2019版高考化学一轮优化探究练习：章末排查练（六） (含解析)

章末排查练(六)一、原电池电极反应式或总反应式的书写1．铁镍电池(负极－Fe，正极－NiO2，电解液－KOH溶液)已知：Fe＋NiO2＋2H2OFe(OH)2＋Ni(OH)2，则：负极：________________________________________________________________________；正极：________________________________________________________________________；阴极：________________________________________________________________________；阳极：________________________________________________________________________。答案：Fe－2e－＋2OH－===Fe(OH)2　NiO2＋2H2O＋2e－===Ni(OH)2＋2OH－　Fe(OH)2＋2e－===Fe＋2OH－　Ni(OH)2－2e－＋2OH－===NiO2＋2H2O2．LiFePO4电池(正极－LiFePO4，负极－Li，含Li＋导电固体为电解质)已知：FePO4＋LiLiFePO4，则负极：________________________________________________________________________；正极：________________________________________________________________________；阴极：________________________________________________________________________；阳极：________________________________________________________________________。答案：Li－e－===Li＋　FePO4＋Li＋＋e－===LiFePO4　Li＋＋e－===Li　LiFePO4－e－===FePO4＋Li＋3．高铁电池(负极－Zn，正极－石墨，电解质为浸湿的固态碱性物质)已知：3Zn＋2K2FeO4＋8H2O3Zn(OH)2＋2Fe(OH)3＋4KOH，则：负极：________________________________________________________________________；正极：________________________________________________________________________；阴极：________________________________________________________________________；阳极：________________________________________________________________________。答案：3Zn－6e－＋6OH－===3Zn(OH)2　2FeO＋6e－＋8H2O===2Fe(OH)3＋10OH－　3Zn(OH)2＋6e－===3Zn＋6OH－　2Fe(OH)3－6e－＋10OH－===2FeO＋8H2O4．氢氧燃料电池(1)电解质是KOH溶液(碱性电解质)负极：________________________________________________________________________；正极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应方程式：________________________________________________________________________。(2)电解质是H2SO4溶液(酸性电解质)负极：________________________________________________________________________；正极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应方程式：________________________________________________________________________。(3)电解质是NaCl溶液(中性电解质)负极：________________________________________________________________________；正极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应方程式：________________________________________________________________________。答案：(1)2H2－4e－＋4OH－===4H2O　O2＋2H2O＋4e－===4OH－　2H2＋O2===2H2O　(2)2H2－4e－===4H＋　O2＋4H＋＋4e－===2H2O　2H2＋O2===2H2O　(3)2H2－4e－===4H＋　O2＋2H2O＋4e－===4OH－　2H2＋O2===2H2O5．甲烷燃料电池(铂为两极，正极通入O2和CO2，负极通入甲烷，电解液有三种)(1)电解质是熔融碳酸盐(K2CO3或Na2CO3)正极：________________________________________________________________________；负极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应方程式：________________________________________________________________________。(2)酸性电解质(电解液为H2SO4溶液)正极：________________________________________________________________________；负极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应方程式：________________________________________________________________________。(3)碱性电解质(电解液为KOH溶液)正极：________________________________________________________________________；负极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应方程式：________________________________________________________________________。答案：(1)2O2＋8e－＋4CO2===4CO　CH4－8e－＋4CO===5CO2＋2H2O　CH4＋2O2===CO2＋2H2O　(2)2O2＋8e－＋8H＋===4H2O　CH4－8e－＋2H2O===CO2＋8H＋　CH4＋2O2===CO2＋2H2O　(3)2O2＋8e－＋4H2O===8OH－　CH4－8e－＋10OH－===CO＋7H2O　CH4＋2O2＋2OH－===CO＋3H2O6．甲醇燃料电池 (1)碱性电解质(铂为两极，电解液为KOH溶液)正极：________________________________________________________________________；负极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应方程式：________________________________________________________________________。(2)酸性电解质(铂为两极，电解液为H2SO4溶液)正极：________________________________________________________________________；负极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应方程式：________________________________________________________________________。答案：(1)3O2＋12e－＋6H2O===12OH－　2CH3OH－12e－＋16OH－===2CO＋12H2O　2CH3OH＋3O2＋4KOH===2K2CO3＋6H2O　(2)3O2＋12e－＋12H＋===6H2O　2CH3OH－12e－＋2H2O===12H＋＋2CO2　2CH3OH＋3O2===2CO2＋4H2O7．CO燃料电池(总反应方程式均为2CO＋O2===2CO2)(1)熔融盐(铂为两极，Li2CO3和Na2CO3的熔融盐做电解质，CO为负极燃气，空气与CO2的混合气为正极助燃气)正极：________________________________________________________________________；负极：________________________________________________________________________。(2)酸性电解质(铂为两极，电解液为H2SO4溶液)正极：________________________________________________________________________；负极：________________________________________________________________________。答案：(1)O2＋4e－＋2CO2===2CO　2CO＋2CO－4e－===4CO2　(2)O2＋4e－＋4H＋===2H2O　2CO－4e－＋2H2O===2CO2＋4H＋二、电解池电极反应式和总反应式的书写1．用惰性电极电解下列溶液(1)NaCl溶液阴极：________________________________________________________________________；阳极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应式：________________________________________________________________________。(2)CuSO4溶液阴极：________________________________________________________________________；阳极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应式：________________________________________________________________________。答案：(1)2H＋＋2e－===H2↑　2Cl－－2e－===Cl2↑　2NaCl＋2H2O2NaOH＋H2↑＋Cl2↑　(2)2Cu2＋＋4e－===2Cu　4OH－－4e－===2H2O＋O2↑　2CuSO4＋2H2O2Cu＋2H2SO4＋O2↑2．用惰性电极电解下列熔融态物质(1)MgCl2阳极：________________________________________________________________________；阴极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应式：________________________________________________________________________。(2)Al2O3阳极：________________________________________________________________________；阴极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应式：________________________________________________________________________。答案：(1)2Cl－－2e－===Cl2↑　Mg2＋＋2e－===Mg　MgCl2(熔融)Mg＋Cl2↑　(2)6O2－－12e－===3O2↑　4Al3＋＋12e－===4Al　2Al2O3(熔融)4Al＋3O2↑3．用铜做电极电解下列溶液(1)H2SO4溶液阴极：________________________________________________________________________；阳极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应式：________________________________________________________________________。(2)NaOH溶液阴极：________________________________________________________________________；阳极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应式：________________________________________________________________________。答案：(1)2H＋＋2e－===H2↑　Cu－2e－===Cu2＋　Cu＋H2SO4CuSO4＋H2↑　(2)2H2O＋2e－===H2↑＋2OH－　Cu－2e－＋2OH－===Cu(OH)2↓　Cu＋2H2OCu(OH)2↓＋H2↑4．用Al做电极电解下列溶液(1)H2SO4溶液阴极：________________________________________________________________________；阳极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应式：________________________________________________________________________。(2)NaOH溶液阴极：________________________________________________________________________；阳极：________________________________________________________________________；总反应式：________________________________________________________________________。答案：(1)6H＋＋6e－===3H2↑　2Al－6e－===2Al3＋　2Al＋3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3＋3H2↑　(2)6H2O＋6e－===3H2↑＋6OH－　2Al－6e－＋8OH－===2AlO＋4H2O　2Al＋2H2O＋2NaOH2NaAlO2＋3H2↑