中，表示“计划、打算要做某事”， 此外，be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。
He is going to speak on TV this evening. 他今晚要在电视上演讲。
Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain. 看这些乌云，要下雨了。
③be about to/be on the point of +动名词
表示“立即的将来（immediate future）”，这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用，但可以和并列连词 when (=and at this/that time)引出的分句连用
The train is about to start. 火车就要开了。
I'm not about to stop when I'm so close to success. 在这样接近成功时，我不打算就此罢手。
④ be to
表示“按计划或安排要做的事”；
When are you to leave for home? 你什么时候回家？
表示要求做某事，意为“应该”， 相当于should, ought to；
You are to report it to the police. 你应该报警。
表示“想，打算”， 相当于 intend, want。
If we are to be there before ten, we'll have to go now.
如果我们要在10点前到那儿，我们现在就得走。
⑤ be due to
表示“预定、定于”；
They are due to meet again tomorrow. 他们定于明天再见面。
有些动词，如 come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start 等，其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作；
I'm leaving for Beijing next month. 下个月我要动身去北京。
某些动词的一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要做的事情，这种用法常常用于介绍火车时刻表、飞机时刻表、电影开演时刻表、作息安排等。
We must hurry up. The first class begins at 8 o'clock. 我们必须快点儿。第一节课将在8点开始。
练习：1.－What time is it?
－I have no idea. But just a minute, I __________ (check) it for you.
2.－Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.
－All right. I ___________ (call) him later.
3. As you go through this book, you ___________ (find) that each of the millions of people who lived through World War II had a different experience.
答案：1. will check 2. will call 3. will find
4. 现在进行时
（1）构成：
is/am/are +现在分词
（2）用法：
①表示现在（说话人说话时）正在发生或进行的动作或状态，常与 now，right now，at this moment，at present等时间状语连用。
We are waiting for you now. 我们正在等你。
②表示现阶段发生的动作，说话时该动作未必正在进行。
He is teaching in a middle school. 他在一所中学教书。
③表示将要发生的动作，此时常与表示将来的时间状语连用，多指按计划、安排好的事情。
I'm meeting my father at the station at 5 o'clock. 我五点要去车站接我的父亲。
④表示渐变，有些动词，如 come，go，leave，start，begin，stop，arrive，return等的进行时表示逐渐变化的过程。
It is getting warmer and warmer in spring. 春天天气越来越暖和了。
⑤表示动作的反复。进行时与 always，constantly，forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的厌烦、喜爱等感情色彩。
You are always changing your mind. 你总是不停地改变主意。 （不满）
She's always helping people. 她总是乐意帮助别人。（赞扬）
The boy is constantly lying. 这个男孩老是撤谎。（厌烦）
⑥不能用进行时态的动词。
感觉类：look，smell，feel，sound，taste，see，hear等。
The soup tastes good. (不可说：The soup is tasting good.) 这汤尝起来不错。
Your hands feel cold. (不可说：Your hands are feeling cold.)你的手摸起来很凉。
情感类：like，love，prefer，admire，hate，fear，adore等。
I love my dad and mum. (不可说：I am loving my dad and mum.)我爱我的爸爸妈妈。
心态类：wish，hope，want，need，believe，understand，agree，know，remember，forget等。
I don't believe my eyes. (不可说：I am not believing my eyes.) 我不相信我的眼睛。
存在状态类：appear，lie (位于），remain，belong，have等。
Those books belong to Mr. Li. (不可说：Those books are belonging to Mr. Li.)那些书是李先生的。
练习：1. －Hi, let's go skating.
－Sorry, I'm busy right now. I ___________ (fill) in an application to look for a new job.
2. Hurry up! Mark and Carol __________ (expect) us.
3. －Hello. I ___________ (phone) to ask if I can book two tickets for tonight's film.
－Sorry, we've already sold out.
4. Listen! The girl ___________ (play) the piano in the next room.
5. -Why are the Woods selling their belongings?
－They_____________(move) to another city.
