2021高考英语一轮统考复习第二部分高考重点语法突破专题一第1讲冠词学案含解析新人教版

第二部分  高考重点语法突破专题一 词法篇第1讲　冠词 考点一 冠词的泛指与特指泛指是指首次提到的、不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物，也可以指说话双方心目中所默认的特定的人或事物。冠词的泛指、特指用法归纳如下：特指：the＋单数名词/复数名词/不可数名词Where is the teacher you talked about yesterday?昨天你谈论的那位老师在哪里？　　　　　　　　　　　　　即时练1　单句语法填空①Laszlo Biro invented ________ ballpoint pen.②The biggest whale is ________ blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters long—the height of ________ 9­story building.答案：①the　②the; a考点二 不定冠词a, an的用法一、不定冠词的基本用法1．不定冠词a/an表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain，意为“一个”，或首次提到的泛指的人或事物。①A young man wants to see you.有个年轻人想见你。②—Could you tell me the way to the Johnsons'，please?—Sorry，we don't have a Johnson here in the village.——请告诉我去约翰逊家怎么走？——对不起，这个村庄里没有一个叫约翰逊的人。2．抽象名词具体化的情况下，不定冠词a/an用于抽象名词前，表示具体的人或事物。It is a success for a country to host the Olympic Games.对于一个国家来说，主办奥运会是一件成功的事。3．表示一类人或物，指同类中的任何一个。A teacher must be strict with his students.教师必须对他的学生严格要求。4．用于单数名词前表示身份、职业，尤其用在作表语或补足语的名词前。The Whites  wanted their daughter to be a musician.怀特夫妇想要他们的女儿成为音乐家。5．用在表示数量、长度、时间等的计数单位的名词前，表示“每一”。The car moves  100 miles an hour.这辆小汽车以每小时100英里的速度行驶。[注意]　1不定冠词在句中的位置,such a/an＋单数可数名词；quite a/an＋单数可数名词；rather a/an＋单数可数名词。如果修饰名词的形容词前有so， as， too， how等副词，则不定冠词一般放在形容词和名词之间。He is as clever a boy as Tom.他是一个像汤姆一样聪明的男孩。It is too difficult a book for beginners.这本书对初学者来说太难了。(2)不定冠词a与an的区别以辅音音素开头的单词前使用a，以元音音素开头的单词前使用an。但要注意以下两种情况：①有些单词开头的辅音字母并不发音，即该单词的读音实际上是以元音音素开头的，要使用an，如：an hour，an honest man。②有些单词以元音字母开头，但该单词的读音实际上是以辅音音素开头，要使用a，如：a university，a European country。二、含有不定冠词的常考短语have a cold得了感冒have a good time玩得高兴have a gift for有……的天赋have a word with与……谈话have/take a rest休息一下have a holiday度假make/earn a living谋生get a lift/ride搭便车go on a diet节食as a result因此as a matter of fact事实上as a rule通常，照例after a while一会儿后in a hurry匆忙地in a sense在某种意义上in a word总之in a moment立刻once in a while偶尔at a loss困惑，不知所措at a distance离一段距离，从远处for a while暂时，一时once upon a time从前all of a sudden突然a waste of ... ……的浪费a matter of ... ……的问题have a population of有……人口have a history of有……的历史a collection of一批……a knowledge of (＝know)知道an understanding of (＝understand)懂得[注意]　通常成对出现的名词被视为一套，一般只用一个不定冠词。如：a knife and fork一副刀叉。　　　　　　　　　　　　即时练2　单句语法填空①I earn 10 dollars ________ hour as ________ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.②The teacher asked us to write ________ 800­word­long composition.③Christmas is ________ special holiday when the whole family are supposed to get together.④They are twins, so they are of ________ age.⑤I don't want to have words with you. I prefer to have ________ word with you.⑥The power supply was cut off. All of ________ sudden, the lights went out.⑦China has ________ far larger population than Canada.⑧The quality of the ambulance service is ________ matter of life and death.答案：①an; a　②an　③a　④an　⑤a　⑥a　⑦a　⑧a考点三 定冠词the的用法一、定冠词的基本用法1．用在表示特指的人或物的名词前，尤其指上文提到过的(第二次提到的)或谈话双方都明确的人或物，也可指上文未提到但谈话双方都知道的人或物。①The book on the desk is mine.书桌上的那本书是我的。②Would you mind turning down the radio a little? The baby is sleeping.请把收音机音量调小点好吗？婴儿在睡觉。2．用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、表示方位或表示发明物等的名词前。①As is known to us, the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。②We are living in an age when many things can be done on the Internet.我们生活在一个很多事情都可以在因特网上完成的时代。