阅读理解之科普说明文-2025年新高考优秀英语模拟试题优选分类汇编

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1.（2025·广东省深圳市罗湖区高三上学期第一次摸底）Fr many years researchers fcused n what peple knw abut science, thinking that “T knw science is t lve it.” But d peple wh think they knw science actually knw science? A new study led by Cristina Fnseca f the Genetics Sciety, Laurence Hurst f the Milner Centre fr Evlutin (进化) reveals that peple with strng attitudes tend t believe they understand science, while neutrals (中立者) are less certain. Abslute attitudes, bth fr and against, build n high self-cnfidence in knwledge abut science.
The study perfrmed a survey f ver 2,000 UK adults, asking them bth abut their attitudes t science and their belief in their wn understanding. Questins fcused n genetic (基因的) science, fr example, “Hw wuld yu rate yur understanding f what the term DNA means?” All individuals were scred frm zer (they knw they have n understanding) t ne (they are cnfident that they understand). The results suggest that thse at the attitudinal extremes — bth strngly supprtive and firmly ppsing — have very high self-belief in their wn cmprehensin, while thse answering neutrally d nt.
Psychlgically, the team suggests, this makes sense: t hld a strng pinin yu need t strngly believe in the crrectness f yur interpretatin f the basic facts. Results f previus studies als indicate that thse mre accepting f science bth believe they understand it and scre well n the textbk fact (true/false) questins. By cntrast, peple with strng negative attitudes t science tend t be vercnfident abut their level f understanding.
Whether it be climate change r GM fds, imprtant science can inspire strng and ppsing attitudes. Understanding hw t cmmunicate science requires an awareness f why peple may hld such different attitudes t it. When it was thught that what mattered mst fr scientific literacy was scientific knwledge, science cmmunicatin fcused n passing infrmatin frm scientists t the public. Hwever, this apprach may nt be successful, and in sme cases can have adverse effects. Wrking t address the gap between what peple knw and what they believe they knw may be a better strategy.
8．What is the new study mainly abut?
A．An assessment f peple’s interest in genetics.
B．A survey f varius attitudes twards evlutin.
C．A reprt f peple’s general knwledge f science.
D．An analysis f factrs n peple’s belief in science.
9．Why des the authr mentin previus studies in paragraph 3?
A．T supprt the findings f the study.
B．T clarify the cncept f cnfidence.
C．T stress the imprtance f basic facts.
D．T cmpare different research methds.
10．What des the underlined wrd “adverse” mean in the last paragraph?
A．Randm.
B．Negative.
C．Indirect.
D．Favrable.
11．As fr science cmmunicatin, which wuld the authr agree with?
A．It shuld help peple bst cnfidence.
B．It shuld fcus n scientific knwledge.
C．It shuld inspire peple t scre well in tests.
D．It shuld emphasize bjective awareness f neself.
【答案】8．D 9．A 10．B 11．D
【解析】本文为一篇说明文，本文围绕人们对于科学信仰展开，一项研究表明，态度强硬的人倾向于认为自己了解科学，而态度中立的人对此不太确定。绝对的态度建立在对科学知识的高度自信之上。
8．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The study perfrmed a survey f ver 2,000 UK adults, asking them bth abut their attitudes t science and their belief in their wn understanding.(这项研究对2000多名英国成年人进行了调查，询问他们对科学的态度和对自己理解的信念)”可知，该研究主要以影响人们科学信仰的因素分析展开。故选D。
9．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Psychlgically, the team suggests, this makes sense: t hld a strng pinin yu need t strngly believe in the crrectness f yur interpretatin f the basic facts. Results f previus studies als indicate that thse mre accepting f science bth believe they understand it and scre well n the textbk fact (true/false) questins.(该团队认为，从心理学上讲，这是有道理的：要持有强烈的观点，你需要坚信自己对基本事实的解释是正确的。之前的研究结果也表明，那些更接受科学的人认为他们理解它，并在教科书的事实（正确/错误）问题上获得高分)”可知，作者提及之前的研究是为了支持这项研究的结果，即，那些态度极端的人——包括强烈支持和坚决反对——对自己的理解有很高的自信。故选A。
10．词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段“Hwever, this apprach may nt be successful(然而，这种方法可能不会成功)”及“and in sme cases can have(在一些情况下可能有)”及“effects(影响)”可知，这种方法不会成功，甚至在一些情况下会有更消极的影响，划线词adverse和negative意思相近。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Wrking t address the gap between what peple knw and what they believe they knw may be a better strategy.(努力解决人们知道的和他们认为他们知道的之间的差距可能是一个更好的策略)”可知，作者认为在科学传播上，应努力解决人们主观上和客观的认知差距，即，应强调客观的自我意识。故选D。
2.（2025·河北省衡水中学第一次综合素养测评）Evlutin (进化) can perfrm extrardinary makevers; tday’s airbrne sngbirds evlved frm the wingless, earthbund dinsaurs that wandered millins f years ag. But sme rganisms seem t be unchanged — in ther wrds, escape natural selectin. The celacanth, a mdern-day fish, is nearly identical t its 410-millin-year-ld fssils.
Scientists have lng wndered hw these species d s. It has been assumed that natural selectin keeps sme species unchanged by selecting fr mderate r average qualities (stabilizing selectin) rather than selecting fr mre extreme qualities that wuld cause a species t change (directinal selectin).
But a study published in the Natinal Academy f Sciences USA cntradicts this idea, shwing that evlutin cnstantly favrs different qualities in seemingly unchanging animals t imprve shrt-term survival. In the lng term, thugh, “all that evlutin cancels ut and leads t n change,” says the study’s lead authr, James Strud.
Strud and his clleagues studied fr lizard (蜥蜴) specis; all relatively unchanged fr 20 millin years. The researchers caught members f these ppulatins every six mnths fr three years. They measured each lizard’s head size, leg length, mass and height, as well as the size f its sticky tes (脚趾头), nting which individuals survived. Strud expected t bserve stabılızıng selectin at wrk preserving mderate qualities. Instead he saw clearer evidence f directinal selectin: sme lizards with unique characteristics, such as stickier tes, survived better.
“The study ffers a gd explanatin fr why we see what we think is stabiliring selectin,” says Tadashi Fukami, an eclgist studying evlutin at Stanfrd University. Many new qualities are evlving in the shrt term, but they dn’t prvide a crucial advantage ver the lng term. In ther wrds, species staying unchanged may simply have fund the best pssible cmbinatin f qualities fr lasting success in their envirnment. S what happens when the lizards’ envirnment changes mre dramatically? T help answer this bigger questin, Strud is still making trips t visit the lizards.
8．Why des the authr mentin the “celacanth fish” in paragraph 1?
A．T demnstrate the pwer f evlutin.B．T add evidence t natural selectin.
C．T give an example f unchanged species.D．T prve species' extrardinary makevers.
9．What's the fcus f paragraph 2?
A．Unslved mysteries.B．A cmmn belief.
C．A sharp cntrast.D．Unique Characteristics.
10．Hw did Strud cnduct his research?
A．By analyzing lizard fssils.B．By tracking research bjects.
C．By illustrating stabilizing selectin.D．By categrizing qualities f lizards.
11．What will Strud prbably d in the future?
A．Make trips t visit lizard experts.B．Summarize average features f lizards.
C．Reveal the best cmbinatins f qualities.D．Examine lizards under extreme cnditins.
【答案】8．C 9．B 10．B 11．D
【解析】本文是说明文。文章通过介绍科学家对看似没有发生变化的生物物种进行研究，揭示了这些物种在进化过程中的选择机制。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段“Evlutin (进化) can perfrm extrardinary makevers; tday’s airbrne sngbirds evlved frm the wingless, earthbund dinsaurs that wandered millins f years ag. But sme rganisms seem t be unchanged —in ther wrds, escape natural selectin. The celacanth, a mdern-day fish, is nearly identical t its410-millin-year-ld fssils.(进化能够产生非凡的变化；今天在空中飞翔的鸣鸟是从数百万年前无翅、陆生的恐龙演化而来的。但有些生物似乎没有改变——换句话说，它们逃脱了自然选择。现代鱼类腔棘鱼与其4.1亿年前的化石几乎一模一样)”可知，本段提到腔棘鱼是为了举一个物种不变的例子。故选C项。
9．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Scientists have lng wndered hw these species d s. It has been assumed that natural selectin keeps sme species unchanged by selecting fr mderate r average qualities (stabilizing selectin) rather than selecting fr mre extreme qualities that wuld cause a species t change (directinal selectin).(科学家们长期以来一直想知道这些物种是如何做到这一点的。人们一直认为，自然选择通过选择适中或平均的品质（稳定选择）来保持某些物种的不变性，而不是选择会导致物种发生变化的更极端的品质（定向选择）。)”可知，本段主要讲述了人们一直认为自然选择是稳定选择而不是定向选择，也就是一个共同的信念。故选B项。
10．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Strud and his clleagues studied fr lizard (蜥蜴) specis; all relatively unchanged fr 20 millin years. The researchers caught members f these ppulatins every six mnths fr three years. They measured each lizard’s head size, leg length, mass and height, as well as the size f its sticky tes (脚趾头), nting which individuals survived. Strud expected t bserve stabılızıng selectin at wrk preserving mderate qualities. Instead he saw clearer evidence f directinal selectin: sme lizards with unique characteristics, such as stickier tes, survived better.(斯特劳德和他的同事研究了蜥蜴物种；所有这些在2000万年间都相对没有变化。研究人员连续三年每六个月捕捉这些种群中的成员。他们测量了每只蜥蜴的头部大小、腿长、体重和身高，以及粘性脚趾的大小，并记录了哪些个体存活了下来。斯特劳德原本希望观察到稳定选择在保持中等品质方面的作用。然而，他看到的却是更明确的定向选择证据：一些具有独特特征的蜥蜴，比如更粘的脚趾，存活率更高)”可知，斯特劳德是通过跟踪研究对象来进行他的研究的。故选B项。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In ther wrds, species staying unchanged may simply have fund the best pssible cmbinatin f qualities fr lasting success in their envirnment. S what happens when the lizards’ envirnment changes mre dramatically? T help answer this bigger questin, Strud is still making trips t visit the lizards.(换句话说，保持不变的物种可能只是找到了在其环境中持久成功的最佳品质组合。那么，当蜥蜴的环境发生更剧烈的变化时会发生什么呢？为了帮助回答这个更大的问题，斯特劳德仍在继续探访这些蜥蜴)”可知，接下来斯特劳德会在极端条件下检查蜥蜴。故选D项。
3.（2025·河北省衡水中学第一次综合素养测评）Imagine this. Yu need an image f a balln fr a wrk presentatin and turn t an AI text- t- image generatr t create a suitable image. Yu enter the prmpt (提示词) “red balln against a blue sky” but the generatr return s an image f an egg instead.
