新高考英语一轮复习练习考向29 阅读理解之时事热点（2份打包，原卷版+解析版）

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【基础要素】
1. 新闻六要素：时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过、结果。
2. 新闻的结构：标题、导语、主体、背景、结语。标题、导语、主体是消息必不可少的，背景和结语有时则蕴涵在主体里面，有时省略。
【语篇特征】
1.第一段简要概述新闻或时事的内容提要,接着再详述具体内容;
2.新闻或消息类文章在开头通常用大写字体标明其出处或来源,并用破折号或冒号引出内容提要。
【测试角度】
1.测试文章的主旨大意或段落大意;
2.测试考生对于某个具体信息的理解与把握,即细节理解;
3.测试所读材料的来源或出处;
4.测试考生利用所给信息进行推理的能力。
【解题方法】
1.速读短文,特别是开头的几句,抓住五个W,即:事件发生的时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(wh)、原因(why)、过程和结果(hw),把握新闻的主要内容;
2.细读所给的试题,初选相应的答案;
3.细读短文,并确定相应的答案。
4.信息的增加或减少是阅读理解题中设计干扰项的常见手法,因此,在确定答案时,应特别注意识别。
【典例示例】（2021年6月，浙江卷阅读理解C篇）
If yu ever get the impressin that yur dg can "tell" whether yu lk cntent r annyed, yu may be nt smething. Dgs may indeed be able t distinguish between happy and angry human faces, accrding t a new study
Researchers trained a grup f 11 dgs t distinguish between images（图像）f the same persn making either a happy r an angry face. During the training stage, each dg was shwn nly the upper half r the lwer half f the persn's face. The researchers then tested the dgs' ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn's face n images ttally different frm the nes used in training. The researchers fund that the dgs were able t pick the angry r happy face by tuching a picture f it with their nses mre ften than ne wuld expect by randm chance.
The study shwed the animals had figured ut hw t apply what they learned abut human faces during training t new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule ut that the dge simply distinguish between the pictures based n a simple cue, such as the sight f teeth," said study authr Crsin Muller. "Instead, ur results suggest that the successful dgs realized that a smiling muth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies t an angry muth having the same meaning as angry eyes.”
"With ur study, we think we can nw cnfidently cnclude that at least sme dgs can distinguish human facial expressins," Muller tld Line Science.
At this pint, it is nt clear why dgs seem t be equipped with the ability t recgnize different facial expressins in humans. "T us, the mst likely explanatin appears t be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lt f expsure t human facial expressins," and this expsure has prvided them with many chances t learn t distinguish between them, Muller said.
28. The new study fcused n whether dgs can_________.
A. distinguish shapes B. make sense f human faces
C. feel happy r angry D. cmmunicate with each ther
29. What can we learn abut the study frm paragraph 2?
A. Researchers tested the dgs in randm rder.
B. Diverse methds were adpted during training.
C. Pictures used in the tw stages were different
D. The dgs were phtgraphed befre the lest.
30. What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A. A suggestin fr future studies. B. A pssible reasn fr the study findings.
