2021高考英语人教版一轮教师用书：第二部分 语法专题十二、特殊句式及结构
展开十二、特殊句式及结构
考点一 倒装
(一)完全倒装
1.表示方向、地点和时间的副词、介词短语置于句首时用完全倒装。常见的有:there,here,in,out,away,up,down,from,off,back,over,then,now,in the room,on the wall 等。
Here comes the bus.车来了。
In rushed the angry man.
那个生气的男人冲了进来。
Now is your turn.
现在轮到你了。
In front of the school gate is a big beautiful garden.
学校门前是一个漂亮的大花园。
主语为代词时不倒装。
Out they rushed.他们冲了出去。
2.表语+连系动词+主语(表语是形容词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、过去分词等)
Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.
出席会议的有怀特教授、史密斯教授,还有许多其他客人。
Such are the facts; no one can deny them.
这些就是事实,没有人可以否认。
(二)部分倒装
1.“only+状语(副词、介词短语或状语从句)”置于句首时,句子或者主句要用部分倒装。
Only then did he realize that he had lost his way.
直到那时他才意识到自己迷路了。
Only when he returned did we find out the truth.
唯有他回来,我们才能弄明白事实。
2.具有否定意义的副词或短语如not,nor,neither,never,seldom,rarely,hardly,little,by no means,at no time,in no way,under no circumstances等位于句首时,句子用部分倒装。
Seldom had he seen a child with so much talent.
他以前难得见过如此有天赋的孩子。
By no means shall we give up.我们绝不会放弃。
3.在以下几个固定句式结构中,句子使用部分倒装。
(1)so+be/助动词/情态动词+主语
They love having lots of friends.So do those with disabilities.
他们喜欢拥有许多朋友,残疾人也是如此。
so表示“是的,确实”,重复上文,表示赞同对方的观点时,主谓语不倒装。
—It is too hot.——天太热了。
—So it is.——是啊,的确很热。
(2)neither/nor+be/助动词/情态动词+主语
I don’t know who he is,nor do I want to know.
我不知道他是谁,我也不想知道。
(3)在such/so...that ...结构中,“so/such+被修饰词”位于句首时,主句用部分倒装。
So fast did he run that he was far ahead of others.
他跑得很快,远远领先于其他人。
(4)neither...nor...结构位于两个分句的句首时,用部分倒装。
Neither do I know it,nor do I care about it.
我不知道这件事,我也不在乎。
(5)在not only ...but (also)...结构中,not only位于句首时,第一个分句用部分倒装。
Not only do I like painting,but I (also) take a course.我不但喜欢画画,而且还上了绘画课。
此结构连接主语时不倒装。
Not only he but also his parents are sick.
不但他而且他父母也病了。
(6)not until ...位于句首时,句子或主句用部分倒装。
Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time.
直到我儿子上了大学他才意识到时间的重要性。
(7)在hardly...when.../no sooner...than...结构中,hardly/no sooner位于句首时,主句用部分倒装。
Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door.
她一坐下就听到有人敲门。
No sooner had she stepped out of the house than it began to rain.她刚踏出家门天就下起雨来。
这两个结构都要求主句谓语用过去完成时。
(8)as/though引导的让步状语从句可以将句中状语、表语、动词原形提到句首构成部分倒装。
Pretty as/though she is,she is not proud.
尽管她很漂亮,但她一点也不自负。
Try as he would,he might fail again.
尽管他还会尝试,但可能还会失败。
单数可数名词表语提前时,省略其前的不定冠词。
Child as he is,he knows a lot.
虽然他还是个孩子,但他懂得很多。
(9)虚拟条件句若有had,were,should时,可省略if,从句用部分倒装。
Were I you,I would take his advice.
如果我是你,我会接受他的建议。
Should it rain tomorrow,the sports meeting would be put off.
如果明天下雨,运动会将会推迟。
考点二 省略
1.状语从句的省略
(1)在when,while,whenever,till,as soon as,if,unless,as if,though,as等引导的状语从句中,若谓语部分含有be动词,而从句的主语又与主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it 时,从句的主语和be动词常被省略。
While (we were) walking,we met our old friend Jack.
我们散步时碰到了老朋友杰克。
(2)if so,if any,if possible,if necessary,if not 已看作固定搭配。
If (it is) necessary,ask Mr.Wang to help you.
如果有必要,找王先生帮你。
Errors,if (there are) any,should be corrected.
如果有什么错误,就应该改正。
2.不定式的省略
(1)在一定的上下文中,为了避免重复,有时不定式可以省略,但通常保留不定式符号to。
I shall go if I want to.
如果我想去就去。
(2)若被省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,have been,通常应保留这些词。
—He hasn’t finished yet.