What’s ging n? The generatr yu’re using may have been “pisned”. What des this mean? Text- t- image generatrs wrk by being trained n large datasets that include millins r billins f images. Sme f the generatrs have been trained by indiscriminately scraping nline images, many f which may be under . This has led t many cpyright infringement (侵害) cases where artists have accused big tech cmpanies f stealing and prfiting frm their wrk.
This is als where the idea f “pisn” cmes in. Researchers wh want t empwer individual artists have recently created a tl named “Nightshade” t fight back against unauthrised image scraping. The tl wrks by slightly altering an image’s pixels (像素) in a way that cnfuses the cmputer visin system but leaves the image unaltered t a human’s eyes. If an rganizatin then scrapes ne f these images t train a future AI mdel, its data pl becmes “pisned”. This can result in mistaken learning, which makes the generatr return unintended results. As in ur earlier example, a balln might becme an egg.
The higher the number f “pisned” images in the training data, the greater the impact. Because f hw generative AI wrks, the damage frm “pisned” images als affects related prmpt keywrds.
Pssibly, tls like Nightshade can be abused by sme users t intentinally uplad “pisned” images in rder t cnfuse AI generatrs. But the Nightshade’s develper hpes the tl will make big tech cmpanies mre respectful f . It des challenge a cmmn belief amng cmputer scientists that data fund nline can be used fr any purpse they see fit.
Human rights activists, fr example, have been cncerned fr sme time abut the indiscriminate use f machine visin in wider sciety. This cncern is particularly serius cncerning facial recgnitin. There is a clear cnnectin between facial recgnitin cases and data pisning, as bth relate t larger questins arund technlgical gvernance. It may be better t see data pisning as an innvative slutin t the denial f sme fundamental human rights.
12．The underlined wrd “scraping” (para. 2) is clsest in meaning t ______.
A．facilitatingB．cllectingC．damagingD．plishing
13．Accrding t the passage, adding pisned data might ______.
A．increase the accuracy f returned infrmatin
B．lead users t frget the prmpt key wrds
C．cause truble t with the training f generative AI
D．discriminate against great masterpieces
14．What can be inferred frm the last tw paragraphs?
A．Data pisning is smehw justified t direct attentin t human rights.
B．Cmputer scientists has learned t respect the f mst artists.
C．Nightshade is being abused by human rights activists t recgnize faces.
D．The issue f technlgical gvernance has arused the lawyers’ interest,
15．Which f the fllwing might be the best title f the passage?
A．Data Pisning: Gvernment Empwering Citizens t Prtect Themselves
B．Data Pisning: Addressing Facial Recgnitin Issues Amng Artists
C．Data Pisning: Risks and Rewards f Generative AI Data Training
D．Data Pisning: Restricting Innvatin r Empwering Artists
【答案】12．B 13．C 14．A 15．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了一种名为“Nightshade”的工具，该工具通过微妙地修改图像的像素来混淆计算机视觉系统，以此对抗未经授权的图像抓取，保护艺术家的版权，同时引发了对数据中毒现象及其对人工智能模型训练影响的讨论。
12．词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前面的句子“Text- t- image generatrs wrk by being trained n large datasets that include millins r billins f images. (文本到图像生成器是通过在包含数百万或数十亿图像的大型数据集上进行训练来工作的。)”可知，生成器是通过对大型数据集进行训练来工作的，这些大型数据集包含着数百万或者数十亿图像，由此推断生成器是通过收集这些数百万或者数十亿图像进行训练来工作的。同时根据第二段划线词后的“…nline images, many f which may be under . This has led t many cpyright infringement (侵害) cases where artists have accused big tech cmpanies f stealing and prfiting frm their wrk. (……在线图片，其中许多可能是受版权保护的，这导致了许多侵犯版权的案件，艺术家们指责大型科技公司窃取他们的作品并从中获利。)”可知，一些生成器是通过不加选择地抓取在线图像来训练的，其中许多图像可能是受版权保护的，由此导致艺术家对大型科技公司进行指责。由此可推理出划线词的含义为“收集”，故选B项。
13．细节理解题。根据第三段“The tl wrks by slightly altering an image’s pixels (像素) in a way that cnfuses the cmputer visin system but leaves the image unaltered t a human’s eyes. If an rganizatin then scrapes ne f these images t train a future AI mdel, its data pl becmes “pisned”. This can result in mistaken learning, which makes the generatr return unintended results. (该工具通过以人类肉眼无法察觉、但能迷惑计算机视觉系统的方式，对图像的像素进行轻微修改。如果一个组织随后抓取这些图像来训练未来的AI模型，其数据池就会变得“中毒”。这可能导致错误的学习，使得生成器返回非预期的结果。)”可知，添加“中毒”数据可能干扰生成人工智能的训练，故选C项。
14．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Pssibly, tls like Nightshade can be abused by sme users t intentinally uplad “pisned” images in rder t cnfuse AI generatrs. But the Nightshade’s develper hpes the tl will make big tech cmpanies mre respectful f . (可能的是，像Nightshade这样的工具可以被一些用户滥用，故意上传“有毒”图片以混淆AI生成器。但Nightshade的开发者希望这个工具能让大型科技公司更加尊重版权。)”以及最后一段“Human rights activists, fr example, have been cncerned fr sme time abut the indiscriminate use f machine visin in wider sciety. (例如，人权活动家一直对机器视觉在更广泛社会中的不加选择使用表示关切)”可推理出，数据中毒在某种程度上将人们的注意力引向人权是有道理的，故选A项。
15．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Yu enter the prmpt (提示词) “red balln against a blue sky” but the generatr returns an image f an egg instead.( 你输入了提示词“红色气球对比蓝色天空”，但是生成器返回的却是一张鸡蛋的图片)”可知，文章提出了“生成器中毒的现象”；第二段“ The generatr yu’re using may have been “pisned”. (你正在使用的生成器可能已经被“毒化”)”以及“Sme f the generatrs have been trained by indiscriminately scraping nline images, many f which may be under . This has led t many cpyright infringement cases where artists have accused big tech cmpanies f stealing and prfiting frm their wrk.”（一些生成器是通过不加选择地抓取在线图像来训练的，其中许多图像可能属于。这导致了许多侵犯版权的案件，艺术家指控大型科技公司窃取他们的作品并从中获利）不仅阐述了“生成器中毒”的问题，同时还提及了生成器是通过不加选择地抓取在线图像来训练的，其中许多图像引发侵犯版权的问题；同时根据倒数第二段“Pssibly, tls like Nightshade can be abused by sme users t intentinally uplad “pisned” images in rder t cnfuse AI generatrs. But the Nightshade’s develper hpes the tl will make big tech cmpanies mre respectful f cpyright. (可能的是，像Nightshade这样的工具可以被一些用户滥用，故意上传“有毒”图片以混淆AI生成器。但Nightshade的开发者希望这个工具能让大型科技公司更加尊重版权。)”以及最后一段“Human rights activists, fr example, have been cncerned fr sme time abut the indiscriminate use f machine visin in wider sciety. (例如，人权活动家一直对机器视觉在更广泛社会中的不加选择使用表示关切)”可知，此处强调Nightshade的开发者呼吁该工具能让大型科技公司更加尊重艺术创作者的版权。通读全文，文章主要讲述了人工智能图像生成器可能受到“毒害”的现象，即由于研究者为了保护艺术家版权而创造的工具Nightshade对图像进行细微像素修改，从而使得AI在训练时产生错误学习，生成错误的图像结果。这种“毒害”现象导致了许多侵犯艺术家版权的案件，引起艺术家的不满。由此文章提出质疑：到底该“中毒现象”是给艺术家赋权了还是限制了其创新能力。D项“Data Pisning: Restricting Innvatin r Empwering Artists(数据中毒：限制创新还是赋权艺术家)”表达的含义适合用做本文标题，故选D项。
4.（2025·河南省洛阳市第一高级中学高三开学考试）Superhuman artificial intelligence is already amng us. Well, srt f. When it cmes t playing games like chess and G, r slving difficult scientific challenges like predicting prtein structures, cmputers are well ahead f us. But we have ne superpwer they aren’t clse t mastering: mind reading.
Humans have a mysterius ability t reasn the gals, desires and beliefs f thers, a vital skill that means we can predict ther peple’s actins and the cnsequences f ur wn. Reading minds cmes s easily t us, thugh, that we ften dn’t think t spell ut what we want. If AIs are t becme truly useful in everyday life, we have t give them this gift that evlutin has given us t read ther peple’s minds.
Psychlgists refer t the ability t infer ther’s mental state as thery f mind. In humans, this ability starts t develp at a very yung age. Hw t reprduce the cmpetence in machines is far frm clear, thugh. One f the main challenges is cntext. Fr instance, if smene asks whether yu are ging fr a run and yu reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly cnclude that the answer is n. But this requires huge amunts f backgrund knwledge abut running, weather and human preferences. Mrever, whether humans r AI, the thery f mind is suppsed t appear naturally frm ne’s wn learning prcess.