[注意]　有些事物虽然也是独一无二的，但习惯上却不用冠词。如：space太空，nature自然，man人类等。3．用在序数词和形容词、副词最高级前面。①Liu Yang is the first woman who has been into space in China.在中国，刘洋是第一位进入太空的女性。②He is the tallest one in our class.他是我们班个子最高的。4．用在表示计量的名词前，如：by the hour, by the day, by the dozen, by the yard等，但是如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词，之前不用冠词，如：by weight/height等。—It's said John will be in a job paying over $60,000 a year.—Right, he will also get paid by the week.——据说约翰会得到一份年薪超过60,000美元的工作。——是的，而且会按周付薪。5．用在表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。It is not rare in the 1990s that people in their fifties went to university for further education.在二十世纪九十年代五十多岁的人上大学进修并不罕见。[注意]　“a/an＋序数词”不表示排序，表示“又一，再一”；另外，不定冠词a用于“most＋形容词原级”之前无比较含义，表示程度，意为“很，非常”。What disappointed the Chinese most is that the national football team was kicked out of the Asian Cup a second time， with four points from three matches.最让中国人失望的是国家足球队又一次被踢出了亚洲杯，三场比赛只得了四分。—Which of the twin brothers is easier to get on with？—The younger one.He is a most humorous man.——那对双胞胎兄弟哪一个较容易相处？——较小的那一个，他是一个非常幽默的人。6．“动词＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体某一部位”结构中，定冠词the不可用形容词性物主代词替代。①take sb.by the arm抓住某人的胳膊②An apple fell from the tree and hit him on the head.一个苹果从树上落下，砸在他的头上。[注意]　在be red in the face 脸红，be lame in the right leg 右腿瘸，be blind in the left eye 左眼盲等结构中，名词前也要用the。7．定冠词与形容词连用，可以表示一类人或事物。①the rich富人；②the wounded伤员；③the true, the good and (the) beautiful真、善、美。8．用于表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示“一家人”或“夫妇俩”。The  Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。二、定冠词的固定搭配in the end最后，终于in the daytime在白天in the habit of习惯于make the most/best of充分利用in the distance在远处in the way挡路on the whole总的来说on the right/left在右/左面at the same time同时at the moment此刻for the time being暂时in the public eye广为人知的go to the doctor's去看医生by the way顺便说；顺便问一下the other day前几天on the radio/phone通过无线电/电话on the spot在场；到场；立即；马上；当场to tell (you) the truth说实话，老实说go to the cinema去看电影not in the least (＝not at all)一点也不on the one hand ..., on the other hand ... 一方面……，另一方面……for the most part通常，多半　　　　　　　　　　　　　即时练3　单句语法填空①The little boy took the blind man by ________ arm and walked him across the street.②Then, ________ Smiths were listening to the boy who was playing ________ piano.③Sometimes ________ traffic kept her awake at night.④I think Tom is ________ cleverer of the two boys who is ________ first to solve the problem.⑤Marco Polo is said to have sailed on ________ Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in ________ thirteenth century.答案：①the　②the; the　③the　④the; the　⑤the; the考点四 零冠词的用法一、零冠词的基本用法1．表示泛指意义的复数名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、人名、地名等前，一般不加冠词。Sarah looked at the finished painting with satisfaction.萨拉满意地看着那幅完工的油画。2．名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any等限定时不再用冠词。She is not my type of woman.她不是我心目中的那类女人。3．季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科、球类、棋类等名称前一般不加冠词。Spring is the best season of the year.春天是一年中最好的季节。[注意]　(1)在有形容词修饰的一日三餐、季节、日期及世上独一无二的事物的名词等前时，通常使用不定冠词。I was invited to have a good breakfast and the restaurant we went to was excellent.我应邀吃了一顿丰盛的早餐，并且我们去的餐馆也很好。We had a cold winter last year.去年冬天我们这儿很冷。The old couple sat together, enjoying a bright moon.那对老夫妇坐在一起欣赏一轮明月。(2)抽象名词表示具体事物时，变为可数名词，可被a/an修饰，也可有复数形式。