答案：1. am filling 2.are expecting 3.am phoning 4.is playing 5.are moving
5. 过去进行时
（1）构成：was/were +现在分词
（2）用法：
①表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作，常有表过去时间的状语（从句）
The last time I saw Jane, she was picking cotton in the fields.
我最后一次见简时，她正在地里摘棉花。
②表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作。常用的时间状语有this morning，the whole morning，all day，from nine to ten等
We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.
昨天晚上七点到九点我们在看电视。
③用过去进行时表过去将来时，与现在进行时表将来相同，表示过去将要发生的动作，常用动词有go，come，stay，leave等
She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.
她问他是否要回来吃晚饭。
④表示过去的反复性或习惯性的动作，常与副词 always，constantly，continually，frequently 等连用，常常带有说话人的某种感情色彩
His mother was always working like that.
他母亲总是那样工作。
练习：1. I ____________ (come) to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.
2. She ______________ (phone) someone, so I nodded to her and went away.
3. Jim _______________ (watch) a late night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank.
4. －I don't understand why you didn't go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.
－I'm so sorry. But I ____________ (do) my homework.
答案：1. was coming 2. was phoning 3. was watching 4. was doing
6. 现在完成时
（1）构成：has/have +过去分词
（2）用法：
①表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在（甚至到将来）。常与之连用的时间状语有：lately，recently，in the last (past) few days/ years，since then，up to now，so far等
In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown.
在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
②表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响。常用的状语有：already，ever，just (刚刚），yet，before等
He has turned off the light. (=The light is off now.)
他已经关掉灯了。
③在“最高级＋名词”或“It/This is+ the+序数词＋time”之后的从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时
This is the first time (that) I have come here.
这是我第一次来这里。
④have gone to 意为“去某地了”， 表示此人现在还没回来
He has gone to the zoo.
他去动物园了。
⑤have been to 意为“去过某地”， 表示此人已经回来了
Have you ever been to Shanghai?
你去过上海吗？
⑥“It has been/is+一段时间＋since. . . ”意为“自从……以来已有多长时间”
It has been weeks since I saw Grandma.
我已经好几个星期没有见到祖母了。
⑦瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语
（√）He has finished his work.
（×）He has finished his work for an hour.
注意：
瞬间动词若用于现在完成时且与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，需在谓语动词、时态或句型方面作相应变化。如：
他参军3年了。
（×）He has joined the army for 3 years.
（√）He has been in the army for 3 years. (变换动词）
（√）He joined the army 3 years ago. (变换时态）
（√）It has been/is 3 years since he joined the army. (变换句型）
练习：1. －Do you still remember the name of the company?
－I'm really sorry. The name ____________ (escape) from my mind.
2. When I first met Bryan I didn't like him, but I ____________ (change) my mind.
3. In the last few years, China _____________ (make) great achievements in environmental protection.
4. It's the first time that the boy ___________ (speak) to a foreigner.
5. －Oh no! We're too late. The train ____________ (leave).
－That's OK. We'll catch the next train to London.
答案：1. has escaped 2. have changed 3. has made 4. has spoken 5. has left
7. 过去将来时
（1）构成：
①should/would+动词原形
②was/were going to+动词原形
③was/were about to+动词原形
④was/were to+动词原形
⑤was/were due to+动词原形
⑥was/were +to have done
（2）用法：
表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态
He said he would be here at eight o'clock.
他说他将在八点钟到这里。
He told me he was leaving in an hour.
他告诉我他一小时后就要走了。
I was about to take a bath when the telephone rang.
我正要洗澡时电话铃响了。
He told me he was to get married the next week.
他告诉我他下周结婚。
练习：When he knocked on the door I was about ___________ (leave) for Shanghai.
答案：to leave
8. 将来进行时
（1）构成：will/shall be doing
（2）用法：
表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作
At this time tomorrow, I will be lying on the beach.
明天这个时间，我正躺在沙滩上。
练习：Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she _________ (teach) a class at that time.
答案：will be teaching
9. 过去完成时
（1）构成：had +过去分词
（2）用法：
①一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它发生（即表示“过去的过去”） , 那么发生在前的动作要用过去完成时。
He said that he had been abroad for 3 years. 他说他在国外待了3年。
②表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有：by/until/before/by the end of+过去的某一时间。
By then he had learned English for 3 years.