Yet we might still want AI t have a mre human-like frm f thery f mind. While letting AI frm the thery f mind in their learning prcess is likely t lead t develping mre pwerful AI, plainly building in shared ways t represent knwledge may be crucial fr humans t trust and cmmunicate with AI.
It is imprtant t remember, thugh, that the pursuit f machines with thery f mind is abut mre than just building mre useful rbts. It is als a stepping stne n the path twards a deeper gal fr AI and rbtics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains t be seen, but we are n the path t learning t think abut urselves.
12．Why des the authr mentin “games” and “prtein structures” in the first paragraph?
A．T stress hw imprtant the science is.B．T prmte the use f AI in daily life.
C．T present AI’s thery f mind.D．T cntrast with AI’s lack f mind reading.
13．Accrding t the passage, which f the fllwing cntexts can AI understand well?
A．When kids see their mm after hurting themselves and they cry luder.
B．When a mm tells her kid t eat the fd that is gd fr health and he eats it.
C．When a teacher asks fr a by’s hmewrk and he answers “my dg ate it”.
D．When yu are asked t eat spicy fd fr dinner and yu reply “a sre thrat”.
14．What may the authr agree with?
A．We shuld reject human-like frms f abilities fr AI.
B．Humans’ thery f mind is far frm perfect.
C．Mind reading requires huge amunts f cntext.
D．The thery f mind is independent f ne’s learning prcess.
15．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．AI with Its Own Thery f Mind Is Expected
B．AI with Thery f Mind Will Reshape Our Future
C．AI’s Thery f Mind Is a Blessing r Suffering t Humans
D．Thery f Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI
【答案】12．D 13．B 14．C 15．A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了人工智能在模拟人类“读心”能力方面的挑战和前景。虽然AI在棋类游戏和科学预测方面已超越人类，但缺乏理解他人目标和信念的能力。文章认为，为了让AI在日常生活中更有用，需要赋予其类似人类的“读心”能力，即理论思维。这不仅是提高AI实用性的关键，也是实现真正自我意识机器的重要步骤。
12．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Superhuman artificial intelligence is already amng us. Well, srt f. When it cmes t playing games like chess and G, r slving difficult scientific challenges like predicting prtein structures, cmputers are well ahead f us. But we have ne superpwer they aren’t clse t mastering: mind reading.(超人的人工智能已经在我们身边了。嗯，算是吧。在下棋和围棋等游戏，或解决预测蛋白质结构等困难的科学挑战方面，计算机远远领先于我们。但我们有一个超能力，他们还远没有掌握：读心术)”可知，作者在第一段中提到人工智能擅长游戏和预测蛋白质结构，也提到它还没有掌握的的读心术，将两者进行对比 。由此推知，作者在第一段中提到“游戏”和“蛋白质结构”是为了与“人工智能缺乏读心术”进行比较。故选D。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段“But we have ne superpwer they aren’t clse t mastering: mind reading. (但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术)”和第二段“Humans have a mysterius ability t reasn the gals, desires and beliefs f thers, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate ther peple’s actins and the cnsequences f ur wn. (人类有一种神秘的能力来推理他人的目标、欲望和信仰，这是一项至关重要的技能，意味着我们可以预测他人的行为和自己的后果) ”和第三段的“Fr instance, if smene asks whether yu are ging fr a run and yu reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly cnclude that the answer is n.(例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的)”可知，读心需要经过一定的推理和预测能力，需要理论思维能力，而计算机不具备人类所拥有的读心的能力。对A项“When kids see their mm after hurting themselves and they cry luder. (当孩子们在伤害自己后看到他们的妈妈时，他们哭得更大声)”、C项“When a teacher asks fr a by’s hmewrk and he answers “my dg ate it”. (当老师问一个男孩的家庭作业时，他回答说“我的狗吃了”)”和D项“When yu are asked t eat spicy fd fr dinner and yu reply “a sre thrat”. (你被要求晚餐吃辣的食物时，你回答说“喉咙痛”)”的理解都需要运用到思维理论去解释人们的目标和欲望，这是人工智能无法理解的。只有B项“When a mm tells her kid sme fd is gd fr health and the kid eats it. (当妈妈告诉她的孩子一些食物对健康有益时，孩子就会吃)”是直接的陈述，不需要运用思维理论，人工智能能很好的理解其意思。故选B。
14．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In humans, this ability starts t develp at a very yung age. Hw t reprduce the cmpetence in machines is far frm clear, thugh. One f the main challenges is cntext. Fr instance, if smene asks whether yu are ging fr a run and yu reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly cnclude that the answer is n. But this requires huge amunts f backgrund knwledge abut running, weather and human preferences.(在人类中，这种能力在很小的时候就开始发展。然而，如何在机器中复制这种能力还远不清楚。其中一个主要的挑战是背景。例如，如果有人问你是否要去跑步，你回答“下雨了”，他们可以很快得出结论，给出否定答案。但这需要大量关于跑步、天气和人类偏好的背景知识)”可知，理解别人的想法需要大量的背景信息。由此推知，作者会赞成“读心术需要大量的背景信息”这一观点。故选C。
15．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合最后一段的“It is imprtant t remember, thugh, that the pursuit f machines with thery f mind is abut mre than just building mre useful rbts. It is als a stepping stne n the path twards a deeper gal fr AI and rbtics research: building truly self-aware machines.(然而，重要的是要记住，追求具有心智理论的机器不仅仅是为了制造更有用的机器人。这也是通往人工智能和机器人研究更深层目标的垫脚石：制造真正具有自我意识的机器)”可知，文章讨论了人工智能在模拟人类“读心”能力方面的挑战和前景，作者期待建造真正有自我意识的机器，即作者期待人工智能具备思维理论。故A项“AI with Its Own Thery f Mind Is Expected(期待人工智有拥有自己的心智理论)”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。
5.（2025·湖北省腾云联盟高三上学期8月联考）Researchers say they’ve used cutting-edge gravitatinal wave research t cast new light n a mystery — a 2000-year-ld cmputer, the Antikythera mechanism fund in shipwreck.
Well ver a century after its discvery, researchers at the University f Glasgw say they’ve used statistical mdeling techniques, riginally designed t analyze gravitatinal waves — ripples in spacetime caused by majr events in the universe such as tw black hles cmbining —t suggest that the Antikythera mechanism was likely used t track the Greek lunar year. In shrt, it’s a fascinating cllisin between mdern-day science and the mysteries f an ancient artifact.
In a 2021 paper, researchers fund that previusly discvered and regularly spaced hles in a “calendar ring” were marked t describe the “mtins f the sun, mn, and all five planets knwn in ancient Greeks and hw they were displayed at the frnt as an ancient Greek universe.” Nw, in a new study published in the Official Jurnal f the British Hrlgical Institute, University f Glasgw gravitatinal wave researcher Graham Wan and researchassciate Jseph Bayley suggest that the ring was likely perfrated (打孔)with 354 hles, which happens t be the number f days in a lunar year.
The team used statistical mdels derived frm gravitatinal wave research, a large-scale physics experiment designed t measure ripples in spacetime millins f light-years frm Earth and Bayesian analysis, a technique using prbability t quantify uncertainty based n incmplete data, t calculate the likely number f hles in the mechanism using the psitins f the surviving hles and the placement f the ring’s surviving six fragments.
Surprisingly, the inspiratin fr the study came frm a YuTuber Chris Budiselic, wh has been attempting t physically recreate the ancient mechanism and investigating ways t determine just hw many hles it cntained.
“It’s a neat symmetry that we’ve adapted techniques we use t study the universe tday t understand mre abut a mechanism that helped peple keep track f the heavens nearly tw millennia ag,” Wan said.
“We hpe that ur findings abut the Antikythera mechanism, althugh less supernaturally spectacular than thse made by Indiana Jnes, will help deepen ur understanding f hw this remarkable device was made and used by the Greeks,” Wan sadded.
12．What was the riginal purpse f the statistical mdelingtechniques?
A．T study the Antikythera mechanism.B．T investigate ancient artifacts.
C．T track the Greek lunar year.D．T analyze gravitatinal waves.
13．Hw did the researchers calculate the likely number f hles in the mechanism?
A．By using statistical mdels and Bayesian analysis.
B．By bserving the mechanism directly.
C．By asking YuTuber Chris Budiselic.
D．By bserving the physical recreatin f the mechanism.
14．The underlined term “Bayesian analysis” in paragraph 4 refer t a technique.
A．t recreate an ancient mechanism.
B．t measure ripples in spacetime.
C．t calculate uncertainty based n insufficient data.
D．t calculate the psitins f the surviving hles.
15．What is the main idea f the text?
A．Mdern science was ideally cmbined with an ancient artifact.
B．The Antikythera mechanism was discvered in a shipwreck.
C．The mystery f the Antikythera mechanism remains unslved.
D．Gravitatinal wave research revealed the Antikythera mechanismt.