4．在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。但需注意take a bus, in a boat, on the train/bus结构中需用冠词。5．在as/though引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词前不加冠词。Child as/though she is, she knows too much French.尽管她是一个孩子，但她知道很多法语。6．系动词turn后跟表职业的名词时，名词前不加冠词。The young girl has turned writer.→The young girl has become a writer.这个年轻女孩已经成为一位作家。7．no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后的名词前不用冠词。Everything comes with a price; there is  no such thing as a free lunch in the world.一切都是有代价的，天下没有免费的午餐。8．不可数名词不能与不定冠词连用。高考中常见的不可数名词有：baggage, luggage, furniture, health, weather, fun, space (太空), advice, progress, information, news, luck, wealth (财产)等。Beyond the stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space.除了星星，那个宇航员只看见太空，看不到别的东西。9．称呼语前面不用冠词，表示头衔和职务(这种职务一般只由一人担任)的名词的前面也常不用冠词。①What does this word mean, Father?这个词是什么意思，爸爸？②Mrs Johnson is director of the office.约翰逊太太是办公室主任。二、零冠词的常见固定搭配give way to 给……让路  take part in 参加on hand 在手头   by chance/accident 碰巧地on purpose 故意地  for example 例如ahead of time 提前  in advance 提前in debt 负债  by mistake 错误地，无意地under repair 处于维修中  lose heart 灰心day and night 夜以继日地  catch fire 着火from morning till night 从早到晚face to face 面对面地  out of control 失控out of work 失业  in danger 处于危险之中at risk 有危险at dawn/noon/dusk/night 在黎明/正午/黄昏/夜晚in place 在恰当的位置  heart and soul 全心全意地　　　　　　　　　　　　　即时练4　单句改错①My father went to his doctor for an advice about his heart trouble.________________________________________________②Each a student must hand in his exercise book.________________________________________________③Mr Li is the chairman of the meeting.________________________________________________④A hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.________________________________________________答案：①去掉an　②去掉a　③去掉第一个the　④A hero→Hero考点五 冠词活用一、冠词常见的活用情况1．and连接的两个名词指同一个人或事物时，后面一个名词前不用任何冠词；但如果指不同的人或事物，则两个名词前要分别加冠词。The teacher and writer has come to the meeting.这位老师兼作家来参加会议了。2．表示独一无二的职位、头衔、称呼的名词作表语、同位语或补语时，其前一般不用任何冠词；但是如果这样的名词在句中作主语，则前面须加the。①Mandela, president of South Africa, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1997.(同位语)南非(前)总统曼德拉于1997年被授予诺贝尔和平奖。②Mr Smith is head of the company.(表语)史密斯先生是该公司的经理。③The head of the company is Mr Smith.(主语)这家公司的经理是史密斯先生。3．表示西洋乐器的名词前常加定冠词，但是当此类名词用作普通名词表示泛指时，可以与不定冠词连用。另外，中国乐器前不加冠词。①She is learning to play the piano.她在学弹钢琴。②She is playing a borrowed violin.她正在拉一把借来的小提琴。二、常用搭配　　　　　　　　　　　　　即时练5　根据汉语提示用冠词(含零冠词)填空①一个叫史密斯的先生正在外面等你。________ Mr Smith is waiting for you outside.②月亮围着地球转。________ moon travels around ________ earth.③一轮新月悬挂在天空中。________ new moon is hanging in ________ sky.④它是最有用的词典。It is ________ most useful dictionary.⑤它是一本非常有用的词典。It is ________ most useful dictionary.⑥你能再给我一次机会吗？Can you give me ________ second chance?⑦这是他第二次参观这座城市。It is ________ second time that he has visited the city.⑧走了很长一段时间，他们一句话也没说。For a long time they walked without saying ________ word.⑨消息传来，他儿子死于战争中。________ (W)word came that his son died in the war.答案：①A　②The; the　③A; the　④the　⑤a　⑥a⑦the　⑧a　⑨不填误区一　不定冠词a和an的误用【误】The Wilsons live in a A­shaped house near the coast. It is an 17th century cottage.【正】The Wilsons live in an A­shaped house near the coast. It is a 17th century cottage.[分析]　A­shaped的读音以元音音素开头，其前应用an；而17th (seventeenth)的读音是以辅音音素开头，所以其前应用a。