2020中考英语二轮复习语法第十九讲宾语从句资料（通用版）

宾语从句一、定义概念：句子的宾语一般由名词，代词，动名词，动词不定式充当。当一个句子充当宾语时，我们把这个句子叫做宾语从句，宾语从句属于名词性从句，在句中作主句的宾语。 I like apples. （名词作宾语） She likes them.（代词作宾语） She likes eating apples.（动名词作宾语） She likes to eat apples.（不定式作宾语） She gives me an apple.（名词作直接宾语） 以上句子都称作简单句，因为句子中只有一个主语和一个谓语动词。在以下句子中，都是句子来充当宾语，所以都称作宾语从句，属于复合句。复合句都至少包含两套基本的简单句，宾语从句由：主句+连接词+从句来构成。从句也是一个句子，必须满足基本的句子要求，要有主语和谓语动词。 1.We know (that) she likes eating apples.（句子作宾语）    ↑       ↑          ↑主句    连接词      从句 2.I ask if she likes apples.（句子作宾语） ↑  ↑      ↑主句 连接词 从句  3.She tells me (that) she likes apples.（句子作宾语）     ↑       ↑          ↑主句    连接词      从句  4.I want to know what you like to eat.（句子作宾语）      ↑         ↑       ↑主句      连接词  从句  二、宾语从句三要素 连接词：（1）that—原句子是陈述句（可以省略）（2）If/whether—原句子是一般疑问句和选择疑问句（不能省略）（3）特殊疑问词—原句子是特殊疑问句（不能省略）  时态 主现从不限主过从必过从真用一现主句是一般现在时时，从句根据需要可以用各种时态主句是一般过去时时，从句一定是过去的某种时态从句表示客观真理、客观事实时，不管主句是何种时态，从句一律用一般现在时态。  语序从句一律用陈述句语序（即主语在前谓语动词在后：主语+谓语动词）  三要素详细讲解一、连接词1、连接词that引导：从句的原句是陈述句以下三个原句子，都是陈述句，把括号中主句至于句首，从句置于后面，中间用连接词that连接主句和从句。由于that在从句中指起一道作用，不充当任何成分，所以可以省略。 （1）Hangzhou is famous for the West Lake.  (I know…) I know (that) Hangzhou is famous for the West Lake. （2）Our hometown will be better.      (I believe …) I believe (that) our hometown will be better.  （3）He was badly hurt in the accident.   (Do you know…) Do you know (that) he was badly hurt in the accident.  2、连接词if/whether引导：从句的原句是一般疑问句和选择疑问句。下列第1,2个句子为一般疑问句，第3个句子为选择疑问句，连接词只能用wehther或if，两者可以互换,但有些情况下只能用whether，而不能用if.（后面列举），因为whether和if有“是否”的意思，所以不能省略，在此种情况下，由于原句子是疑问句，变换为宾语从句时一定要注意语序要转变为陈述句语序。 （1）Are you happy ?    (I want to know…)  （疑问句are you 要变换为陈述句you are）I want to know whether/if you are happy. （2）Shall we go?   (Please tell me…) （疑问句shall we要变为为陈述句we shall）Please tell me whether/if we shall go. （3）Is it right or not? (I don’t know…) （疑问句is it 要变换为陈述句it is）I don’t know whether it is right or not.  注意：只能用whether不能用if的情况（1）在不定式的动词前，即whether后有to do 不定式 I don’t know whether to go there on foot. He is not sure whether to stay or leave. （2）在介词的后面，即介词+whether I am thinking about whether we should go home right now. It depends on whether they arrives on time. （3）后面有or not时 He doesn’t tell me whether it is right or not. I’ll call you whether or not I can come. （4）引导词置于句首时 Whether he is right I don’t know. 因为if置于句首时可以引导状语从句，为了避免出现混淆，至于句首时多用whether. 3.连接词特殊疑问词引导：从句的原句是特殊疑问句。引导词就用原句子中的特殊疑问词。疑问代词：what, which, who, whom, whose,疑问副词：when, where, how, why,how far, how long, how many, how much, how often…由于特殊疑问词有本身的意义，所以不能省略，而且一定要注意，把特殊疑问句的语序变为陈述句语序。 （1）what does he want me to do?（I didn't know...) （特殊疑问句中does he want变换陈述句，时态跟随主句的一般过去时变成过去的某种时态he wanted）I didn’t hear what he wanted me to do. （2）who is that young man?（I want to konw...） （特殊疑问句中is that young man变换陈述句that young man is）I want to know who that young man is . （3）when will we start?（Tom asked us...）（特殊疑问句中will we start变换陈述句，时态跟随主句的一般过去时变成过去的某种时态we would start） Tom asked us when we would start.  二、时态1.主现从不限：主句是一般现在时时，从句根据需要可以用各种时态 I know he finished the work.（主句一般现在时，从句一般过去过时） I konw he usually finishes the work on Friday.（主句一般现在时，从句一般现在时） I know he has finished the work.（主句一般现在时，从句现在完成时） I know he will finish the work.（主句一般现在时，从句一般将来时）  2.主过从必过：主句是一般过去时时，从句一定是过去的某种时态（五种时态倒退跑）  He washes the car.（I knew）I knew (that) he washed the car.（原句子时态是一般现在时，要倒退一个时态变成一般过去时）  He washed the car.（I knew） I knew (that) he had washed the car.（原句子时态是一般过去时，要倒退一个时态变成过去完成时）  He will wash the car.（I knew） I knew (that) he would wash the car.（原句子时态是一般将来时，要倒退一个时态变成过去将来时）  He has washed the car.（I knew） I knew (that) he had washed the car.（原句子时态是现在完成时，要倒退一个时态变成过去完成时）  He is washing the car.（I knew）（原句子时态是现在进行时，要倒退一个时态变成过去进行时） I knew (that) he was washing the car. 注意：从句中有具体时间状语，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前，仍然用一般过去时，而不用过去完成时。 The teacher told me (that) she was born in 1960.（从句中时间状语in 1960） 从真用一现：从句表示客观真理、客观事实时，不管主句是何种时态，从句一律用一般现在时态。 1.Dad said (that) it is better to do than to say. 2.He told the boy (that) three and three is six. 3.The teacher told us (that) the earth travels around the sun.  Our teacher told us (that) light travels faster than sound.  三、语序从句一律用陈述句语序即：主句+连接词+从句（主+谓+其他成分） 陈述句的语序，即是“主语在前，谓语在后”的顺序主要针对原句子是一般疑问句，选择疑问句和特殊疑问句时，变宾语从句时，语序要变为陈述句语序。当原句子是陈述句时，本来就是陈述句语序，不需要做特殊处理。 注意：当从句的原句为以下句子以及what, who作主语时，语序不变，因为what who,做主语时，本来就已经是陈述句语序了。What’s wrong?  What’s the matter?What’s happening?eg:I don’t know what’s the matter.Can you tell me who is over there?