C. A majr limitatin f the study D. An explanatin f the research methd.
答案与解析：
28.B 主旨大意题。根据短文首段的第二句“Dgs may inxdeed be able t distinguish betweenhappy and angry human faces, accrding t a new study”可知，一项新的研究表明,狗可能真地可以辨别人的表情是高兴还是愤怒，紧接着后文又详细介绍了研究过程和结论，即狗能够识别人的表情，且倒数第二段的“With ur study, we think we can nw cnfidently cnclude that at leastsme dgs can distinguish human faciall expressins”一句明确给出了结论。故选B项。
29.C 细节理解。根据第二段中的“Theresearchers then tested the dgs"ability t distinguish between human facial expressins byshwing them the ther half f the persn 's face r images ttally different frm the nes used intraining”可知，研究者给狗展示了与以往训练完全不同的人脸(或图片)的另一部分。故选C项。
30.B 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“ dgs seem t be equipped with the ability t recgnize different facialexpressins in hurmans”可知最后一段解释了为什么看起来狗具备识别人类表情的能力，也就是为什么会有这样的实验研究结论。故选B项。
【知识拓展】
英语新闻报道的文体特点
新闻的首要职能是报道新闻时事。通常人们所说的新闻英语(Jurnalistic English, News English)主要是指新闻报道文章中所使用的英语,是具有新闻特性、适合新闻报道要求、适应新闻信息传播需要的语言。侯维瑞认为,新闻报道的职能是传播信息,即迅速及时地报道时事新闻,以最快的速度正确地报道国内外发生的重大事件。真实性、客观性和及时性是新闻报道的要则。反映在文体风格方面,新闻英语必须正确、简洁、明了,在有限的撰稿时间和刊登篇幅内取得言简意赅的效果。新闻英语因其自身的特点和传播功能,词汇、时态、语态及修辞等的运用都有其自成一家的特点。
1.新闻英语的词汇特点
新闻英语作为信息传播媒介,需将信息浓缩于一个有限的空间(版面),其目的是便于读者抓住主要内容。因此,新闻英语词汇的特殊性表现在:词汇简单而具体,行文流畅而不会佶屈聱牙。新闻英语常常通过使用大写字体、戏剧性标题、简短的段落、简洁的句子来增强新闻的趣味性。此外,新闻英语还是新词的滋生地,一些新词往往是经过媒体的普及而逐步为公众所接受。
频繁使用新词。文字是现实生活的反映,而现实生活总是在日新月异地变化。因此,在新闻英语中,时常会出现一些在原有意义上延伸出新义的词,且已经成为颇有特色的词汇。随着这些词的广泛运用,它们也逐步渗透到日常生活用语之中。例如:
The rapid-grwing death tll f AIDS victims has psed a wide spread panic acrss the States frm gay bars in the west cst f Califrnia t the Fun City's red-light districts.艾滋病患者死亡人数激增造成普遍恐慌。恐慌波及全国,从西海岸加州的同性恋酒吧到逍遥城纽约的红灯区。
gay 的原义为“快乐的”,但在新闻报道中已转义为“同性恋的”。此处的“gay bars”为“同性恋酒吧”而不是“快乐酒吧”。
除延伸出新义之外,新词还可以通过加上前后缀的方式构成。其中较为常见的前缀有anti-、aut-、electr-、inter-、intra-、nn-等。用派生法构成的新词一方面可以补足原有英语词汇中缺少的词义,另一方面又能使文笔简练有力。
随着人类思维的进步和科技的飞速发展,根据资料统计,英语中每年会出现1500个左右新词。而这些新词首次亮相的舞台往往是报纸、杂志等新闻媒体。不少语言学家认为,现代英语词汇的变化在很大程度上是与新闻语言的影响有关。不少新词经新闻媒体登场后,被人仿效,逐渐得以普及,为公众所接受。
广泛使用短词及缩略语。由于新闻栏目篇幅狭窄,出于排版的需要和对听众和观众的理解速度和能力的考虑,记者和编辑喜欢使用字型短小的单音节词和缩略词以节省刊头空间。美国新闻学家麦克道格尔在其《解释性报道》一书中提出要多用简单词。他认为,在表示同一个意思时abut比with reference t好、 althugh比despite the fact that好。在新闻写作中,很少有人会把d说成effectuate、把end写作terminate;他们宁愿用ban而不用prhibitin、用tday来代替in this day and age。
再者,新闻报道受到时间和传递量的限制,不得不在写作上力求简明扼要,用字精练通俗,句法一目了然。使用词义宽泛、形体短小的词不仅可以美化版面,而且可使文字简练。路国强先生将英语缩略词分为两种。
一种为缩略词(acrnyms),由一词组中的各主要词的第一字母缩合而成。例如:BL' S family cars, the Ital and Allegr, are cnsidered by many mtrists t be unreliable and ld-fashined in styling, accrding t a survey published yesterday.据昨天公布的一项调查,许多驾驶汽车的人认为:英国利兰汽车公司的家庭汽车——一伊大尔牌和阿勒格罗牌性能不可靠而且款式陈旧。(句中BL' S是British Leyland' s的缩写词)。