【答案】12．D 13．A 14．C 15．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了研究人员利用引力波研究中的统计建模技术来研究古老的安提基特拉机械。
12．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Researchers at the University f Glasgw say they’ve used statistical mdeling techniques, riginally designed t analyze gravitatinal waves(格拉斯哥大学的研究人员表示，他们使用了统计建模技术，该技术最初是为分析引力波而设计的)”可知，统计建模技术的最初目的是分析引力波，故选D项。
13．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The team used statistical mdels derived frm gravitatinal wave research... and Bayesian analysis... t calculate the likely number f hles in the mechanism(该团队使用了源自引力波研究的统计模型和贝叶斯分析来计算该机械中可能的孔洞数量)”可知，研究人员通过使用统计模型和贝叶斯分析来计算机械中可能的孔洞数量，故选A项。
14．词句猜测题。根据文章第四段划线词后句子“a technique using prbability t quantify uncertainty based n incmplete data(一种基于不完整数据使用概率来量化不确定性的技术)”可知，“Bayesian analysis”指的是一种基于不充分数据计算不确定性的技术，故选C项。
15．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Researchers say they’ve used cutting-edge gravitatinal wave research t cast new light n a mystery---a 2000-year-ld cmputer, the Antikythera mechanism fund in shipwreck.(研究人员表示，他们利用尖端的引力波研究为一个谜团——在沉船中发现的有2000年历史的计算机，即安提基特拉机械——揭开了新的篇章。)”、第二段“Researchers at the University f Glasgw say they’ve used statistical mdeling techniques, riginally designed t analyze gravitatinal waves(格拉斯哥大学的研究人员表示，他们使用了统计建模技术，该技术最初是为分析引力波而设计的)”、第四段“Bayesian analysis, a technique using prbability t quantify uncertainty based n incmplete data(贝叶斯分析，一种基于不完整数据使用概率来量化不确定性的技术)”以及最后一段““We hpe that ur findings abut the Antikythera mechanism, althugh less supernaturally spectacular than thse made by Indiana Jnes, will help deepen ur understanding f hw this remarkable device was made and used by the Greeks,” Wan sadded.(“我们希望我们对安提基特拉机械的发现，虽然不像印第安纳·琼斯的发现那样超自然壮观，但能帮助我们加深对这一非凡设备如何被希腊人制造和使用的理解。”Wan补充说。)”可知，文章开篇介绍了研究人员利用引力波研究来研究古老的安提基特拉机械，接着具体说明了研究过程和方法，所以文章的主要内容是引力波研究揭示了安提基特拉机械原理，故选D项。
6.（2025·湖南师范大学附属中学高三上学期月考试卷（一））Researchers have designed a hand-held device that can capture and change water mlecules frm the air int drinkable water using nly surrunding sunlight as its energy surce.
This atmspheric water harvester used a material, knwn as a metal-rganic framewrk (MOF). It can capture water repeatedly in the httest and driest place in Nrth America, Death Valley Natinal Park. The tests shwed the device culd prvide clean water anywhere, addressing an urgent prblem, as climate change speeds up drught cnditins.
“Almst ne-third f the wrld’s ppulatin lives in water-stressed areas. The UN predicts that almst 5 billin peple n ur planet will experience sme kind f water stress fr a significant part f the year 2050,” said Omar Yaghi. He is the Berkeley chemistry prfessr wh invented MOFs and is leading this study. “This is quite relevant t taking advantage f a new surce fr water.”
Other kinds f materials, such as salts r hydrgels, cannt perate in extreme weather cnditins, in an energy-efficient manner and with a high capacity all at nce. The new MOF-pwered harvesters can be an exceptinally pwerful tl t address water shrtage issues related t anything frm drinking water t agriculture. This technlgy can als be used t secure pure water in areas where water is plentiful but nt clean.
It’s als extremely efficient at harvesting water, releasing as drinking water 85 t 90 percent f the water it captures as atmspheric vapr. It harvested up t 285 grams f water per kilgram f the metal-rganic framewrk in a day, the amunt f a cup f water. It’s als smaller than the earlier type but it is even mre energy-efficient. It prduced 200 grams f clean water per square meter f water vapr, mre than three times the water prductivity rate f the earlier type.
There will likely be further develpments in efficiency and size fr this device. Yaghi said he culd see ne day the widespread adptin f husehld-based MOF-pwered water harvesters, and cmmunity-scale water harvesters with the help f data science and machine learning. Thse culd be in kitchens r even next t air cnditiners t supply hmes with clean water fr cking and cleaning. Sme cmpanies are already wrking n this, he said.
8．What can we say abut the new hand-held device?
A．It helps imprve air quality.
B．It may slve water pllutin.
C．It can run withut additinal pwer surces.
D．It is nly suitable in the driest and httest areas.
9．What des the authr intend t d in the third paragraph?
A．T highlight the fact f water shrtage.
B．T shw the necessity f the harvester.
C．T advcate relieving effrts in water-stressed areas.
D．T warn against the harm caused by climate change.
10．Hw much water can we get using a harvester with tw kilgrams f the MOF daily?
A．Abut 400 grams.B．Abut 485 grams.
C．Abut 570 grams.D．Abut 360 grams.
11．Which f the fllwing statements abut the MOF-pwered harvester may Yaghi agree with?
A．It will have huge market ptential.B．It will functin best in the kitchen.
C．It will be much cheaper in the future.D．It will help prmte machine learning
【答案】8．C 9．B 10．C 11．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员设计的一款利用太阳能驱动的手持水分子收集器。
8．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Researchers have designed a hand-held device that can capture and change water mlecules frm the air int drinkable water using nly surrunding sunlight as its energy surce. (研究人员设计了一种手持设备，可以捕获空气中的水分子，并将其转化为可饮用的水，仅使用周围的阳光作为能量来源。)”可知，研究人员设计的手持设备，可以收集水分子，并且利用太阳能驱动，不需要额外的电源来运行。故选C。
9．推理判断题。根据文章第三段““Almst ne-third f the wrld’s ppulatin lives in water-stressed areas. The UN predicts that almst 5 billin peple n ur planet will experience sme kind f water stress fr a significant part f the year 2050,” said Omar Yaghi. He is the Berkeley chemistry prfessr wh invented MOFs and is leading this study. “This is quite relevant t taking advantage f a new surce fr water.”(“世界上近三分之一的人口生活在缺水地区。联合国预测，在2050年的大部分时间里，地球上近50亿人将面临某种形式的水资源压力。”Omar Yaghi说道。他是伯克利大学的化学教授，发明了MOFs，并领导了这项研究。“这与利用新的水源非常相关。”)可知，本段介绍未来水资源紧张的问题，因此推断是为了表明这种收集器的必要性。故选B。
10．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“It harvested up t 285 grams f water per kilgram f the metal-rganic framewrk in a day, the amunt f a cup f water. (它在一天内每公斤金属有机框架收获285克水，相当于一杯水的量。)”可知，该装置在收集水方面非常有效，它在一天内每公斤金属有机框架获得285克水，因此，两公斤金属有机框架一天可收获570克水。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Yaghi said he culd see ne day the widespread adptin f husehld-based MOF-pwered water harvesters, and cmmunity-scale water harvesters with the help f data science and machine learning. Thse culd be in kitchens r even next t air cnditiners t supply hmes with clean water fr cking and cleaning. Sme cmpanies are already wrking n this, he said. (Yaghi 表示，他能够预见有一天基于 MOF 技术的家庭用水收集器将得到广泛应用，并且在数据科学和机器学习的帮助下，还将有社区规模的水收集器。这些设备可以安装在厨房里，甚至是在空调旁边，为家庭提供用于烹饪和清洁的干净水源。他说，一些公司已经在致力于这方面的工作。)”可推知，Yaghi 认为该装置有一个巨大的市场潜力。故选A。
7.（2025·辽宁省沈阳市郊联体高三开学）
Researchers have created a wearable device. They say it can extend energy while prviding assistance fr walking and running.
Researchers frm Harvard University's Wyss Institute say the device demnstrates great pssibilities fr future inventins f lightweight wearables that culd have mass appeal. The team called its system a breakthrugh in wearable technlgy. One reasn fr this is that it is very difficult t build a device t assist bth walking and running. Past develpments have centered n either activity, but nt bth. Walking and running use different hip mvements, als knwn as a persn's gait (步法) . The new exsuit uses sensrs and an algrithm (算法) t help it recgnize which gait is being used s as t enable the device t prvide assistance with walking and running mtins.
The study fund that a main result f this assistance was a reductin in the “metablic (新陈代谢的) cst” t a walker runner. Metablism is the prcess by which living things turn fd int energy. A reduced metablic rate means a persn will use less energy while perfrming a physical activity. In tests, the exsuit reduced the metablic rate f walking by 9. 3 percent; fr running, the metablic cst drpped by abut 4 percent. Less energy was required in tests n flat surfaces r n hills.
Cnr Walsh is a prfessr at the Wyss Institute. He helped lead the study. He admitted that the metablic reductins were nt huge. But he said the research presented pssibilities fr further develpment in wearable device technlgy. Walsh said the study demnstrated that a lightweight wearable assisting device can help pave the way fr its system t becme cmmn in ur lives.
The researchers nted that the lwer metablic rates als had the effect f making a persn feel lighter. The testing shwed that a walker with the device wuld feel 7. 4 kilgrams lighter and a runner 5. 7 kilgrams lighter.
The team is still ding research. N devices are currently available t the public. One f the team's majr gals is t reduce the weight f the device by at least 40 percent. Researchers als plan t add mre individualized assistance pssibilities and imprve the system t fit as many uses as pssible.
8．What is the feature f the new wearable device?
A．It helps peple lse weight.B．It is designed nly fr the disabled.
C．It greatly reduces the metablic rate.D．It helps save energy cnsumptin.
9．What des the underlined wrd “exsuit” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A．The gait.B．The metablic rate.
C．The wearable device.D．The wearable technlgy.
10．What can be learned abut the device frm the last paragraph?
A．It's already n the market.B．It can be custmized.
C．It still needs imprvement.D．It's cntrlled by AI.
11．What's the best title f the passage?
