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初中英语语法复习:代词 学案
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代 词
代词是代替名词的词。按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词等。
一. 人称代词
人称代词起代表人和事物的作用,有人称、数和格的变化。
人称代词的形式:
主格: 单数I 、 you 、 he 、 she 、 it 复数 we 、you 、they
宾格: 单数me 、you 、him 、her 、 it 复数us 、 you 、them
1、 作主语(用主格):
She is a teacher(作主语) We love our country. It is my book.
注意:
1)、人称代词主格单数he.she和it的复数形式相同,都是they,宾格形式也相同,为them。
2)、主格代词(I,she等)一般不单独使用,也不用于带not 的简短回答中,这种情况下往往用宾格代词。
——Who did it? ——Me/Not me.
3)、I 永远要大写,无论在句前还是在句中。
2、作宾语(用宾格)
1)、作及物动词的宾语。 Xiao Li helped me with my lessons. We all know her.
2)、介词宾语。 He had a talk with me this month. Please look at it.
3作表语。比较正式的场合用主格,口语中用宾格。
---Who is knocking at the door? ---It’s me. Oh,It’s you.
4.人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时,用主格和宾格都可以。
Jack is older than her. Xiao Li is older than I am.
5. 并列人称代词的排列顺序: 单数人称 第二三一人称 you,he and I
复数人称 第一二三人称 we,you and they Y ou, she and I enjoy the music.
6.、she 常可以代表国家、大地、月亮、太阳、船只等。
China will always do what she promised to do.
The Shanghai (上海轮) arrives tomorrow.,doesn’t she?
7.it 的用法:
(1)、常用来代替不明性别的小孩child 和 baby 婴儿。
It is a lovely child. Is it a boy or a girl?
(2)、指代this 或 that What’s this? It’s a cat. That must be a cat,isn’t it?
(3).指代时间、距离、天气、环境季节、日期、温度、金钱等
What’s the weather like today? It’s windy’
It’s about five minuts’ walk from my home to school. It’s time to go home.
If it rains tomorrow,we will stay at home.
He liked living there,it was usually very quiet.
(4).用来确指某人,特别是身份不明的人。
Who is it? It’s the postman. I don’t know it was you.
(5).指代前文提到过的一件事情
I won’t do it again Have you heard about it?
Don’t mention it. A woman saw it happen.
(6).作形式主语或形式宾语代替不定式、动名词短语或主语从句
It’s nice of you to give me so much help.
It seems that Chinese food is the most popular in the world.
How long does it take you to go home by bike? He found it very difficult to sleep.
I think it right to do it like this.
用于强调句中,没有实在意义。
It was a shop that I met him last time .
(7).it、 that、 one 的用法区别
A、替代含义的不同
It 替代特定的、同一的事物,既可以代替可数名词单数,又可以代替不可数名词。 That 替代特定的、但不同一的事物,既可以代替可数名词单数,又可以代替不可数名词。
One 替代一个不确定的、泛指的人或物,只替代可数名词单数。
Yesterday I lost my pen,but I’ve found it.
Yesterday I lost my pen,but now I’ve bought one .
My seat is next to that of my teacher.
B、修饰语的不同
It 不能带任何修饰成分
One 可以有the. This.that.which.each 等修饰
C、复数不同 It ----them that-----those one-----ones
二. 物主代词
表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,
形容词性 my 、your 、his 、her 、 its 、our 、 your 、 their
名词性 mine 、yours 、his 、hers 、its 、ours 、yours 、theirs
1、 形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词,在句中作定语。
I saw it with my eyes. Our English teacher is a beautiful girl.
2、 名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词,在句中作主语、宾语和表语。
Her dress is green.Mine is blue.(作主语)
--- Is this English-book yours? --- No,It’s his. (作表语)
I lost my pen. May I use yours? Your bike is different from his. (作宾语)
注意:
1)、 its 与it’s 不能混淆 it’s = it is 或 it has
2)、形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词虽然都译成“……的”,但形容词性物主代词只能作定语,后面需有名词,名词性物主代词不能用在名词之前,名词性物主代词= 形容词性物主代词+名词
Mary’ hair is longer than mine.(my hair). Her bike is different from ours.