到那时，他已学了3年英语。
③hope，expect，mean，intend，want的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
我本希望在上海多看看。 （但未能如愿）
④在“Hardly/Scarcely/Barely. . .when. . .”和“No sooner. . .than. . .”句型中，when和 than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚……就……”
Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.
我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。
⑤在“It was/had been+一段时间+since从句”中，since从句的谓语动词用过去完成时
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
我们有10年没那么高兴过了。
⑥在“That/It/This was the first/second/. . .time + that从句”句型中，that从句的谓语动词要用过去完成时
It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.
那是他第三次犯同样的错误。
练习：1. Silk ___________ (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
2. When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I _____________ (not see) for years.
3. Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I _____________ (leave) my book in the cafe.
4. －Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house?
－Not really. She_____________ (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
5. During his stay in Xi'an, Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends ___________ (recommend).
答案：1. had become 2. hadn't seen 3. had left 4. had given 5. had recommended
10.现在完成进行时
（1）构成：have/has been doing
（2）用法：
表示某一动作从过去某时开始一直持续到现在（这个动作可能刚停止，也可能还在进行）， 不少情况下表示与现在状态有联系，有时表示动作的重复等。
Since the Lunar New Year, the number of bikes has been growing rapidly.
自从农历新年以来，自行车的数量一直在快速增长。
练习：1. Mary ___________ (work) really hard on his book and thinks he'll have finished it by Friday.
2. Since mankind started gardening, we _____________ (try) to make our environment more beautiful.
3. The girl has a great interest in sports and ___________ (take) badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.
答案：1. has been working 2. have been trying 3. has been taking
二、谓语动词时态的呼应
1. 主将从现
所谓“主将从现”， 即主句表将来（不一定为一般将来时，祈使句、“情态动词＋动词原形”也可表将来）， 从句（包括时间、条件、让步状语从句）用现在时（不一定是一般现在时，现在进行时、现在完成时也可在这类从句中表示将来）
Whatever you say, I will not change my mind.
无论你说什么，我都不会改变主意。
I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.
我一做完工作就和你一起去。
2. 含宾语从句的句子的时态一致问题
（1）宾语从句中的动词时态常受主句谓语动词时态的制约，如果主句谓语动词为一般现在时或一般将来时，宾语从句中的谓语动词可以不受影响。
He says (that) his father is a teacher.
他说他父亲现在是老师。
He says (that) his father was a teacher.
他说他父亲过去是老师。
He says (that) his father will become a teacher.
他说他父亲要当老师。
（2）如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词一般需用过去的某种时态，即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时、过去将来时、过去将来进行时。
I thought (that) he was a smart boy.（was 与 thought 同时发生）
I thought (that) he was sleeping.（thought 发生时，sleep正在进行）
I thought (that) he had got well.（get well先于thought 发生）
I thought (that) he had been learning French for at least 4 years.
（learn French 发生在 thought 之前，并延续到了 thought这一动作发生时，且在thought 发生时还在进行）
I thought (that) he would find a job soon.（find a job 发生在 thought 之后）
I thought (that) he would be going by bus.（go发生在thought 之后）
注意：
（1）当主句为过去时、宾语从句有明确的表示过去的时间状语时，可不必用过去完成时，而用一般过去时。
I knew he was born in 1991. 我知道他生于1991年。
（2）当宾语从句表达真理时，谓语动词不必变为过去时，而继续采用一般现在时态。
This proved that the earth is round. 这证明地球是圆的。
练习：1. The teacher told us that the Yangtze River ____________ (originate) in Qinghai.
2. He said he ___________ (leave) a few days later.
答案：1. originates 2. was leaving/ would leave
三、易混时态的区别
1. 一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别
一般过去时单纯谈过去的事，与现在没有联系；而现在完成时表示的动作与现在有关系，或是对现在有影响。例如：
He wrote many plays when he was at college. （写剧本是他过去做的事）
He has written many plays. （这意味着他现在是剧作家）
2. 一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别
（1）一般过去时是指过去的动作或情况，而过去完成时指过去的一个动作或时间之前发生的事。
He had learned 3, 000 English words before he came to this school.
