2021高考英语人教版一轮教师用书：第二部分 语法专题四、形容词和副词
展开四、形容词和副词
考点一 形容词和副词的基本用法
1.形容词的基本用法
形容词在句中可以作定语、表语、补语(含宾语补足语和主语补足语)和状语。作状语时与句子用逗号隔开,修饰不定代词时要后置。
Although it doesn’t taste of anything special,it’s still worth a try.
尽管它尝起来没有任何特殊的地方,但是还是值得一试。
Conditions were so bad that it was impossible for him to find the trail again.
天气状况太差,他想再找到(雪橇的)轨迹是不可能的。
2.副词的基本用法
副词在句中可以用作状语,主要用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或修饰整个句子,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等。
Thankfully,I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.
谢天谢地,我终于打完比赛了,所有的辛苦最终都是值得的。
常考的连接性副词:though“然而,可是”(用于句末);meanwhile “在此期间”;therefore/ thus/consequently“因此,所以”;moreover/furthermore “而且,此外”;besides“而且,另外,还有”;however“然而”;instead“相反,代替”;anyway/anyhow“尽管,即使这样”;otherwise“否则”。
The young man couldn’t afford a new car.Instead,he bought a used one.
那个年轻人买不起新车,便买了一辆二手的。
The house was too expensive and too big.Besides,I’d grown fond of our little rented house.
这个房子太贵、太大了。而且,我已经越来越喜欢我们租的这间小屋了。
3.意义有别的同根副词
①close接近地 closely仔细地
②free免费地 freely自由地
③hard努力地 hardly几乎不
④late迟,晚 lately 近来
⑤most极,非常 mostly主要地
⑥wide广阔地 widely广泛地
⑦high高 highly高度地
⑧deep 深 deeply深刻地,深沉地
⑨near临近 nearly几乎
⑩pretty相当地 prettily迷人地
常见的以-ly结尾的形容词,如:lovely, lonely, lively, deadly, friendly, likely, unlikely, silly, ugly, daily, motherly, fatherly, brotherly, elderly等。
Deep in thought,he didn’t notice me.
陷入沉思中,他没注意到我。
He was deeply moved by the moving story.
他被这个感人的故事深深地感动了。
考点二 形容词和副词的比较等级
1.比较级和最高级的构成
(1)规则形式
①单音节以及少数双音节形容词和副词,在原级后加-er,-est构成。如:clever—cleverer—cleverest。其他特殊变化见下表:
特殊情况 | 构成方式 | 例词 |
以不发音 的e结尾 | 加-r和-st | brave—braver —bravest |
以“辅音字 母+y”结尾 | 变y为i,再 加-er 和-est | happy—happier —happiest |
以重读闭 音节结尾 且词尾只有 一个 辅音字母 | 双写词尾,再 加-er和-est | hot—hotter— hottest |
②多音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级前加more,most构成。
active—more active—most active
happily—more happily—most happily
(2)不规则变化
原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
good,well | better | best |
bad,ill | worse | worst |
many,much | more | most |
little | less | least |
far | farther/further | farthest/furthest |
old | older/elder | oldest/eldest |
以下形容词及其副词无比较级和最高级: relative,absolute,perfect,entire,senior,unique,present,simply,right,wrong等。
2.基本用法
(1)两者相比,表示“和……一样”,用“as+原级+as”表示。
He learns as quickly as his classmates.
他和他的同学学得一样快。
在同级比较中,若同时出现形容词修饰单数可数名词,其语序为:as+adj.+a(n)+n.+as。
Our neighbor has as big a house as ours.
我们的邻居有一套和我们的一样大的房子。
(2)两者相比,表示“不如……”,用“not as/so+原级+as”。
Unfortunately,my wife isn’t so fond of them as I am.不幸的是,我妻子不如我那么喜欢他们。
(3)两者相比,表示“比……更”,用“比较级+than”;表示“不如……”,用“not+比较级+than”。
Seeking information on the Internet is more convenient than searching in a library.
在互联网上查找信息比在图书馆查找更方便。
This one is not better than that one.
这个不如那个好。
修饰比较级的词语有:a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等;还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。 修饰最高级的词语有:by far, far, much, mostly, almost和序数词。
We have a much better life now.
我们现在的日子好得多了。
The buildings look far uglier in London than here.
伦敦的建筑比这儿的难看得多。
She is the second tallest student in our class.
她是我们班第二高的学生。
3.特殊用法
(1)“比较级+and+比较级”表示 “越来越……”。
In many ways my disability has made me grow more and more independent.
在很多方面,我的残疾已经使我变得越来越独立。
(2)“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越……,就越……”。
The more upset I got,the less I was able to concentrate.
我越烦就越不能集中精力。
(3)“more+原级+than+原级”表示“与其说……不如说……”。
The girl was more frightened than hurt.