另一种为缩短词(shrtened wrds),即通过截短法(clipping)或缩短法(shrtening)构成的词。如: brunch (breakfast+lunch)早午餐; telecast(televisin+bradcast)广播电视。一则交通事故报道说: Mre and mre traffic experts suspect that“autcide”is an imprtant cause f traffic deaths.(Time, Jan. 21, 1997) 这里的autcide是autmbile suicide的节缩词。
由此可见,新闻语言应使用简洁通俗的大众化语言。
借用各类词汇。新闻英语的一大特点是常借用地名、人名、物名等专有名词来表示某一个意思。如White Huse指美国政府, James Bnd (影片《007》中的超级间谍)被用来指无往不胜的谍报人员或其他类型的智慧人物。《High Nn》是20世纪60年代流行于美国的西部影片,现在象征毁灭性遭遇,也可用来比喻人们对罪恶现象的责任感。brain bust原为由高级专家和大学教授组成的帮助富兰克林·罗斯福总统制定新政的智囊团,现指各种部门特聘的参与决策的智囊人物,有时也指才华出众的学生。
除此之外,在新闻标题和紧接着的新闻内容里,常常使用或借用形象的词汇、日常用语以及口语、俚语等,以增加新闻报道的形象性、亲切感和吸引力。例如:
The Secnd Wrld War was anther huge Vlkermanderung,it was accmpanied by a vast dislcatin f peple.第二次世界大战又是一次大规模的“民族迁移”,随之而来的是千千万万人的流离失所。Vlkermanderung 是德语,意为“民族迁移”。
2.新闻英语的语法特点
用一般现在时表达过去发生的事情。通常情况下,新闻报道所报道的消息多为已发生的事实,按照英语语法,动词应使用过去时。但新闻是新近发生的事实,为增强新闻报道的新鲜感(freshness)、现实感(reality)和直接感(immediacy),在新闻报道中一般不用过去时、过去完成时等,而采用现在时态,从形式上可以使读者在阅读时如置身于新闻事件之中。例如:Carter Picks New Envy t Mexic卡特选出派往墨西哥的新特使。
用不定式表达将来发生的事情。英文新闻标题中表示将来时的形式除一般将来时“will+动词原形”外,更多的还是采用“联系动词be+动词不定式”结构,其中联系动词be通常省略,以节省标题字数。例如:Ppe t Visit Japan in February = Ppe is t visit Japan in February教皇拟于二月访日。
用现在分词表达正在进行的动作或正在发生的事态。对于正在发生的事态或动作,英文新闻标题按正常英语语法规则处理,采用现在进行时“be+现在分词”的形式,但“be”通常省略。因此,现在分词便在新闻标题中直接表示正在进行的动作或正在发展的事态。例如:Bill Gates Wrking n a New Bk = Bill Gates is wrking n a new bk比尔·盖茨撰写新书科技先锋展望未来。
3.新闻英语的句法特点
时态呼应灵活。新闻报道中动词时态简化,有时不受时态应保持一致或呼应的语法规定,有较大的灵活性。例如:
But Carter tld reprters, the United States will cntinue the restraints it impsed n Iran when the hstages were taken 150 days ag……He made it clear, hwever, that the freezing f Iranian assets and mnitring f Iranian students in this cuntry wuld cntinue. We will cntinue t mnitr the situatin very clsely, “Carter said”.
句中既有按传统语法规则呼应的“made ……wuld cntinue”,也有从实际出发灵活运用的“tld……will cntinue”。
句式多样弹性化。新闻英语中的句式富于变化。在新闻报道中有倒装句、省略句,有借助副词、动词变化的句式。例如:
Says Dary Reading f Gwrie:“It makes yu mad ,We are gd at what we d ,but we still can't make a living.”
高瑞的达里·雷丁说:“这使你发疯。我们有本领干好我们的工作,但仍不能谋生。”
句中的谓语says位于句首,这种句式是新闻报道文章所特有的。
被动语态的使用。当读者在广泛接触英语新闻之后,就会发现新闻标题使用主动语态的频率远远超过被动语态。这是因为从修辞学角度而言,主动语态比被动语态更加生动且富有感染力,所表达的意义更为直接,或更具有说服力,使读者感到真实可信,读来朗朗上口。但新闻报道中有时动作的接受者往往是读者关心的中心,比如有关灾难、战争、事故、骚乱等报道中,读者更关心的是伤亡人员与人数。因此,新闻英语有时为突出动作的承受者通常采用被动语态,目的在于抓住读者的注意力。我们来看下面的例子:
A:“500 Reprted Killed in S. Krean Building Cllapse”
B:“Building cllapse claims 500 lives in S. Krea”
这是一则报道韩国某百货大楼倒塌致使500人丧生的一条新闻。作为新闻报道,A或 B两条标题都起到了提示与浓缩内容的作用。但在报道中死亡人数是该新闻一个非常重要的内容。前句为被动语态,以数词开始,突出了死亡人数,使它处于醒目的位置,起到了吸引读者的作用,从而激发起读者的阅读兴趣和欲望,以探究其事故缘由。
讲究修辞效果。新闻除了注重事实真实、表达清晰外,还讲究语言的美感和韵味。因此,常常借助于比喻、夸张、双关语、成语、押韵等修辞手法来增加新闻的可读性和吸引力。例如:
All Wrk, Lw Play Make Nurses G Away工作辛苦,工资低廉,许多护士离职而去。(此句源自成语“All wrk and n play make Jhn a dull by”。)
Dare Devil wh dared胆大包天的人(通过押头韵和使用叠词来增加语言的节奏感,起到强调作用)。
Are the Demcrat Dinsaurs?民主党成了恐龙吗?