他来这个学校之前就已经学了3, 000个英语单词。
（2）过去完成时的时间状语常用by或before引导的短语或句子表示，如 by that time, by the end of, before 2010,by the time+句子（一般过去时）等。
He had finished writing the book by the end of last month.
到上个月月底，他已经写完这本书了。
3. 过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别
两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语）， 而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作（句中可有表示过去特定时间的状语）。比较下面的说法：
She had been ill for a week before she came back.
（“回来”发生在过去某一时间，“生病”发生在这一时间之前，即过去的过去）
She has been ill for a week.（现在仍然病着）
练习：1. The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody ___________ (see) them since.
2. I'm calling for the apartment you ______________ (advertise) the other day. Could you tell me more about it?
3. During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs ______________ (increase) sharply.
4. The twins, who ______________ (finish) their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.
答案：1. has seen 2. advertised 3. has increased 4. had finished
四、动词的语态
（1）构成：
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be动词的变化表现出来的，其变化形式如下（以动词do为例）：
一般现在时：am/is/are +done
一般过去时：was/were +done
一般将来时：will/shall be +done
现在进行时：am/is/are being +done
现在完成时：have/has been +done
将来完成时：will/shall have been +done
过去将来完成时：would/should have been +done
过去进行时：was/were +being +done
过去完成时：had been +done
过去将来时：would/should be +done
现在完成进行时：have/has been being +done
过去完成进行时：had been being +done
（2）用法：
①不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者
Attention, please! A meeting will be held in the office at 8: 00 a.m. tomorrow. Everyone is expected to attend on time.
请注意！明天上午八点在办公室召开会议。望大家准时参加。
②强调或突出动作的承受者
The woman was taken to hospital.
那位女士被送进了医院。
③动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰
The idea was supported by those who wished to make much money.
想挣许多钱的人们支持那个主意。
注意：
①动词短语在含被动语态的句子中作谓语时，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
The plan will be given up. 这项计划就要被放弃了。
Bad habits have been done away with. 坏习惯已经改掉了。
②含情态动词的被动语态形式：情态动词+be+过去分词。
He must be prevented from going. 必须阻止他去。
The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.
这项计划应该尽早执行。
③“get+过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。
The patient got treated once a week.
那位病人一周治疗一次。
（3）主动形式表被动意义
①“系动词 look，sound，feel，smell，taste 等＋形容词”构成系表结构
The steel feels cold. 钢摸起来很凉。
②某些与can't，won't等连用的不及物动词，如 open，shut，move等
The door won't shut. 这扇门关不上。
③某些可和 well，easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如 read，write，draw，wash，clean，cook等
Nylon cleans easily. 尼龙容易洗干净。
Your article reads very well. 你的文章读起来很不错。
④少数不及物动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动意义，如 cook，sell 等
The meat is cooking. 肉正在炖着。
练习：1. If nothing ____________ (do), the oceans will turn into fish deserts.
2. A new cinema _____________ (build) here. They hope to finish it next month.
3. We won't start the work until all the preparations _______________ (make).
4. Sarah ____________ (tell) that she could be Britain's new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.
5. Truly elegant chopsticks might ______________ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
答案：1. is done 2. is being built 3. have been made 4. was told/has been told 5. be made
五、主谓一致
主谓一致即在句子中谓语动词的数必须和主语的数保持一致。一般可根据三个原则来确定：
语法一致：主语的单、复数决定谓语动词的单、复数
意义一致：形单意复或形复意单的名词作主语，谓语动词要根据主语的意义决定
就近一致：谓语动词要和离它最近的主语在数上保持一致
1. 语法一致
①主语是单数，谓语动词用单数；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数
The results of the research are to be published soon. 研究结果不久将发表。
②复合不定代词 someone，anyone，everyone，nobody/no one，something，anything，everything，nothing等作主语，谓语动词用单数
If anyone sees Lisa, ask her to call me. 如果有人看到莉萨，请她给我打个电话。
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。
③each of +名词复数/each of +them/us/you作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，但“we，you，they或名词复数＋each”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式
Each of the students has an apple.