与其说这个女孩是受了伤,不如说是受到了惊吓。
(4)“more than+主语+can+谓语”表示“非……所能;……不能”。
The beauty of the city is more than I can describe.
这座城市的美是我所不能描述的。
(5)形容词比较级前一般不用冠词,但如果出现表示范围的短语时,就需要加定冠词。
Of the two sisters,Mary is the cleverer.
这两姐妹中,玛丽更聪明。
有时形容词最高级前不用the,句中的most 相当于very,意为“非常,十分”。
This is a most interesting story.
这是一个很有趣的故事。
4.比较级形式表示最高级含义
在某个特定范围内,同类事物对比,可用以下比较级结构表示最高级含义。
①比较级+than+any other+单数名词
②比较级+than+the other+复数名词
③比较级+than+anyone/ anything else
④比较级+than+any of the other+复数名词
China is the largest country in Asia.That is,it is larger than any other country in Asia.
中国是亚洲最大的国家,即中国比亚洲其他任何国家都要大。
5.表示倍数的三个常用句型
(1)...倍数+as+原级+as...
He can run three times as fast as John.
他跑得有约翰三倍快。
(2)...倍数+比较级+than...
This table is three times bigger than that one.
这张桌子比那张桌子大两倍。
(3)...倍数+the size/length/width/height,etc.+of...
This table is three times the size of that one.
这张桌子是那张的三倍大。
考点三 形容词和副词的词形变化
1.常见的形容词后缀
形容词 后缀 | 意义 | 例词 |
-able -ible | 可……的; 能……的; 应……的; 有……性质的 | acceptable可接受的 available可获得的 valuable有价值的 reasonable合理的 accessible可接近的 |
-al | 与……有关的 | typical典型的 digital数码的 cultural文化的 environmental环境的 |
-ant/ -ent | 是……的 | frequent频繁的 convenient方便的 efficient效率高的 significant有意义的 |
-ful | 充满……的;有……性质(或倾向的) | successful成功的 meaningful有意义的 powerful强大的 thankful感激的 |
-less | 无……的;没有……的 | endless无尽的 aimless无目标的 powerless无能为力的 |
-tive | 有……倾向的 | attractive迷人的 effective有效的 instructive有教育意义的 |
-ed | 感到……的 | scare→scared感到恐惧的 confuse→confused感到困惑的 |
-ing | 令人……的 | surprise→surprising令人惊异的 convince→convincing令人信服的 satisfy→satisfying令人满意的 |
-ous | 具有…… 性质的 | continue→continuous不断的;持续的anxiety→anxious 忧虑的 curiosity→curious 好奇的 humor→humorous 幽默的 |
-ern | ……方向的 | east→eastern 东方的;向东的 |
-y | 多……的 | foggy多雾的 greedy贪婪的 wealthy富有的 healthy健康的 |
2.形容词转换为副词
情况 | 变化规则 | 例词 |
一般情况 | 在词尾 加-ly | immediate—immediately wonderful—wonderfully |
一些以辅音字 母加-y结尾 的形容词 | 把-y改 为-i, 再加-ly | easy—easily angry—angrily noisy—noisily |
以-ble或-le 结尾的形容词 | 去e加-y | possible—possibly comfortable—comfortably |
以-ue结尾 的形容词 | 去e加-ly | true—truly |
以-ll结尾 的形容词 | 在词尾 加-y | full—fully |
常见的形容词否定前缀(表示“不”、“非”、“无”)
前缀 | 意义 | 例词 |
il- | 用于以l开头的单词前 | legal→illegal不合法的 logical→illogical不合逻辑的 |
im- | 用于以 m,p 或 b 开头的单词前 | polite→impolite无礼的 patient→impatient不耐烦的 |
ir- | ir-用于r前 | regular→irregular不规则的 responsible→irresponsible不负责任的 |
in- | 用于其他情况 | formal→informal非正式的 convenient→inconvenient不方便的 |
un- | 是一个活用前缀 | usual→unusual不寻常的 willing→unwilling不愿意的 |
1.It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been (poor) studied.(2019全国Ⅰ)
2.We are so proud of her.It’s (wonder).(2019全国Ⅱ)
3.Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements,leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are (high) than they actually are.(2019全国Ⅰ)
4.Her years of hard work have (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名) her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.(2019全国Ⅱ)
5.They also shared with us many (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were (huge) popular with tourists.(2019全国Ⅲ)
答案及剖析:
1.poorly 考查副词。句意:很难计算出全球北极熊的数量,因为它们大部分活动范围没有很好地被研究。修饰动词studied用副词poorly。
2.wonderful 本句是主系表结构,故用wonder的形容词形式作表语。
3.higher 考查形容词比较级。句意:科学家回应指出饥饿的熊可能会聚集在人类居住区周围,导致人们的错觉是熊的数量比实际数量多。根据than可知用比较级。that populations are higher than they actually are 是 the illusion(错觉)的同位语从句。
4.finally 此处应用副词作状语,修饰谓语动词。
5.traditional;hugely 本题有提示词,给名词填形容词,考查词性与句子成分的对等性,根据前面的many及其后的stories可知,此处应填形容词作定语;所填的词修饰形容词popular,故应用huge的副词形式hugely。be hugely popular with表示“非常受……欢迎”。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.Students should have a proper attitude towards college before thinking about which college to attend,and it’s never too early to make necessary preparations for a healthy and (meaning) college experience.(2019北京)
2.When the children are walking or cycling to school on dark mornings,car drivers can (easy) see them.(2019浙江)
3.According to a review of evidence in a medical journal,runners live three years (long) than non-runners.(2018全国Ⅰ)
4.According to the World Bank,China accounts for about 30 percent of total (globe) fertilizer consumption.(2018全国Ⅱ)
5.A taste for meat is (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens,pigs,and cattle.(2018全国Ⅱ)
6.You can live a more (power) life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself.