3)."of+名词性物主代词"表示所属 ,也可以用作定语,表示众多中的一个。
如:a sister of his 他的一个妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
三. 反身代词
表示"我自己","你自己","他自己","我们自己","你们自己"等表示自身或强调自身的代词称为反身代词。(动词所表达的动作返回到动作者本身)反身代词有人称和数的变化,其形式如下表:
单数:myself 、yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、
复数:ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves
其构成规则是: 第一、二人称:在形容词性物主代词后加self 或 selves
第三人称:在人称代词宾格后加self或 selves
反身代词可以在句中作宾语,表语,同位语。
1. 作宾语,反身代词的最主要功能就是作宾语。
He taught himself English. I cut myself this morning.
Would you please express yourself in English? Help yourself to some tea.
The boy is too young to look after himself. (介词宾语)
Don’t think too much of yourself.(介词宾语)
2. 作表语。 She is not quite herself today. The woman in the picture is myself.
3. 作同位语,强调和反身代词同位的名词或代词。
1)、和主语同位.。
They themselves wanted to go together. I myself washed the clothes.
You yourself said so. He himself was a doctor.
作主语同位语时,可放主语之后也可放句末。
She taught her English herself. She herself told me the news.
2)、和宾语同位 You’d better ask the doctor herself.
4.要牢记反身代词与及物动词构成的固定搭配:注意:
enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)
dress oneself 自己穿衣 come to oneself 恢复知觉excuse oneself 为自己辩解 explain oneself 说明自己的意图help oneself to 随便吃、随便用make youself at home 不受约束 pride oneself on 自夸 say to oneself 心里想下 talk/speak to oneself 自言自语 teach oneself 自学
四.指示代词
指示代词(demonstrative pronoun)是表示指示概念的代词,即用来指示或标识人或事物的代词。指示代词与定冠词和人称代词一样,都具有指定的含义,用来起指示作用,或用来代替前面已提到过的名词。
1)指示代词的分类
指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,例如:
限定词:This girl is Mary. Those men are my teachers.
代词: This is Mary. Those are my teachers.
2) 指示代词的句法功能;
a. 作主语 This is the way to do it. 这事儿就该这样做。
b. 作宾语 I like this better than that. 我喜欢这个甚至那个。
c. 作表语 My point is this. 我的观点就是如此。
d. 作介词宾语 I don't say no to that. 我并未拒绝那个。
There is no fear of that. 那并不可怕。
e. 作定语 This room is mine. 这间房间是我的
3)指示代词的用法
1、this和these指在时间或空间上较近的人或者事物,that和those指在时间或空间上较远的人或者事物。例如:
This is a pen and that’s an eraser. 这是一支笔,那是块橡皮擦。
This is a boy and those are girls. 这是个男孩,那些是女孩。
2. 指示代词所指的对象取决于说话者和听话者共同熟悉的语境I liked this movie today better than that concert last night.
我喜欢今天的这个电影,胜过昨晚的那个音乐会。
3、 指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指
人,例如:
(对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。( that作主语,指人)
(对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)
(错)He is going to marry this. (this作宾语时不能指人)
(对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)
4. 除用作代词外,this 和that 还可用作副词,用以修饰形容词或副词,意为"这么"、"那么",相当于 so。
I've done only that much. 我所做的就这么多。
Is he always this busy? 他总这么忙吗?
5、打电话过程中,介绍自己时通常用this指代“我”,不用代词I;询问对方时用that指代“你”,不用代词you。例如:
----Hello. This is Mary. Who’s that? 喂,我是玛丽。你是谁?
6. 为避免重复,有时可用 that 或 those 来代替前面已提到过的人或事物;用 this 或 these 来代替下文中将要提过的人或事物。例如:
The playground of this school is bigger than that of that school. (That=the playground)
My seat is next to that of the mayor.(that=mayor's seat)
我的座位在市长座位旁边
She’s very friendly, and that is why we all love her.
她很友善,这就是我们都喜欢她的原因。
You needn’t do this — It’s pretty easy. 你不必做这事,那相当容易。
--She is a beautiful girl. --Who said that?
I want to know this: Is she beautiful? 我想知道这一点:她美吗?
7.That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:
(对) He admired that which looked beautiful.
他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful.
他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
(错) He admired that who danced well.
(that作宾语时不能指人)
(对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。
(those指人)
(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西
8、 当指示代词所指的事物已确定时,后面的指示代词则用it或they代替。
This (suit) is expensive, isn't it? 这套衣服昂贵,不是吗?