误区二　冠词的缺失错误【误】My father was a foreign student, born and raised in small village in Kenya.【正】My father was a foreign student, born and raised in a small village in Kenya.[分析]　village是单数可数名词，此处泛指“一个小村子”，且small的读音是以辅音音素开头的，故small前用a。误区三　冠词的多余错误【误】It's a great fun to jump into the river and swim in the hot summer.【正】It's great fun to jump into the river and swim in the hot summer.[分析]　fun是不可数名词，不与冠词连用。误区四　不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the的误用【误】It's the world of wonders, the world where anything can happen.【正】It's a world of wonders, a world where anything can happen.[分析]　世界上独一无二的事物前一般用定冠词，但当此名词带有定语修饰且表泛指时，前面应用不定冠词。误区五　对抽象名词具体化的应用判断失误【误】The Christmas evening party was success.【正】The Christmas evening party was a_success.[分析]　抽象名词前一般不用冠词，但当具体化为“一件事/一个人”时，则可加冠词，此为抽象名词具体化的用法。[注意]　造成以上错误的原因在于对冠词的活用掌握不牢，应加强对考点二、三、四下的[注意]及考点五的学习。误区六　冠词在一些固定结构中的误用(1)【误】Mrs Taylor has an eight­year­old daughter who has the gift for painting—she has won two national prizes.【正】Mrs Taylor has an eight­year­old daughter who has a gift for painting—she has won two national prizes.[分析]　have a gift for为固定结构，意为“有……的天赋”。(2)【误】Our teacher is kind to us and he often has words with us.【正】Our teacher is kind to us and he often has a_word with us.[分析]　have a word with为固定结构，意为“与……说几句话”。[注意]　造成上面错误的原因在于对固定短语记忆不牢，对于固定短语，记忆是最好的办法，应加强对考点二、三、四、五下第“二”点的记忆；另外，平时学习中还应多积累总结。1．(2019·浙江高考)Everybody wears ________ same style of clothes.答案：the2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly, I'm face­to­face with the gorilla (大猩猩), who begins screaming at ________ top of her lungs.答案：the3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead, she is earning ￡6,500 a day as ________ model in New York.答案：a4．(2017·浙江高考)For Pahlsson, its return was ________ wonder.答案：a5．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle­fed, ________ other is with mum—she never suspects.答案：the6．(2016·浙江高考)________ prize for the winner of the competition is ________ two­week holiday in Paris.答案：The; a1．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style.________________________________________________答案：an→a2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.________________________________________________答案：countryside前加the3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons.________________________________________________答案：the→a4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.________________________________________________答案：第一个a→an/one5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I still remember how hard first day was.________________________________________________答案：first前加the/my6．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)But in that case, we will learn little about world.________________________________________________答案：world前加the1．根据泛指或特指选择冠词如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时，很可能填冠词。(1)如果空格及后面的名词可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”，一般填“a/an”。如果可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”一般填the；(2)如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时，很可能填the。2．根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语，记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。1．看到以辅(元)音音素开头的名词要想到应用不定冠词a(n)。2．如果名词表示特指，则应用定冠词the。3．看到单数可数名词要想到是否少用了冠词。4．看到不可数名词表示泛指，要想到是否多用了冠词。5．牢记含冠词的固定搭配，确定冠词的增与删。