A．Exsuit Paves Ways fr Metablic Reductin
B．Research n Assistance with Daily Exercise
C．The Future Develpment f Wearable Technlgy
D．An Energy-extending Wearable Device fr Walking and Running
【答案】8．D 9．C 10．C 11．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了科学家研制的一款可穿戴设备，它能为人们的奔跑和行走提供辅助。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段“Researchers have created a wearable device. They say it can extend energy while prviding assistance fr walking and running. ”（研究人员发明了一种可穿戴设备。他们说，它可以延长能量，同时为走路和跑步提供帮助。）以及第三段中的第三句 “A reduced metablic rate means a persn will use less energy while perfrming a physical activity. ”（代谢率降低意味着一个人在进行体育活动时消耗的能量会减少）可知，新型可穿戴设备能够减少能量消耗。故选 D 项。
9．词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“The new exsuit uses sensrs and an algrithm t help it recgnize which gait is being used s as t enable the device t prvide assistance with walking and running mtins. ”（这种新型exsuit使用传感器和一种算法来帮助它识别正在使用的步态，从而使设备能够为行走和跑步动作提供帮助。）可知，用传感器和一种算法来帮助识别正在使用的步态，从而使设备能够为行走和跑步动作提供帮助。可知，exsuit 指的是可穿戴设备。故选 C 项。
10．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“One f the team's majr gals is t reduce the weight f the device by at least 40 percent. Researchers als plan t add mre individualized assistance pssibilities and imprve the system t fit as many uses as pssible.”（该团队的主要目标之一是将设备的重量减轻至少40%。研究人员还计划增加更多的个性化援助可能性，并改进系统以适应尽可能多的用途）可推知，该项设备仍需要不断改进。故选 C 项。
11．主旨大意题。通读全文并结合第一段“Researchers have created a wearable device. They say it can extend energy while prviding assistance fr walking and running.”（研究人员发明了一种可穿戴设备。他们说，它可以延长能量，同时为走路和跑步提供帮助）可知，本文主要介绍了一款能为人们的奔跑和行走提供辅助的可穿戴设备。所以标题为“一种用于行走和跑步的能量扩展可穿戴设备”。故选 D 项。
8.（2025·山西大学附属中学校高三开学考试）Last summer, tw nineteenth-century cttages were rescued frm remte farm fields in Mntana, t be mved t an Art Dec building in San Francisc. The huses were made f wd. These cttages nce hused early settlers as they wrked the dry Mntana sil; nw they hld Twitter engineers.
The cttages culd be an example f the industry’s dd lve fr “lw technlgy”, a cncept assciated with the natural wrld, and with ld-schl craftsmanship that exists lng befre the Internet era. Lw technlgy is nt virtual — s, t take advantage f it, Internet cmpanies have had t get creative. The rescued wd cttages, fitted by hand in the late eighteen-hundreds, are an bvius example, but Twitter’s designs lie n the extreme end. Other cmpanies are using a brader interpretatin f lw technlgy that fcuses n nature.
Amazn is building three glass spheres filled with trees, s that emplyees can “wrk and scialize in a mre natural, park-like setting.” At Ggle’s ffice, an entire flr is carpeted in grass. Facebk’s secnd Menl Park campus will have a rftp park with a walking path.
Olle Lundberg, the funder f Lundberg Design, has wrked with many tech cmpanies ver the years. “We have lst the cnnectins t the maker in ur lives, and ur tech engineers are the nes wh feel impverished (贫乏的), because they’re surrunded by the digital wrld,” he says. “They’re lking fr a way t regain their individual identity, and we’ve fund that intrducing real crafts is ne way t d that.”
This craft-based thery is rted in histry. William Mrris, the English artist and writer, turned back t pre-industrial arts in the eighteen-sixties, just after Industrial Revlutin. The Arts and Crafts mvement defined itself against machines. “Withut creative human ccupatin, peple became discnnected frm life,” Mrris said.
Research has shwn that natural envirnments can restre ur mental abilities. In Japan, patients are encuraged t “frest-bathe”, taking walks thrugh wds t lwer their bld pressure.
These health benefits apply t the wrkplace as well. Rachel Kaplvin, a prfessr f envirnmental psychlgy, has spent years researching the restrative effects f natural envirnments. Her research fund that wrkers with access t nature at the ffice — even simple views f trees and flwers — felt their jbs were less stressful and mre satisfying. If lw-tech ffices can ptentially nurish the brains and imprve the mental health f emplyees then, fine, bring n the cttages.
12．Why did the writer mentin the tw nineteenth-century cttages?
A．T shw that Twitter is having a hard time.
B．T shw that ld cttages are in need f prtectin.
C．T shw that early settlers nce suffered frm a dry climate in Mntana.
D．T shw that Internet cmpanies have rediscvered the benefits f lw technlgy.
13．Lw technlgy is regarded as smething that _____.
A．is related t natureB．is ut f date tday
C．cnsumes t much energyD．exists in the virtual wrld
14．What’s the main idea f Paragraph 5?
A．Human beings have destryed many pre-industrial arts.
B．Human beings have a traditin f valuing arts and crafts.
C．Human beings can becme intelligent by learning histry.
D．Human beings can regain their individual identity by using machines.
15．What can be the best title fr the passage?
A．Past Glries, Future Dreams
B．The Virtual Wrld, the Real Challenge
C．High-tech Cmpanies, Lw-tech Offices
D．The Mre Craftsmanship, the Less Creativity
【答案】12．D 13．A 14．B 15．C
【解析】本文为说明文。本文讲述的是关于现代科技公司运用“大自然对人们创造力产生作用”的理念，积极创设原生态的办公环境。这里提到的低科技指的是工业化之前的建造技术，它更贴近自然。在自然的办公环境下，职员们不会感到有压力，对他们的健康是有好处的。
12． 推理判断题。第二段中的“Lw technlgy is nt virtual — s, t take advantage f it, Internet cmpanies have had t get creative. The rescued wd cttages, fitted by hand in the late eighteen-hundreds, are an bvius example, but Twitter’s designs lie n the extreme end. Other cmpanies are using a brader interpretatin f lw technlgy that fcuses n nature.（低科技不是虚拟的——因此，为了利用它，互联网公司必须发挥创造力。这些在十九世纪末手工建造的被拯救的木屋就是一个明显的例子，但 Twitter 的设计却处于极端。其他公司正在使用更宽泛的低科技解释，专注于自然。）”以及最后一段“Her research fund that wrkers with access t nature at the ffice --- even simple views f trees and flwers --- felt their jbs were less stressful and mre satisfying（她的研究发现，在办公室里能接触大自然的员工——哪怕只是看到树木和鲜花——都会感到工作压力更小，更令人满意）”可知，作者给出两座十九世纪的小屋例子，表明互联网公司重新发现了低技术的好处。故选D。
13．推理判断题。第二段中的“The cttages culd be an example f the industry’s dd lve affair with “lw technlgy,” a cncept assciated with the natural wrld（“低技术”是一个与自然世界相关的概念）”第三中作者给出的例子“Amazn is building three glass spheres filled with trees, s that emplyees can “wrk and scialize in a mre natural park-like setting（在一个更自然、公园般的环境中工作和社交）”以及最后一段中“Her research fund that wrkers with access t nature at the ffice --- even simple views f trees and flwers --- felt their jbs were less stressful and mre satisfying（能够在办公室接触大自然的员工——哪怕只是看到树木和鲜花——都觉得自己的工作压力更小，更令人满意）”可以判断出，“低科技”跟大自然有关，即在一个天然的环境下，故选A。
14．主旨大意题。第五段中的“This craft-based thery is rted in histry. William Mrris, the English artist and writer, turned back t pre-industrial arts in the eighteen-sixties, just after Industrial Revlutin. The Arts and Crafts mvement defined itself against machines. “Withut creative human ccupatin, peple became discnnected frm life,” Mrris said. （这种以工艺为基础的理论根植于历史。英国艺术家兼作家威廉·莫里斯(William Mrris)在工业革命刚刚结束的19世纪60年代，又回到了前工业时代的艺术。工艺美术运动反对机器。“没有创造性的人类职业，人们就会与生活脱节，”莫里斯说。）”。可知，人类有重视工艺美术的传统。故选B。
15．主旨大意题。这篇文章中作者告诉我们，现代的高科技公司需要有创造力，要充分的利用以前的低科技技术，创设更加原生态的办公环境。文中第三段与第四段举例，现代高科技的办公室运用“lw technlgy”。且“lw technlgy”是文章的中心词。故用C项“高科技公司、低科技办公室”作为题目是最合适的。故选C。
9.（2025·重庆巴蜀中学高考适应性月考卷（二））Hllywd may have warned abut the risks f striking up relatinships with artificial intelligence, but ne cmputer scientist says we may be missing a trick if we d nt embrace the psitives that human-machine relatinships have t ffer.
Tny Presctt, prfessr f cgnitive rbtics at the University f Sheffield, argues that AI has an imprtant rle t play in preventing human lneliness. Just as we develp meaningful bnds with pets, and have n reservatins abut children playing with dlls, s shuld we be pen t the value f AI t adults, he says.
“Human lneliness is ften characterised by a dwn ward spiral (螺旋线) in which islatin leads t lwer self-esteem (自尊), which discurages further interactin with peple,” Presctt writes in a new bk. The Psychlgy f Artificial Intelligence. “There may be ways in which AI cmpaninship culd help break this cycle by bsting feelings f self-wrth and helping maintain r imprve scial skills. If s, relatinships with AIs culd supprt peple t find cmpaninship with human and artificial thers.”
With mre than a third f Americans reprting “serius lneliness,” the lneliness prblem has becme evident in recent years. Whether AI can, r shuld, be part f the slutin is nt a new debate. Sherry Turkle, prfessr f scial science at MIT, has warned that frming relatinships with machines culd backfire, and lead peple t have fewer secure and fulfilling human relatinships.
Murali Draiswamy, prfessr f medicine at Duke University, said: “Right nw, all the evidence pints t having a clse human friend as the best slutin fr lneliness. But until sciety priritizes scial cnnectedness, rbts are a slutin fr the millins f peple wh have n friends.”