"Are those yours?" "Yes, they are." “那些是你的吗?”“是的,它们是我的。”
9.向别人介绍某个人时,要说“ This is ….”,而不说“ That is ….”,也不能说“ He is ….”或“ She is ….”。介绍两个人时,先用“ This is ….”介绍一个人,然
后用“ That is ….”介绍另一个人。如:
This is Li Ming. Li Ming, this is Wei Hua. 这是李明。李明,这是魏华
This is my brother and that is my sister. 这是我哥哥,那是我妹妹。
10、在回答指示代词作主语的特殊问句时,如果指示代词指人,其回答中的主语仍可以用相应的指示代词,也可以用it或者they;但指事物时,只能用it或者they。
Who’s that? That’s/It’s Liu Dehua.那是谁?那是刘德华。
What are those? They are basketballs. 那些是什么?那些是篮球。
11、在回答指示代词作主语的一般疑问句时,不管指示代词指人还是指物,答语中都用it或they。
Is this a ruler? Yes, it is. Are those your friends? No, they aren’t.
13. one,that 和it的区别:
one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。one与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。It, one 与被指代的名词不在一句话里。That与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个与被指代的名词在一句话里
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)
我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同类但不同个)
你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物)
我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
五.不定代词
凡不是用来指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
不定代词包括:
all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no,some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
不定代词的句法功能
1.作主语both of them are teachers.他们两人都是教师。
2.作宾语i know nothing about this person.我对这个人一无所知。
3.作表语this book is too much for a child.这本书对一个小孩来说太难了。
4.作定语there is a little water in the glass.玻璃杯里有一些水。
二、常用不定代词用法
(1)some 和 any:
some (一些,某个) 句中可作主语、宾语、定语等,常用于肯定句。作定语时,它可修饰可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词是单数时,some 表示 “某个” 的意思。例如:
There are some newspapers on the table.
I am going to buy some orange juice.
Have you any questions? Yes, I have some.
I have read that in some magazine.
当说活者表示提议、请求或期望得到肯定回答时,在疑问句中也可用 some。 Would you like some tea? Could you lend me some money?
不定代词any可以代替名词和形容词,常用在否定句或疑问句或条件句中。可做主语、宾语、定语等。作定语时,它可以修饰可数名词(多为复数)和不可数名词。例如:
there isn’t any ink in my pen.我的钢笔没有墨水。(作定语)
不定代词any有时也可以用在肯定句中,表示"任何的"。例如:
you may come at any time;i’ll be home the whole day.
你任何时候来都行,我整天都将呆在家里 。
不定代词any也可以用作副词,做状语,表示程度。例如:
I s he any better today?他今天好一点了吗?
Is there any ink in your pen?
Put up your hands if you have any questions.
注意:
1. any 用于肯定句中有 “任何一个” 解。常用于比较级句子中。
Tom runs faster than any other boy in his class.
Tom runs faster than any of the other boys in his class.
2. some, any, every, no 可以与 body, thing, one 构成合成代词,这些代词都作单数看待,表示人或物:
Something is wrong with my bike.
Something is asking to see you.
Nobody is absent.
If you want anything, call me.
(2)many 和 much :
many 修饰可数名词的复数,谓语用复数,much 修饰不可数名词,谓语用单数,它们可用在肯定句、否定句和疑问句中,还可在肯定句中作主语或修饰主语。例如:
So much for today.
There are many buses and cars in the street.
many 已被 a lot of, a large number of, a great many 所代替。
much 已被 a lot of, plenty of, a good deal of, a great (large) quantity of 所代替。
但 a lot of / lots of 只能用于肯定句。
(3)each 和 every :
each (每个,各自的)形容词,代词。 强调个体,可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。
every (每个,一切的) 形容词。相当于all,强调整体,只能作定语。Every不能和of连用
Each boy has a dictionary. 每个孩子都有一本词典。
Every boy has a dictionary. 所有的孩子都有一本词典。
注意: every 构成的常用词组
every other day 每隔一天 / every other five days 每隔五天
every other line 每隔一行 / every five days 每五天
(4)few a few little a little
a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词 a few相当于some, several, 含肯定的意味。
a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点
few / little 为否定含义,没有多少了。
He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。
He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了
固定搭配:
only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
many books were sold.
many a book was sold.
