2021新课标名师导学高考英语译林版第一轮总复习讲义：语法一、名词
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一、名词
对应学生用书p158
在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a ________(believe) that populations are increasing.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ________(compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.
3．(2019·浙江卷)Other American studies showed no ________(connect) between uniforms and school performance.
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ________ (cause)．
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased ________(pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
6．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I'm a ________(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
[答案与解析]
1．belief。考查名词。根据其前不定冠词和其后的同位语从句可知，空格处用名词形式，故填belief。
2．competition。考查名词。由空格前的不定冠词an与空格后的不定式to watch可以确定空格处应该填名词形式。故填competition。
3．connection/connections。考查名词。句意：其他的美国研究表明校服和学校表现之间没有联系。no是形容词，形容词修饰名词，位于名词前，名词可用复数也可用单数形式。connect是动词，“联系”的意思，因此，要用其名词形式。故填connection/connections。
4．causes。此处cause是可数名词，意为“原因”，句中的all表示“所有”，后应用可数名词的复数形式。
5．pollution。考查名词。此处应填pollute的名词形式做宾语。
6．scientist。根据空前的a可知，空处应填名词，意为“科学家”。
对应学生用书p158
名词是表示人、事物或抽象概念的词。历年高考试题对名词的单独考查着重在其复数和所有格这两点上。
1．名词的复数形式
英语中的可数名词在运用中只要大于1，就要用复数形式。如“一个半小时”，要说one and a half hours(＝an hour and a half)，两小时为two hours。英语名词由单数变复数容易掌握。同学们都比较熟悉。为方便大家复习，现将有关规则列表如下：
类别 | 构成方式 | 例 词 |
规 则 变 化 形 式 |
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一般在词尾加s | book→books；map→maps；boat→boats；lake→lakes；pig→pigs；field→fields；pen→pens；machine→machines；table→tables |
|
在以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词后，加es | bus→buses；fox→foxes；brush→brushes；approach→approaches |
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在以f或fe结尾的名词后，改f或fe为ves | half→halves；thief→thieves；self→selves；leaf→leaves；life→lives；knife→knives |
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在以辅音字母＋o结尾的名词后，加es | hero→heroes；echo→echoes；potato→potatoes；tomato→tomatoes |
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有少数词与以上规则相背，需熟记 | stomach→stomachs；chief→chiefs；roof→roofs；proof→proofs；belief→beliefs；radio→radios；photo→photos；piano→pianos |
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不 规 则 变 化 形 式 |
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变内部元音 | foot→feet；goose→geese；man→men；woman→women；tooth→teeth； mouse→mice |
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词尾加en或ren | ox→oxen；child→children |
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单复同形 | 单数 复数 deer deer fish fish aircraft aircraft series series sheep sheep species species |
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一词二变 | penny→pennies；penny→pence |
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外来词 | bacterium→bacteria；phenomenon→phenomena |
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2.名词所有格
构成方式 | 例 词 |
不以s结尾的名词，不论单数还是复数，一律加's | Jack's email; children's books |
以s结尾的复数名词，加'。 | the girls' dormitory; the teachers' reading room |
以s结尾的单数名词，加's或'。 | our boss' car＝our boss's car Engels' works＝Engels's works |