Researchers may sn knw whether peple turn t AI fr cmpany. Tech firms are building chatbts t be ever mre fluent and respnsive t emtins. This week, it emerged that OpenAI asked Scarlett Jhanssn t be the vice f their latest chatbt, GPT-4, t “help cnsumers t feel cmfrtable”. Jhanssn declined, but the chatbt was released with a vice that friends and family thught was hers. OpenAI has since suspended (中止) the vice ptin “ut f respect fr Ms Jhanssn”.
28．What d the pets and dlls mentined in Paragraph 2 help illustrate?
A．The limitatins f human-AI relatinships in daily life.
B．The ptential fr AI t prvide similar cmpaninship.
C．The pssibility fr AI t replace traditinal cmpanins.
D．The verestimatin f AI’s rle in ending human lneliness.
29．What d the underlined wrds “this cycle” in Paragraph 3 refer t?
A．The repeated use f AI and thers fr cmpaninship.
B．The cnsistent failure f human relatinships with AI.
C．The prcess f develping human self-wrth and scial skills.
D．The pattern f islatin, lwer self-esteem and further islatin.
30．Wh expresses cncern that AI cmpaninship culd weaken human cnnectins?
A．Tny Presctt.B．Sherry Turkle.
C．Murali Draiswamy.D．Scarlett Jhanssn.
31．Which central questin des the text mainly explre?
A．Culd AI cntribute t increased lneliness?
B．Will AI cmpaninship replace human interactin?
C．Can AI be used as an effective slutin fr lneliness?
D．Is AI cmpaninship preferable t traditinal relatinships?
【答案】28．B 29．D 30．B 31．C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨了人工智能伴侣是否能成为解决人类孤独感的有效方案，以及这一观点引发的不同看法。
28．推理判断题。根据第二段“Tny Presctt, prfessr f cgnitive rbtics at the University f Sheffield, argues that AI has an imprtant rle t play in preventing human lneliness. Just as we develp meaningful bnds with pets, and have n reservatins abut children playing with dlls, s shuld we be pen t the value f AI t adults, he says.(University f Sheffield认知机器人教授Tny Presctt认为，人工智能在防止人类孤独感方面发挥着重要作用。他说，就像我们与宠物建立起有意义的纽带，对孩子玩洋娃娃毫无保留一样，我们也应该对人工智能对成年人的价值持开放态度。)”可知，第二段中提到的宠物和娃娃有助于说明人工智能提供类似陪伴的潜力。故选B。
29．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Human lneliness is ften characterised by a dwn ward spiral (螺旋线) in which islatin leads t lwer self- esteem (自尊), which discurages further interactin with peple(人类孤独的特征通常是螺旋式下降，在这种情况下，孤立会导致自尊降低，从而阻碍与他人的进一步互动)”可知，孤独感会导致一个向下的螺旋，即孤立导致自尊降低，进而阻碍与他人的进一步互动，因此this cycle指的是孤立，低自尊和进一步孤立的这种模式，故选D。
30．细节理解题。根据第四段“Sherry Turkle, prfessr f scial science at MIT, has warned that frming relatinships with machines culd backfire, and lead peple t have fewer secure and fulfilling human relatinships.(麻省理工学院（MIT）社会科学教授Sherry Turkle警告说，与机器建立关系可能会适得其反，导致人们的人际关系更缺少安全感和令人满意度。)”可知，Sherry Turkle表达了对AI陪伴可能降低人类关系质量的担忧。故选B。
31．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“Tny Presctt, prfessr f cgnitive rbtics at the University f Sheffield, argues that AI has an imprtant rle t play in preventing human lneliness.(University f Sheffield认知机器人教授Tny Presctt认为，人工智能在防止人类孤独感方面发挥着重要作用。)”和第四段“Whether AI can, r shuld, be part f the slutin is nt a new debate. Sherry Turkle, prfessr f scial science at MIT, has warned that frming relatinships with machines culd backfire, and lead peple t have fewer secure and fulfilling human relatinships.(人工智能是否可以或应该成为解决方案的一部分，并不是一个新的争论。麻省理工学院（MIT）社会科学教授Sherry Turkle警告说，与机器建立关系可能会适得其反，导致人们的人际关系更少安全和令人满意。)”可知，本文主要探讨了人工智能伴侣是否能成为解决人类孤独感的有效方案，以及这一观点引发的不同看法，因此这篇文章主要探讨的是人工智能能否有效解决孤独感。故选C。
10.（2025·重庆巴蜀中学高考适应性月考卷（二））Acrss the flat plateau f AlUla in Saudi Arabia, shades f gray- brwn sil are dtted with areas f dark rck —— and a clearly defined circle f stnes. Unmistakably cnstructed by humans, this structure, called “standing stne circles” by Archaelgists, was built arund 7,500 years ag by a peple we barely knw fr a purpse we have lng misunderstd.
In 2019, archaelgists frm the University f Western Australia began excavating (发掘) these standing stne circles. Their initial idea was that these were structures built by Nelithic nmads (新石器时代的游牧民) fr sme lng- frgtten religius practices. Hwever, excavating at multiple sites, they fund what turned ut t be archaelgical pay dirt — dmestic rubbish. The remains f discarded animal bnes, husehld tls, and even jewelry, have reclassified the standing stne circles as Nelithic hmes.
Standing stne circles seem t have sprung up arund 5,800 t 5,500 B．C． This cincided with a warmer climate in the regin that brught mre regular rainfall and a landscape f rich grasses and trees, gd cnditins fr raising cattle and gats. But these were als gd cnditins fr building permanent structures. Mre abundant vegetatin meant less pressure t keep mving the animals t fresh grasslands, which made building hmes mre wrthwhile. This, and the plateau’s abundance f stnes, may have encuraged the nmads t stay a while and build.
Excavatins f these settlements are revealing smething f this peple’s way f life. They kept cattle and gats fr meat, but cntinued t hunt and gather t expand their diet with hare, fruits and nuts. The many grinding(磨碎) stnes fund n the sites suggest inhabitants were regularly grinding grains, but these were likely t be gathered rather than farmed. The plateau sites have als revealed tls made with materials frm the sandstne valleys and jewelry shaped frm shells frm the Red Sea —— these Nelithic peple had a cmplex culture invlving travel and prbably exchange.
The revelatin verturns many f ur assumptins abut Nelithic AlUla. Here were a peple mre settled and mre civilized than histry has given them credit fr. Their stry is just beginning t be revealed, but already a very different picture f early AlUla is emerging.
32．What did the 2019 excavatin finally identify the “standing stne circles” as?
A．Religius sites.B．Natural wnders.
C．Rubbish statins.D．Dmestic buildings.
33．What was a cntributing factr in the building f the standing stne circles?
A．The richness f plants.B．The wrsening climate.
C．The need t stre gds.D．The desire t raise mre animals.
34．What is mst likely true abut Nelithic peple’s way f life in AlUla?
A．They had interactins with ther grups.
B．They planted crps and kept cattle and gats.
C．They relied entirely n hunting and gathering fr fd.
D．They made tls and jewelry purely frm lcal materials.
35．What is the purpse f the text?
A．T prmte a histrical site.B．T prvide sme new insights.
C．T intrduce an ancient ppulatin.D．T argue fr sme lng- held beliefs.
【答案】32．D 33．A 34．A 35．B
【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了沙特一处新石器时代的建筑，该建筑的发掘让考古学家对沙特新石器时代的游牧民有了新的认识。
32．细节理解题。根据第二段的“The remains f discarded animal bnes, husehld tls, and even jewelry, have reclassified the standing stne circles as Nelithic hmes.(被丢弃的动物骨头，家用工具，甚至珠宝，重新将站立的石头圈归类为新石器时代的房屋。)”可知，该建筑是新石器时代游牧民建立的定居地。故选D。
33．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Mre abundant vegetatin meant less pressure t keep mving the animals t fresh grasslands, which made building hmes mre wrthwhile.(更丰富的植被意味着将动物迁移到新鲜草原的压力更小，这使得建造家园更值得。)”可知，植被的丰富是促进游牧民定居的重要原因。故选A
34．细节理解题。根据第四段的“The plateau sites have als revealed tls made with materials frm the sandstne valleys and jewelry shaped frm shells frm the Red Sea —— these Nelithic peple had a cmplex culture invlving travel and prbably exchange.(高原遗址还发现了用砂岩山谷的材料制成的工具和用红海贝壳制成的珠宝——这些新石器时代的人有一个复杂的文化，包括旅行和可能的交换。)”可推知新石器时期的沙特游牧民可能和其他地区的人群有往来。故选A。
35．推理判断题。根据文章首段末句“Unmistakably cnstructed by humans, this structure, called “standing stne circles” by Archaelgists, was built arund 7,500 years ag by a peple we barely knw fr a purpse we have lng misunderstd.(这个被考古学家称为“環狀列石”的建筑无疑是由人类建造的，它是在大约7500年前由一个我们几乎不知道的民族建造的，我们长期以来一直误解它的目的。)”和最后一段的内容“The revelatin verturns many f ur assumptins abut Nelithic AlUla. Here were a peple mre settled and mre civilized than histry has given them credit fr. Their stry is just beginning t be revealed, but already a very different picture f early AlUla is emerging. (这一发现推翻了我们对新石器时代的许多假设。这里的人们比历史上所记载的更加安定，更加文明。他们的故事才刚刚开始被揭示，但早期AlUla的一个非常不同的画面正在浮现。)”可知，本文介绍了沙特一处新石器时代的建筑，该建筑的发掘推翻了考古学家之前对于沙特新石器时代游牧民的设想，为该地区游牧民的生活方式提供了新的认识。因此推断本文的写作目的是提供一些新的见解。故选B。
11.（2025·山东省第一次备考监测联考）
Engineer Kerstin Göpfrich builds machines. But rather than building metal devices, she makes tiny nes t wrk inside ur cells. Göpfrich leads a research grup fcusing n the “engineering f life” at the Max Planck Institute fr Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany.