巧记:有a则有,无a则无。
(5)表示三三两两的不定代词
不定代词
含义
数量关系
作定语时名词的数
作主语时动词的数
both
两者都
=2
复数
复数
either
两者中的任何一个
=2
单数
单数
neither
两者都不
=2
单数
单数
all
三者或三者以上都
≥3
单数或复数
单数或复数
none
三者或三者以上都不
≥3
○
单数或复数
each
每一个
≥2
单数
单数
every
每一个
≥3
单数
单数
both, either, neither
both为“两者都”,neither为“两者都不”,either为“两者之一”。这三个单词都用于指两个人或物,在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。
作主语:
1) Both (of them) enjoyed the rice. 他们两人喜欢吃米饭。
2) Neither (of us) is a doctor. 我们俩都不是医生。
3) Either (of you) will go. 随你们哪个去都可以。
注意:作主语时,both后面的谓语动词用复数。neither, either后面的谓语动词一般用单数形式。
作定语:
1) Both Zhang Hua's father and mother worker work in a hospital, but neither one is a doctor. 张华的父母亲在一所医院工作,但都不是医生。
2) You may take either apple. 两个苹果任你拿一个。
作宾语:
1) I like both of the toys very much. 我非常喜欢这两件玩具。
2) The boy could find neither of them and went away. 这男孩找不到他们俩就走开了。
3) You may plant either in the street. 你可以种在街道的任一边。
both 还可作同位语,它们句中的位置是在动词be,助动词或情态动词的后面,但在实义动词前面。
1) They are both in good health. 他们两人身体都很好。
2) They will both go there. 他们两人都收到那儿去。
3) They both agreed to take part in the birthday party. 他们两人都答应参加生日晚会。
此外,either 可作副词用于否定句,表示 “也”,相当于肯定句中的 “too”。
This is not mine. That is not, either. 这不是我的,那也不是。
neither 表示“也不”的时候,常用在倒装的结构形式中:
I don't like to play football. Neither does he. 我不喜欢踢足球,他也不喜欢。
She hasn't got a bike. Neither have I. 他没自行车,我也没有。
注意,both 和 and, either 和 or, neither 和 nor 可构成连词。表示“和……两个都”,连接主语时谓语动词是复数;“不是……就是”;“或……或”,“既不……也不”;“……都不” 连接两个并列主语时谓语动词的数一般应与靠近谓语动词的主语保持一致,如:
1) Both Zhang and Wang are good students. 张、王都是好学生。
2) Either you or he is right. 不是你就是他对的。
3) Neither he nor i am a scientist. 他和我都不是科学家。
one, another, the other
1. one 常用来作代词,替代前文所出现的可数名词,表示人或物,以避免重复
I haven't got a ball pen. I'll have to buy one. (= a ball pen)
我没圆珠笔,我得去买一支。
He is one to think more of others. 他是个能多为别人着想的人。
2. the other, another 都可解释为 “另一个”。other 加上定冠词用于两者中的另一个,another 指三者以上中的另一个。例如:
He was two brothers. One is a doctor, the other is a teacher.
I don't like this one, show me another, please.
I've just bought three things. One is a walkman, another is a pocket calculator, the third is a video game.
3. another 还有 “再……” 的意思,例如:
Have another cup of coffee, please. 再喝一杯咖啡吧!
She could have to stay here for another week. 他将在这里再待一个星期。
4. other 有 “另外” 的含义。例如:
Where are the other students? 其他学生在哪里?
The boy is much cleverer than the other two. 这孩子比另两个更聪明。
5. others 和 the others 表示复数的泛指和特指。
一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others.
泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others.
In the park some are playing games. Others are walking near the river.
I have five colour pencils. One is red, another is blue and the others are green.
6. the rest 也可作 “其余的” 解释。它用作主语时注意谓语动词的单复数。例如:
The rest of his life was spent in America. 他的余生是在美国度过的。
He has eight books. Two are in English. The rest are in Chinese. 他有几本书,两本是英文,其余的是中文。
no 和 none:
none (没有一个,全不,都不) 是名词性的不定代词,可作主语和宾语,常和 of 短语连用,不可作定语。none 作主语代替不可数名词时,谓语用单数形式。代替可数名词时,谓语用单、复数均可。例如:
None of us is / are from Beijing. None of the money is mine.
none 与 all 相对,有 “全不” “全部” 的含义,因此 all 是全肯定,none 是 all 的全部否定,但都指三者以上的人或物。
We all made mistakes. None of us was correct.
no 是形容词性的不定代词,只能用作定语,可修饰可数和不可数名词。no 等于 not a 或 not any 加上名词。例如:
I have no money. I have not any money.
no one 相当于 nobody,意为没有人,谓语用单数。
No one none
none
1.既可指人也可指物,反义词是all.