这一标题运用比喻手法,把民主党比作恐龙(一种生活在中生代时期庞大的食肉或食草爬行类动物,现已绝种),寓意深刻。此文章写于共和党总统候选人罗纳德·里根在1980年获选总统之后,讽刺民主党在富兰克林·罗斯福和约翰·肯尼迪总统的光荣历史之后,气势变得十分微弱,令人可怜。
Where there's smke, there's cash (The Ecnmist, 1996)有烟才有钱
这一标题中运用了模仿(pardy)的修辞手法,套用了英语谚语“Where there' s reek, there' s heat”(无风不起浪,有果必有因),借以讽刺美国的利益集团政治。香烟在美国几乎人人喊打,却总打不倒,因为政客们需要烟草商们的政治捐款,而后又利用手中的权力照顾烟草商们的利益。
【检测训练】
1
The Eurpean cmmissin has unveiled a "digital green certificate" that culd allw EU citizens wh have been vaccinated, tested negative r recvered frm Cvid-19 t travel mre freely this summer.
The plan wuld als allw suthern states such as Spain, Greece and Prtugal, whse ecnmies are mst reliant n turism, t make bilateral arrangements with nn-EU members – including Britain – prviding the deals are apprved by the cmmissin."We aim t help member states reinstate the freedm f mvement in a safe, respnsible and trusted manner,” the Eurpean cmmissin president, Ursula vn der Leyen, said as the scheme was unveiled n Wednesday,which was actively prmted by suthern Eurpean hliday destinatins whse ecnmies have been devastated by the pandemic.
The digital dcument, cntaining a QR cde and carried n a mbile phne, has deliberately nt been called a "vaccine passprt" because sme member states felt that wuld discriminate against thse wh had nt yet been ffered a sht.
The certificate is "nt a passprt ... but a dcument that will describe the medical situatin f the individuals wh hld it", the cmmissin spkesman, Eric Mamer, said.The certificate, shuld mean travellers will nt need t quarantine(检疫,隔离) wuld be available t all citizens wh can prvide evidence that they have either been vaccinated against Cvid-19, have recently tested negative, r have acquired antibdies after recvering frm the virus.
The EU aims t vaccinate three-quarters f its adult ppulatin by the end f summer and fficials remain hpeful that if natinal delivery speeds up, many restrictins culd be lifted in time fr the hlidays.
1. What des the underlined wrd “reinstate” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Recver.B. Cntain.
C. Adpt.D. Desire.
2. Why did suthern Eurpean hliday destinatins strngly supprt the plan?
A. Because their ecnmies hardly depend n turism.
B. Because travellers will nt need t quarantine in any cuntry.
C. Because they hpe t prmte ecnmic recvery.
D. Because the Eurpean cmmissin has unveiled the scheme.
3. Wh can get a “digital green certificate”accrding t the cmmissin?
A. Any EU citizen.B. A citizen vaccinated.
C. A British.D. A citizen btaining antibdies.
4. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. The EU’s new scheme
B. A new way t resist pandemic
C. Digital green certificates fr travelling mre freely
D. Digital green certificates fr vaccinated citizens
2
A smiling panda and a walking Chinese lantern will be the mascts f the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics (残奥会）in Beijing .
The mascts were knwn t the public n Sept.17, 2019 at a ceremny in Beijing . Beijing Mayr Chen Jining described them as adrable, unique , and exquisite (精致的）。He said they shws Chinese peple’s lnging fr the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics in a visually appealing way and extends Chinese peple’s warm invitatin t friends thrughut the wrld .