Our cells are already full f nature- made machines carrying ut the daily tasks f living. Many are prteins. But smetimes ur natural prtein- machines dn’t wrk right. Brken bimachinery causes many diseases, S scientists are cnsidering hw they might fix faulty prteins. They might wire up artificial nerves t replace damaged nes.
And the ptential fr such devices ges beynd making repairs. Scientists are lking at hw t give cells new abilities, hping that by develping enugh nvel bimachines, they might make new frms f life. S if a prtein is faulty, why nt make a new ne in the lab?
Back when Frankie Rawsn was a student, he asked his teachers that. Nw a nantechnlgist at the University f Nttingham in England, Rawsn has answered his wn questin, “It turns ut that we’ re nt very gd at artificially re- creating what bilgy des.”
Bilgists like Rawsn and Göpfrich fund a wrkarund. They’re creating nanmachines that d the same jbs as prteins. With the right design, these nanmachines can d s easier at less cst. They als can be mre stable using fewer ingredients.
T build them, researchers wrk with many types f materials. Rawsn uses carbn nantubes. Göpfrich even uses bilgical mlecules, such as DNA. Rather than heal ld r damaged bdy parts, she’d replace them with new nes.
Scientists have learned t make small synthetic (合成的) bilgy fixes. Our cells must wrk tgether. “Think f them like the wiring f a huse,” Rawsn says. Flip a switch, and a light turns n. That’s a big- scale effect. But each small piece in the system must wrk prperly t get that end effect.
12. What des paragraph 2 intend t tell us?
A. The cst f repairing prteins.B. The prspect fr nature- made machines.
C. The challenge f natural prtein- machines.D. The backgrund f creating new bimachines.
13. Why is Rawsn mentined in paragraph 4?
A. T present scientists’ failure in bilgy.B. T cnvey his idea f life engineering.
C. T shw making prteins in the lab is hard.D. T explain why nantechnlgy is imprtant.
14. Which can best explain the underlined wrd “wrkgrund” in paragraph 5?
A. A new dilemma.B. A difficult cnditin.
C. An alternative slutin.D. An unbelievable stry.
15. What des the last paragraph mainly express?
A. The effect f prteins n ur bdy.B. The cmbinatin f the wiring f a huse.
C. The cmplexity f the human bdy system.D. The precisin required fr synthetic bilgy.
【答案】12. D 13. C 14. C 15. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家在生命工程和纳米技术领域的研究进展，特别是关于如何制造能在细胞内工作的微型机器（纳米机器）来替代或修复受损的生物机器（蛋白质）。
12. D推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Our cells are already full f nature- made machines carrying ut the daily tasks f living. Many are prteins. But smetimes ur natural prtein- machines dn’t wrk right. Brken bimachinery causes many diseases, S scientists are cnsidering hw they might fix faulty prteins. They might wire up artificial nerves t replace damaged nes.(我们的细胞已经充满了自然形成的机器，执行着生命活动的日常任务。其中许多是蛋白质。但有时我们的天然蛋白质机器会出现故障。生物机器损坏会引发许多疾病，因此科学家们正在考虑如何修复有缺陷的蛋白质。他们可能会用人工神经来替换受损的神经。)”可知，第二段作者想要介绍一下科学家们想要创造新型生物机器的背景知识，也就是希望用这种新型生物机器修复有缺陷的蛋白质和替换受损的神经。故选D。
13. C推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Back when Frankie Rawsn was a student, he asked his teachers that. Nw a nantechnlgist at the University f Nttingham in England, Rawsn has answered his wn questin, “It turns ut that we’ re nt very gd at artificially re- creating what bi lgy des.”(当Frankie Rawsn还是学生的时候，他就问过老师这个问题。现在，作为英国诺丁汉大学的一名纳米技术专家，Rawsn已经回答了自己的问题：“事实证明，我们在人工复制生物所做的事情方面并不擅长。”)”可知，第四段提到Rawsn主要是因为他曾作为学生时向老师提出过关于在实验室制造新蛋白质的问题，而现在作为纳米技术专家的他回答了这个问题，指出“我们在人工复制生物所做的事情方面并不擅长”。这表明在实验室制造蛋白质是困难的。故选C。
14. C词义猜测题。根据划线单词下文“They’re creating nanmachines that d the same jbs as prteins. With the right design, these nanmachines can d s easier at less cst. They als can be mre stable using fewer ingredients.(他们正在创造能做蛋白质相同工作的纳米机器。有了正确的设计，这些纳米机器可以更容易、更廉价地完成工作。它们使用的成分更少，因此也可以更加稳定。)”可知，他们找到了一种解决方法来解决上文提到的不擅长人工复制生物的问题。由此可知，划线词wrkgrund为“解决方法”之意。选项A“A new dilemma (一个新的困境)”；选项B“A difficult cnditin (一个困难的状况)”；选项C“An alternative slutin (一个替代的解决方案)”；选项D“An unbelievable stry (一个不可思议的故事)”。故选C。
15. D主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Scientists have learned t make small synthetic(合成的)bilgy fixes. Our cells must wrk tgether. “Think f them like the wiring f a huse,” Rawsn says. Flip a switch, and a light turns n. That’s a big- scale effect. But each small piece in the system must wrk prperly t get that end effect.(科学家们已经学会了进行小型合成生物学修复。我们的细胞必须协同工作。“可以把它们想象成房屋的布线，” Rawsn说。拨动开关，灯就会亮。这是一个大规模的效果。但系统中的每一个小部件都必须正常工作，才能实现这一最终效果。)”可知，最后一段通过将人体细胞比作房屋的布线，强调每个小部分都必须正常工作才能达到最终效果，这突出了合成生物学所需的精确性和准确性。故选D。
12.（2025·辽宁省辽南协作体高三月考）
Technlgy is mre than an abstract cncept assciated with advanced tls and systems. It als shapes the way peple behave, grw and develp, bth within their wn lives and in their relatinships with thers. While technlgy has develped ver thusands f years, the last century has seen an explsin in technlgy that has influenced fundamental changes in hw humans see the wrld and interact with thers. Specifically, the Internet and mbile devices have cmpletely changed the way peple interact with each ther. There has been a debate ging n whether technlgy is benefiting human cmmunicatin r ruining it.
Undubtedly, technlgy is helping peple build newer and necessary cmmunicatin skills. In business, ffice emplyees and managers use technlgy t send emails t ne anther, which is cnsidered a cmmunicatin skill. On scial media, just share a few f yur images and peple start cmmunicating n and abut yur images accrding t their viewpint. With the utbreak f COVID-19, in rder t wrk n the prjects, the students use their phnes t reach their teachers and classmates.
Hwever, technlgy is smetimes cnsidered t discnnect peple frm thers arund them. With cell phnes, mst peple think that it’s easier and mre cnvenient t text instead f meeting in persn. Lucas Lengacher, an undergraduate frm Huntingtn University , claims in his article that at least 42.91% peple respnd t messages immediately yet nly 2.83% peple dn’t check their phnes in the mrning. In his research he fund that “almst 60 percent f peple felt discnnected frm thers arund when they were n their phnes”.
4. Human interactin has been basically influenced by ______.
A. peple’s relatinshipsB. scial systems
C. mbile devicesD. cmmunicatin skills
5. Hw is the idea f paragraph 2 supprted?
A. By analyzing data.B. By prviding cases.
C. By defining a cncept.D. By making cmparisns.
6. What des Lucas’s research find?
A. Phnes discnnect us when we are tgether.
B. Phnes are becming mre and mre ppular.
C. Peple cmmunicate less because f physical distance.
D. Phnes are helping peple build newer cmmunicatin skills.
7. What is the authr’s attitude t technlgy?
A. Psitive.B. Skeptical.C. Objective.D. Indifferent.
【答案】4. C 5. B 6. A 7. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人类的互动基本上受到移动设备的影响，文章指出科技帮助人们建立更新和必要的沟通技巧，但同时科技也妨碍了人们的互动。
4. C细节理解题。根据第一段“While technlgy has develped ver thusands f years, the last century has seen an explsin in technlgy that has influenced fundamental changes in hw humans see the wrld and interact with thers. Specifically, the Internet and mbile devices have cmpletely changed the way peple interact with each ther.(虽然技术已经发展了数千年，但上个世纪见证了技术的爆炸式发展，影响了人类看待世界和与他人互动方式的根本变化。具体来说，互联网和移动设备已经彻底改变了人们相互交流的方式)”可知，人类的互动基本上受到移动设备的影响。故选C。
5. B推理判断题。根据第二段“Undubtedly, technlgy is helping peple build newer and necessary cmmunicatin skills. In business, ffice emplyees and managers use technlgy t send emails t ne anther, which is cnsidered a cmmunicatin skill. On scial media, just share a few f yur images and peple start cmmunicating n and abut yur images accrding t their viewpint. With the utbreak f COVID-19, in rder t wrk n the prjects, the students use their phnes t reach their teachers and classmates.(毫无疑问，科技正在帮助人们建立更新和必要的沟通技巧。在商业中，办公室员工和经理使用技术向彼此发送电子邮件，这被认为是一种沟通技巧。在社交媒体上，只要分享一些你的照片，人们就会开始根据他们的观点来交流你的照片。随着新冠肺炎疫情的爆发，为了完成项目，学生们用手机联系老师和同学)”可推知，第二段通过提供案例来支持观点。故选B。
6. A细节理解题。根据最后一段“Lucas Lengacher, an undergraduate frm Huntingtn University , claims in his article that at least 42.91% peple respnd t messages immediately yet nly 2.83% peple dn’t check their phnes in the mrning. In his research he fund that “almst 60 percent f peple felt discnnected frm thers arund when they were n their phnes”.(亨廷顿大学的本科生Lucas Lengacher在他的文章中称，至少有42.91%的人会立即回复信息，但只有2.83%的人不会在早上查看手机。在他的研究中，他发现“近60%的人在玩手机时感觉与周围的人脱节”)”可知，卢卡斯的研究发现当我们在一起的时候，电话切断了我们的联系。故选A。
7. C推理判断题。根据第二段“Undubtedly, technlgy is helping peple build newer and necessary cmmunicatin skills.(毫无疑问，科技正在帮助人们建立更新和必要的沟通技巧)”以及第三段“Hwever, technlgy is smetimes cnsidered t discnnect peple frm thers arund them.(然而，科技有时被认为使人们与周围的人脱节)”可推知，作者说明了科技的好处和缺点，即作者对科技的态度是客观的。故选C。
13.（2025·辽宁省辽南协作体高三月考）
Yung kids’ brains are very sensitive (敏感的) t their mms’ vices, science has shwn. But as kids grw int teens, everything changes. Teenagers’ brains are nw mre sensitive t strangers’ vices than thse f their wn mms’, new research shws.