2.用于三者或以上,意为“没有人;没有什么东西;一个也不”。
3.它与of连用修饰名词复数或代词宾格复数作主语,谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数。多用单数。
4.可一般用来回答how many +n, how much +n 及含any+n引起的疑问句
. no one
1.no one意为“没有人”,只能指人,不能与of连用.
2.作主语时,谓语动词只能用单数形式
3.可回答来回答who,及含anyone, anybody引起的疑问句
三.复合不定代词:some, any, every, no都能和one, body, thing一起构成代词,这些代词叫复合不定代词。
1.它们基本含义为:
指人 somebody someone 某人 anybody anyone任何人 everybody everyone每人
Nobody no one没人
指物 Something某物某事 anything任何事物 everything一切 nothing没东西
2. 一般情况下,some构成的复合不定代词,其作用和some相同,用于肯定句;any构成的复合不定代词用于否定句或疑问句;no构成的复合不定代词表示否定含义,用于否定句。如:
① I have something to tell you. 我有事要告诉你。
② He didn’t say anything at the meeting yesterday. 昨天在会上他没发言。
③ Everybody likes swimming. 每个人都喜欢游泳。
④ There is nothing wrong with your ears.你耳朵没毛病。
3. something可用于提建议或请求的问句中,以及希望说话对方作出肯定回答的问句中。
Would you like something to eat? 你要吃点东西吗?
4. 复合不定代词在句子中作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如:
Nobody knows his name. 没有人知道他的名字。
5. 不定代词的定语要后置。如:
Is there anything important in today’s newspaper? 今天的报纸上有什么重要新闻吗?
一般的,不定代词(包括复合不定代词)在句子中,通常用三单形式
6.部分否定,常表达为:not+全部肯定词或全部肯定词+not,其意义为“并非都,不都”。前者为基本概念,通常,学生有一定的掌握;但后者与一般否定句相似,易引起学生判断上的失误,
.I agree with most of what you said,but I don't agree with everything
.—The exam was difficult,wasn't it?
—No,but I don't think_ everyboby__could pass it.
7.反意疑问句在确定主语时,常被列为考点。当主语为表示人的复合不定代词时,疑问部分的主语常用they(有时也用he);当主语为表物的复合不定代词时,疑问部分的主语通常为it。
1.Nobody wants to waste time watching boring plays,_do they?
2.I am sure everything goes well,_ doesn't it ___?
8.指人、指物的复合不定代词常与定语从句结合考查,其重点在连接词选择问题上。当先行词为指物的不定代词时,关系代词为that,但something例外,既可用that也可用which。当先行词为指人的复合不定代词时,关系代词为who或that。注意作宾语的关系代词省略也是考查的重点。
.Finally,the thief handed everything_ that__he had stolen to the police.
.Anyone who breaks the rule should be punished.
3.Now let's think of feedback as something__.we should make work for us
9.一般情况下,用nothing回答以what开头的问句;nobody(no one)回答who开头的问句。
What's on the blackboard?—Nothing.
.—Who's in the classroom?—Nobody(No one).
10.复合不定代词作主语,谓语动词用单数。
Everything is not in good order but at sixes and sevens.
Nothing except for a few books was left for him by his father.
11、复合不定代词间的用法区别
1).带some的复合不定代词,一般用于肯定句;而带any的复合不定代词常用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。anybody\anyone指人时不能与of连用
I have something important to tell you.
If there is anything the matter with the machine,please let me know.
2).带some的复合不定代词,用于疑问句,表示说话人希望得到肯定回答或表请求、建议、征询意见的句子中。
3).带any的复合不定代词,用于肯定句中,表示“任何人,任何事”。
Anyone who refused to bow was thrown intoprison.
As a teacher,I would do anything for my students.
4).带any的复合不定代词作主语,其后不能再用否定式,要表达否定概念,需用相对应的全部否定意义的词。
Anything could not be seen in that dark room.(×)
Anything could be seen in that dark room.(√)
5).指人的复合不定代词合写与分写,其意义与用法不同,以any为例:
anyone 仅指人 任何人,某人 不与of短语连用
anyone指人又指物 任何一个 可与of短语连用
Anyone can do the job.
Any one of us can do the job.