—Well,he ought to have.
——他还没完成。
——哦,他该完成了。
考点三 强调句型
1.强调句的基本句型是“It is/was+被强调的部分+that/who+其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语、状语等。
It is only children who will make such stupid mistakes.
只有孩子才会犯这样愚蠢的错误。
2.强调句型的一般疑问句只需将is/was提前,特殊疑问句的结构是“疑问词+is/was+it+that+其他部分”。
Was it in this market that you bought the TV?
你是在这个市场买的电视吗?
Where was it that he got the information?
他是从哪里弄到这个信息的?
强调句型不能强调谓语动词。如果需要强调谓语动词,用“助动词do,does或did+动词原形”,意为“的确;真的;务必”。
Do sit down.务必请坐。
He did say that he would help me.
他的确说过他会帮我的。
考点四 there be结构
1.there be结构的谓语形式
there be结构中的谓语动词be有时可用seem to be,happen to be,be likely to be 或remain,stand,lie,go,exist,follow,live,come,occur 等替换。
There seems to be something wrong with the machine.
机器好像出了点问题。
There is likely to be an important meeting tomorrow.
明天很可能会有一个重要的会议。
Once upon a time there lived an old monk in the temple.从前,那座庙里住着一个老和尚。
2.there be结构的非谓语形式
What is the chance of there being an election this year?
今年举行选举的可能性有多大?
(there be的动词-ing形式作介词 of的宾语)
I expect there to be many chances for him to get a job.
我希望他有很多机会能找到工作。
(there be的动词不定式结构作动词expect的复合宾语)
考点五 感叹句
感叹句常用来表示惊叹、赞美、喜悦等语气。
1.what 引导的感叹句
What+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!
What+adj.+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语!
What a strange plant!I’ve never seen it before.
这种植物真奇怪!我以前从未见过。
What lovely children they are!
他们是多么可爱的孩子啊!
2.how 引导的感叹句
How+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!
How+adj./adv.+主语+谓语!
How+主语+谓语!
How interesting a story it is!
=What an interesting story it is!
这是多么有趣的一个故事啊!
How time flies!
时间过得真快啊!
It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house we saw Lily in the passenger seat.(2018天津)
答案及剖析:
that 考查强调句。句意:只有当汽车在我们房子前停下来我们才看到坐在乘客座上的莉莉。这里考查强调句,强调句型结构为:It is/was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/who(当强调主语且主语指人)+ 其他部分。
单句语法填空
1.So buried (be) she in doing her homework that she didn’t notice it got dark outside.
2.Not until recently they encourage the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.
3.Always (keep) in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly.
4.Only when Lily walked into the office she realize that she had left the contract at home.
5.It was the culture,rather than the language, made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.
6. it rain tomorrow,we would have to cancel the football match.
7.No sooner Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.
8.On the top of the hill (stand) a church, whose style can be traced to the ages of the Roman Empire.
答案及剖析:
1.was 考查倒装句。句意:她如此埋头做她的家庭作业以至于她都没注意到外面天已经黑了。在so... that... 句型中,将so置于句首时,后面的主谓语需部分倒装;根据题干中didn’t 可知设空处需用一般过去时,故答案为was。
2.did 考查部分倒装。当not until所引导的时间状语放在句首的时候,主句要部分倒装。句意:直到最近他们才鼓励在农村地区开展与旅游业有关的活动。
3.keep 考查祈使句。这是一个完整的句子,而that引导的是宾语从句,因此只能是祈使句。
4.did 句意:直到莉莉走进办公室的时候,她才意识到她把合同忘家里了。本题考查only位于句首,引导时间状语从句时,主句要倒装。
5.that 句意:是文化而不是语言使他很难适应国外的新环境。根据分析可知本句为强调句。去掉It was和空格,题干可以还原为:The culture,rather than the language,made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad,故填that。
6.Should 句意:万一明天下雨,我们就得取消这场足球赛。“ it rain tomorrow”为省略了if的虚拟条件句,如果补上if则应为:If it rain tomorrow。根据后面的would have to可知设空处与将来事实相反,if从句谓语动词应为:过去式、“should+动词原形”或“were to+动词原形”,结合题干的句子结构可知填Should。
7.had 考查倒装句。本题中的固定句式no sooner... than...一……就……;当否定词放在句首的时候,主句中要使用部分倒装的形式。句意:莫言一走上舞台,观众就爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。根据句意可知莫言走上舞台是在观众鼓掌之前,而观众鼓掌已经使用了一般过去时,在这之前的动作要使用过去完成时。同时要使用倒装
句式。
8.stands 此处是全部倒装结构。当表示地点的短语放在句首且主语是名词时,句子要全部倒装,故此处填stands。