The researchers studied the brains f 7- t 16-year-lds as they listened t things said by their mms r by unfamiliar wmen. The wrds were gibberish: teebudieshawlt, keebudieshawlt and peebudieshawlt. Using such meaningless wrds allwed the scientists t study the vices, nt what they were saying. As the kids listened, certain parts f their brains became active. This was especially true in brain areas that help us t find rewards and pay attentin.
Daniel Abrams, a researcher at Stanfrd University, says that yunger kids’ brains respnd mre strngly t their mms’ vices than t strangers’. Hwever, in adlescence (青春期), we shw the exact ppsite.
“These areas in the adlescent brains dn’t stp respnding t mms’ vices,” Abrams explains. “It’s just that unfamiliar vices becme mre wrthy f attentin. Here’s why: As kids grw up, they widen their scial cnnectins beynd their family. S their brains need t begin paying mre attentin t that wider wrld.”
But mms’ vices still have special pwer, especially in times f stress, a 2011 study with girls shwed. Levels f stress drpped when these girls heard their mms’ vices n the phne.
The brain seems t adapt t new needs that cme with adlescence. “As we grw up, ur survival depends less and less n ur mms’ supprt.” says Leslie Seltzer, a bilgical anthrplgist at the University f Wiscnsin-Madisn. “Instead we rely mre and mre n ur friends and thers dser t ur wn age.”
“S while bth teens and their parents may smetimes feel annyed, that’s OK,” Abrams says. “This is the way the brain is wired, and there’s a gd reasn fr it.”
8. What des the underlined wrd “gibberish” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Questin.B. Stry.C. Saying.D. Nnsense.
9. Why d teens becme mre sensitive t unfamiliar vices?
A. They need mre cnnectins.B. They desire real understanding.
C. They are tired f their mms.D. They have mre energy t spare.
10. What are mms’ vices like t teens accrding t the 2011 study?
A. Exciting.B. Unpleasant.C. Cmfrting.D. Strange.
11. What is Daniel Abrams’ pinin n teens’ change in their vice preference?
A. It deserves scientific preventin.B. It is nrmal and understandable.
C. It is discuraging and prblematic.D. It negatively affects their grwth.
【答案】8. D 9. A 10. C 11. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲的是当孩子们变成青少年时，陌生的声音会变得比妈妈的声音更有吸引力，这其中是有科学依据的。
8. D词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“teebudieshawlt, keebudieshawlt and peebudieshawlt”和“Using such meaningless wrds(用这些无意义的词语)”可推知，画线词gibberish的意思是“无意义的话”，与nnsense的意思最为接近。故选D。
9. A细节理解题。根据第四段“It’s just that unfamiliar vices becme mre wrthy f attentin. Here’s why: As kids grw up, they widen their scial cnnectins beynd their family. S their brains need t begin paying mre attentin t that wider wrld.(只是不熟悉的声音变得更值得关注。原因如下：随着孩子的成长，他们扩大了家庭以外的社会关系。所以他们的大脑需要开始更多地关注更广阔的世界。)”可知，青少年对陌生的声音反应更敏感是因为他们需要扩大自己的社交关系。故选A。
10. C推理判断题。根据第五段“But mms’ vices still have special pwer, especially in times f stress, a 2011 study with girls shwed. Levels f stress drpped when these girls heard their mms’ vices n the phne.(但2011年一项针对女孩的研究显示，母亲的声音仍然具有特殊的力量，尤其是在压力大的时候。当这些女孩在电话里听到妈妈的声音时，她们的压力水平下降了。)”可推断，对于青少年来说，妈妈的声音让青少年感到安慰。故选C。
11. B推理判断题。根据最后一段““S while bth teens and their parents may smetimes feel annyed, that’s OK,” Abrams says. “This is the way the brain is wired, and there’s a gd reasn fr it.”(Abrams说：“所以，虽然青少年和他们的父母有时会感到恼火，但这没关系。”“这就是大脑的连接方式，这是有充分理由的。”)”可推断，Daniel Abrams认为青少年的声音偏爱的变化是正常且可以理解的。故选B。
14.C（2025·河南省新高中创新联盟TOP二十名校高三调研）
An internatinal team f researchers led by the University f Bristl has cast light n Earth’s earliest ecsystem，shwing that within a few hundred millin years f planetary frmatin, life n Earth was already bming (繁荣的). Everything alive tday riginates frm a cmmn ancestr knwn as LUCA(Last Universal Cmmn Ancestr).
LUCA is the assumptive cmmn ancestr frm which all mdern cellular life，frm single-celled rganisms like bacteria t the huge redwd trees as well as us humans riginates. LUCA stands fr the surce f the tree f life befre it splits int the grups recgnized tday：Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.
The team cmpared all the genes (基因) in the genmes f living species, cunting the variatins that have ccurred within their rders ver time since they shared an ancestr in LUCA. The time f separatin f sme species is knwn frm the fssil (化石) recrd and s the team used a genetic equivalent f the familiar equatin used t calculate speed in physics t wrk ut when LUCA existed, arriving at the answer f 4.2 billin years ag, abut fur hundred millin years after the frmatin f Earth and ur slar system.
Next，the team wrked ut the bilgy f LUCA by mdelling the physilgical characteristics f living species back thrugh the genealgy (宗谱) f life t LUCA. Lead authr, Dr Edmund Mdy explained, “The evlutinary histry f genes is cmplicated by their exchange between lineages (细胞系). We have t use cmplex evlutinary mdels t harmnize the evlutinary histry f genes with the genealgy f species.”
C-authr Prfessr Philip Dnghue said, “Our wrk reveals insights int early Earth and life that culd nt be achieved by any ne subject alne. It als demnstrates just hw quickly an ecsystem was established n early Earth. This suggests that life may be bming n Earth-like bispheres elsewhere in the universe.”
8. What can be learned abut LUCA frm the text?
A. It represents the rt f the tree f life.B. It is nly the ancestr f redwd trees.
C. It was divided int tw grups.D. It didn’t change much ver time.
9. When did LUCA exist accrding t the text?
A. Abut 4.6 billin years ag.B. Abut 3.8 billin years ag.
C. Abut 4.2 billin years ag.D. Abut 400 millin years ag.
10. What can we cnclude frm the text?
A. LUCA was the nly frm f life n Earth then.
B. LUCA was prbably a very cmplex rganism.
C. The study f LUCA is the final step in explring the universe.
D. The frmatin f Earth was clsely related t that f ther planets.
11. What did Philip Dnghue say abut their study?
A. It was time-cnsuming.B. It was disappinting.
C. It was labr-saving.D. It was meaningful.
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. B 11. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。由布里斯托尔大学领导的国际研究小组揭示了地球最早的生态系统，确定了共同祖先 LUCA 的存在时间及生物学特征，强调该研究的意义和对未来相关研究的影响，表明早期地球生态系统建立迅速，或为其他类似生物圈提供参考。
8. A细节理解题。根据第二段“LUCA stands fr the surce f the tree f life(LUCA代表生命之树的源头) ”可知，LUCA 代表生命之树的根部。故选A项。
9. C 细节理解题。根据第三段“LUCA existed, arriving at the answer f 4. 2 billin years ag ( LUCA 存在于42亿年前)”可知，LUCA 存在于42亿年前。故选C项。
10. B推理判断题。根据第四段“The evlutinary histry f genes is cmplicated by their exchange between lineages(细胞系). We have t use cmplex evlutinary mdels t harmnize the evlutinary histry f genes with the genealgy f species.(基因的进化史由于它们在谱系之间的交换而变得复杂。我们必须使用复杂的进化模型来协调基因的进化历史和物种的谱系)可推断，LUCA 可能是一个复杂的生物体。故选B项。
11. D推理判断题。根据最后一段“C- authr Prfessr Philip Dnghue said, ‘Our wrk reveals insights int early Earth and life that culd nt be achieved by any ne subject alne. It als demnstrates just hw quickly an ecsystem was established n early Earth. This suggests that life may be bming n Earth- like bispheres elsewhere in the universe.’(合著者菲利普·多诺霍教授说：“我们的工作揭示了对早期地球和生命的洞察，这是任何一个学科都无法单独实现的。”这也证明了早期地球上的生态系统是如何迅速建立起来的。这表明生命可能在地球上蓬勃发展，就像宇宙中其他地方的生物圈一样。)”可推断，菲利普•多诺霍认为他们的研究很有意义。故选D项。
分类标准
科普说明文是高考的重要话题，也是国家的重要导向。其在英语高考试题中的地位也就不言而喻。本资料选取了全国模拟试题中的科普说明文素材进行了汇编，以满足广大师生的需求。