这些学生每人有一个苹果。 （不定代词 Each 作主语）
The students each have an apple.
这些学生每人有一个苹果。 （The students作主语，each 作同位语）
④代词all作主语：若指人，谓语动词用复数；若指事物或现象，谓语动词通常用单数
All are equal before the law. 法律面前，人人平等。
All is well that ends well. 结局好一切都好。
⑤不定式、动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数
Having to change trains is a small inconvenience.
不得不换乘火车有一点儿不便。
⑥many a/the whole/each/every/either/neither＋单数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数
Many a page in this book is missing. 这本书缺了许多页。
The whole nation is in deep sorrow. 整个国家沉浸在悲痛之中。
练习：1. His suggestion _______________ (have) been accepted.
2. To say you were ignorant of the rules _____________ (be) no excuse.
3. How to earn daily bread by my pen _____________ (be) then the problem.
答案：1. has 2. is 3. was
2. 意义一致
①形式为单数但意义为复数概念的 police，cattle 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数
The police have not made any arrests. 警方未逮捕任何人。
②表示一类人的 the poor/rich/ dead/injured/wounded 等和“the＋姓氏复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数
The Greens are going to Paris.
格林一家要去巴黎。
③表示某国人总称的 the Chinese，the British，the Irish等作主语时，谓语动词用复数
The Chinese are hard-working.
中国人民是勤劳的。
④诸如 maths，physics，politics，news等以“－s”结尾却表示单数或不可数概念的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数
Maths is my favorite subject.
数学是我最喜欢的科目。
⑤单复数同形的名词，如 sheep，deer，means，works (工厂）等作主语时，谓语动词的数与实际意义一致
Three sheep are eating grass there.
三只羊正在那里吃草。
A sheep is lying there.
有只羊正躺在那里。
⑥集体名词，如 family，class，crew，team，group，audience，committee，crowd，government 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要根据主语所指的意义而定。当集体名词被作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词用单数；如果指其中各个成员时，谓语动词用复数
The whole class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls.
这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。（强调 class这一整体）
The whole class are doing experiments.
全班学生正在做实验。（强调class里的各个成员）
练习：1. The cattle ____________ (be) eating grass on the hill now.
2. The English _________ (be) proud of their sense of humor.
答案：1. are 2. are
3. 就近一致
①并列连词连接的成分作主语
or，either. . .or. . . ，neither. . .nor. . . ，not. . .but. . .，not only. . .but (also) . . . 等并列连词连接并列成分作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式要与最靠近的主语一致。
Neither I nor my daughter likes pop music. 我和我女儿都不喜欢流行音乐。
Not only the door but also the windows are open. 门和窗户都开着。
Either you or he is to take part in the competition. 要么你去参加竞赛，要么他去。
Was he or you able to persuade her? 是你还是他能够说服她？
②在 there be，here be结构中
在 there be，here be结构中，若有几个并列成分作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式由最靠近的主语决定。
There is an apple and some oranges on the table. 桌子上有一个苹果和一些橘子。
There are some oranges and an apple on the table. 桌子上有一些橘子和一个苹果。
练习：1. _________ (be) either you or he fit for the job?
2. Not you but I _______ (be) responsible for this.
答案：1. Are 2. am
4.主谓一致的难点
（1）并列主语的主谓一致
①两个单数可数名词或不可数名词用 and 连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数
Tom and Jack are close friends. 汤姆和杰克是亲密的朋友。
Steam and ice are different forms of water. 蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。
②两个单数可数名词用 and 连接，表示同一人、同一物或同一个概念，或表示不可分的整体时，谓语动词仍用单数
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party. 那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
③被 every，each，many a，no 等限定的单数可数名词由and 连接时，谓语动词仍用单数
Many a teacher and (many a) student has seen the film.