7.Have you ever been so (absorb) in a video game as to forget sleep and meals?
8.Things in charity shops are much (cheap) than those in street stores.
9.Police are asking for help from the public with an investigation into an armed robbery at downtown (early) this year.
10.If the patient was extremely fat,it was (possible) to hear any heartbeat at all.
答案及剖析:
1.meaningful 考查词形转换。根据句意以及句子结构可知,此处用形容词作定语修饰名词college experience。
2.easily 考查副词。司机就能很容易看到他们。此处修饰动词see要用副词easily,作状语。
3.longer 考查形容词比较级。根据空白处之后的than可知,此处用long的比较级。
4.global 考查词性转换。此处和total一起修饰名词短语fertilizer consumption意为“全世界的化肥总消耗量”。
5.actually 考查词性转换。应用副词作状语修饰介词短语behind the change。
6.powerful 空格处修饰后面的名词life,用形容词,指“强有力的”。
7.absorbed 此处作表语,位于系动词后,故填absorbed“专心于……”。
8.cheaper 由系动词可知填形容词,另外由“than”可知填比较级,故填cheaper。
9.earlier 根据空格位置可知此处填副词,根据语境,“今年早些时间在购物街发生的持械抢劫案”可知填比较级earlier。
10.impossible 本题考查词性转换,根据语境可知此处表示不可能的。故填possible的反义词,在其前加前缀“im-”。
Ⅱ.语法填空
Visitors to Britain may find the 1. (good) place to enjoy local culture is in a
2. (tradition) pub.A team of researchers have discovered some of the unknown culture of British pubs —starting with the 3. (difficult) of getting a drink.This may sound inconvenient,but there is a 4. (hide) meaning.
Pub culture is formed to improve sociability in a society that is known for its coldness.Standing at the bar for service allows you to chat with others who are waiting to be served.The bar counter is 5. (possible) the only place in Britain where a 6. (friend) talk with strangers is considered to be 7. (entire) proper and really quite normal behavior.8. ,if you do not follow the local rules,the experience may fall flat.For example,if you are in a big group,it is best for one or two people to go to buy the drinks.Nothing makes the regular customers and bar staff angry 9. (much) than a group of 10. (strange) blocking all passages to the bar while they chat and hesitate about what to order.
语篇解读:本文讲述的是关于享受英国文化最好的去处:酒吧。
答案及剖析:
1.best 考查形容词最高级的用法。根据语境分析可知,此处暗含了一定的范围,即“在英国”,应该填提示词的最高级形式best。
2.traditional 考查派生词的用法。分析句子成分可知,此处应该填一个形容词作定语,修饰名词pub,所以填提示词的形容词形式traditional。
3.difficulty 考查派生词的用法。所填单词前有定冠词the,其后有介词,故应填写difficult的名词形式。
4.hidden 考查形容词的用法。hidden是hide的过去分词,又可作形容词,意思是“隐藏的”。此处修饰名词meaning。
5.possibly 考查派生词的用法。此处在句中修饰系动词,作状语,应该填提示词的副词形式possibly。
6.friendly 考查派生词的用法。根据语境“与陌生人友好的交谈”可知,此处在句中作定语,填提示词的形容词形式friendly。
7.entirely 考查派生词的用法。此处在句中作状语,修饰形容词proper,填提示词的副词形式entirely。
8.However 考查副词的用法。根据语境可知,上下文之间为转折关系,且空格处用逗号与句子其他部分隔开,所以填表示转折关系的副词however。
9.more 考查副词比较级的用法。根据后面的than可知,此处填提示词的比较级形式more。
10.strangers 根据横线所在的位置可知此处应填名词词性,短语“a group of”只修饰名词复数,故填strangers。