6). no及 nothing, nobody是否定词,表示否定含义
none后面不能直接跟名词,可以单独使用,也可和of连用,none指人或物,可指单数和复数
12、复合不定代词常见短语
.have something to do with与……有关
have nothing to do with与……无关,和……不往来
.something like几分像,大约
.something of在某种意义(程度)上
.anything but除……外任何,根本不……
.anything like像那样的事,全然不
.anything of一点儿,一点……味儿
. be nothing to对……无足轻重,不能与……相比
.to say nothing of更不必说
.for nothing免费,徒然,没有理由
.all to nothing百分之百的
.nothing but除……以外什么也不,只有。
四.相互代词
1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的,
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
2) 相互代词的句法功能:
a. 作动词宾语;People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
b. 可作介词宾语;
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other, 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多, He put all the books beside each other. 他把所有书并列摆放起来。
He put all the books beside one another. 他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.
这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格,
The students borrowed each other's notes. 学生们互借笔记。
五.疑问代词。
疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个: what, who, whose, whom, which, when, whatever, whichever,whoever
1. 疑问代词(who, whom,等)在句中可用作、whose, which, what主语、表语、宾语、定语等:
Who is your English teacher? 你们的英语老师是谁?
Whose is this umbrella? 这伞是谁的?
Whose umbrella is this? 这是谁的伞?
What question did he ask? 他问了什么问题?
Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? 茶和咖啡,你喜欢那样?
2) 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有人称和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较:
疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的?
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
限定词: Whose books are these on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
3、两组疑问代词的用法比较
1). who 与 whom:
前者为主格,用作主语,后者为宾格,用作宾格:
Who spoke at the meeting? 谁在会上发言了?
Whom are you talking about? 你们在谈论谁?
但是,当用作宾语的 whom 位于句首时,通常可用who 代之:
Who(m) is the letter from? 这信是谁寄来的?
若是紧跟在介词之后用作宾语,则只能用 whom。
2). what, which 与 who:
① 若后接名词(即用作限定词),只用which和what,不能用who:
Which / What train did you come on? 你是坐哪次火车来的?
What和 which 的区别是:当选择的范围较小或比较明确时,多用 which;当选择的范围较较大或不明确时,多用 what:
Which color do you like, red, black or white? 红色、黑色和白色,你喜欢哪种?
What color is your car? 你的汽车是什么颜色的?
但是,若指人,即使选择的范围不明确,也多用 which:
Which [What] writers do you like? 你喜欢哪些作家?
② 若其后不接名词(即用作代词),三者均可用,which和what的用法区别可参见上面的分析。至于who,它一般只用来指人(用作代词的 which 不用于指人),不管选择范围大还是小、明确还是不明确均可用:
Who won –– Tom or Mike? 谁赢了,是汤姆还是迈克?
Who is your favorite poet? 你最喜欢的诗人是谁?
当选择范围比较明确且用作宾语时,who也可用which或which one代之:
Who [Which /Which one] do you like better, your father or your mother? 你更喜欢谁,父亲还是母亲?
③ 由于what和who的选择范围可以很大或不明确,所以其后可以跟 else,表示其他的人(或事物),但却通常不跟表示特定范围的of 短语;而 which 的选择范围相对比较小或明确,所以其后一般不接 else,却常与表特定范围的of短语连用:
Who (What) else did you see there? 你在那儿还看到了别人的什么人(什么东西)?
Which of the three girls is the oldest? 这三个女孩中哪个年纪最大?
④ 另外,比较以下两句:
"Who is he?" 他是谁?(who 指姓名、关系等)
What is he? 他是干什么的?(what 指职业、地位等)
两类易混句型的区别
请先看以下两句:
What do you think he wants? 你认为他想要什么?
Do you know what he wants? 你知道他想要什么吗?
上面第一句为特殊疑问句,第二句为一般疑问句,它们不能倒过来说成Do you think what he wants? What do you know he wants? 其原则区别是:可以用 yes 或 no 回答者,用一般疑问句的形式(疑问词放在句中,即主句之后),适合这类句型的主句动词通常有 know, hear, ask, tell 等;不能用 yes 或 no 回答者,用特殊疑问句的形式(疑问词放在句首),适合这类句型的主句动词通常有 think, believe, suppose, guess 等:
Where do you suppose he has gone? 你认为他去什么地方了?
Did you ask why he had left so soon? 你问过他为什么那么快就离开了吗?
4、两个疑问代词同用的情况
请看以下实例:
Where and when were you born? 你出生在何时何地?
When and how did he go there? 他是什么时候、怎么去那儿的?
"Where is it?" "Where is what?" “它在哪儿?”“什么在哪儿?”