许多老师和学生看过这部电影。
④一个单数可数名词或不可数名词被几个用 and连接的并列形容词所修饰时，可以指一件事或几件事，这种名词作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式
Simple and plain living is a fine quality.
生活简朴是一种优良的品质。
English and American literature are appealing to her.
英国文学和美国文学都对她有吸引力。
⑤由and连接的两个what从句作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式
What he says and does do not agree.
他言行不一致。
What he says and does not concern me.
他的言行与我无关。
⑥在含“名词或代词＋with，along with，together with，as well as，rather than，but，except 或not 等＋名词或代词”结构的句子中，谓语动词的数应该和第一个名词或代词保持一致
Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.
除了汤姆的两个朋友，汤姆也被邀请参加聚会了。
Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.
只有一位老师和三名学生在实验室里。
练习：1. Many a good man ____________ (have) been destroyed by drink.
2. The writer and translator ____________ (be) delivering a speech in our school now.
3. Tom, not the students, ____________ (have) gone there.
练习：1. has 2. is 3. has
（2）由两部分构成的表示物体的名词，如 trousers，pants，jeans，glasses等作主语时，请语动词常用复数形式。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of 或two/three/. . .pairs of 来修饰，谓语动词的单复数往往取决于pair的单复数形式。
The trousers need cleaning.
This pair of trousers needs cleaning. 这条裤子需要洗。
The two pairs of trousers are mine. 这两条裤子是我的。
练习：Compasses _________ (be) usually used to draw circles.
答案：are
（3）数词与量词（＋名词）作主语时的主谓一致
①表示时间、重量、距离、价格和体积等的名词复数作主语时，通常被当作整体看待，后接谓语动词的单数形式
Twenty years is a long time in one's life. 20年在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。
②“分数、百分数、half、the rest 或most of+名词”作主语时，其谓语动词需与 of 后的名词保持一致
About one third of the books are worth reading. 这些书中大约有1/3 值得一读。
但：Two thirds of the population in China are/is farmers. 中国三分之二的人口是农民。
③由“kind/form/type/sort/series/. . . +of+名词”作主语时，其谓语动词的形式取决于of 前的这些词的单复数形式
This type of buses is now on show.但（Buses of this kind are now on show.）
现在正展出这种公共汽车。
④a number of+名词＋谓语动词的复数形式（许多）
the number of+名词复数＋谓语动词的单数形式（……的数量）
A number of students are from the south. 许多学生来自南方。
The number of students from the north is small. 来自北方的学生人数很少。
⑤如果主语由“more than one+ 名词”构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词用单数
形式
More than one student has failed the exam.
但：More students than one have failed the exam. 不止一个学生考试不及格。
⑥a quantity of 后既可接复数名词，亦可接不可数名词，这时谓语动词都用单数形式；
quantities of 后接复数名词、不可数名词，后面的谓语动词都用复数形式
There is a large quantity of milk.
有很多牛奶。
Great quantities of fish were caught on the high seas.
在公海上捕到了大量的鱼。
练习：1. Ten years __________ (be) a moment in history.
2. A third of his composition ___________ (have) been corrected.
3. A third of his compositions ___________ (have) been corrected.
答案：1. is 2. has 3. have
六、定语从句、强调句型中的主谓一致
（1）定语从句中的主谓一致
定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数方面应该与其先行词保持一致。
I am not the one who is afraid of difficulty.
我不是害怕困难的人。
Don't choose me, who am not fit for this job.
别选择我，我不适合这个工作。
This is one of the novels that have ever been written by Mo Yan.
这是莫言所写的小说之一。
She is the only one of the girls who sings well in the class.
她是班里女生中唯一歌唱得很好的女生。
（2）在强调句型“It is/was+被强调部分＋that/who+其他部分”中，当被强调部分是句子主语时，“其他部分”中的谓语动词应和被强调的主语保持一致。
It is I who am a teacher. 我才是老师。
It is the boys who are responsible for the accident.
是这些男孩应为这次事故负责。
练习：1. He is one of the boys who _________ (have) helped me.
2. He is the only one of the boys who__________ (have) helped me.
答案：1. have 2. has
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