The panda, named Bing Dwen Dwen , is the Olympic masct. Clurful circles arund its face symblize skating tracks and 5G technlgy, accrding t the website f the Beijing rganizing cmmittee . Bing , the Chinese wrd fr “ ice “, shws purity and strength, while Dwen Dwen means sincerity , liveliness, and health , the website said. The chice f the icnic animal , cnsidered the natinal treasure , is nt a surprise t peple in China . While many applaud Bing Dwen Dwen fr its cuteness n scial media , sme are nt favurably impressed by the lack f creativity in chsing a panda . The giant panda was ne f the five mascts f the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics , and it was als the symbl fr the Asian Games in Beijing in 1990.
“Tday is an imprtant step n a milestne in Beijing’s jurney t make histry as the first ever , in Olympic histry , t hst bth summer and winter editins f the Olympic Games , Internatinal Olympic Cmmittee (IOC) president Thmas Bach said at the ceremny .
Based n a traditinal red lantern , Paralympic masct Shuey Rhn Rhn creates a cheerful atmsphere f the Chinese Lunar New Year ,which will fall arund the time f the Winter Games , the rganizing cmmittee said . It is sprting(穿戴）a yellw scarf, a circle f yellw dves arund its head , and a traditinal Chinese paper-cut . “Shuey “ means snw in Chinese and “Rhn Rhn” means “inclusiveness ”and “harmnizatin”, implying that the wrld civilizatins cmmunicate with each ther and live in harmny , the cmmittee said .
The tw mascts were selected frm mre than 5800 submissin frm 35 cuntries .
5. What des Chen Jining think f Bing Dwen Dwen and Shuey Rhn Rhn ?
A. They represent the IOC. B. They have great artistic value.
C. They shw Chinese peple’s hspitality.
D. They have much rm fr imprvement.
6. Why are sme peple nt satisfied with chsing Bing Dwen Dwen ?
A. Because pandas are the natinal treasure .
B. Because it is t clurful fr the Olympics.
C. Because its design is lacking in creativity .
D. Because a panda has been chsen as a masct three times .
7. What recrd will Beijing set after hsting the 2022 Winter Olympics ?
A. The mst athletes jining in the event .
B. The first Asian city t hst the Olympics .
C. The first city t hst tw editins f the Olympics .
D. The lngest time in histry.
8. What can we learn abut Shuey Rhn Rhn frm the text ?
A. It is symbl f Chinese culture .
B. It is designed by a freign artist .
C. It is a representative f cmpetitin
D. It is a mixture f 35 different cultures.
3
Yu’ve heard that plastic is plluting the ceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 millin tnnes enter cean ecsystems every year. But des ne plastic straw r cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Vn Wng wants yu t knw that it des. He builds massive sculptures ut f plastic garbage, frcing viewers t re-examine their relatinship t single-use plastic prducts.
At the beginning f the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpcalypse,” a pair f 10-ft-tall plastic waves, frzen mid-crash. Made f 168,000 plastic straws cllected frm several vlunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shpping center in H Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% f glbal plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by n means the biggest surce（来源）f plastic pllutin, but they’ve recently cme under fire because mst peple dn’t need them t drink with and, because f their small size and weight, they cannt be recycled. Every straw that’s part f Vn Wng’s artwrk likely came frm a drink that smene used fr nly a few minutes. Once the drink is gne, the straw will take centuries t disappear.
In a piece frm 2018, Vn Wng wanted t illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 secnds, a trucklad’s wrth f plastic enters the cean. Fr this wrk, titled “Trucklad f Plastic,” Vn Wng and a grup f vlunteers cllected mre than 10,000 pieces f plastic, which were then tied tgether t lk like they’d been dumped（倾倒） frm a truck all at nce.
Vn Wng hpes that his wrk will als help pressure big cmpanies t reduce their plastic ftprint.
9. What are Vn Wng’s artwrks intended fr?
A. Beautifying the city he lives in.B. Intrducing ec-friendly prducts.
C. Drawing public attentin t plastic waste.D. Reducing garbage n the beach.
10. Why des the authr discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A. T shw the difficulty f their recycling.
B. T explain why they are useful.
C. T vice his views n mdern art.
D. T find a substitute fr them.
11. What effect wuld “Trucklad f Plastic” have n viewers?
A. Calming.B. Disturbing.
C. Refreshing.D. Challenging.
12. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Artists’ Opinins n Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Cntemprary Art
C. Respnsibility Demanded f Big Cmpanies
D. Ocean Plastics Transfrmed int Sculptures
4
One after anther telecmmunicatins giants have annunced their latest fifth generatin (5G) prducts. They have als claimed that 5G technlgy wuld be used n a massive scale by 2020. Yet, when reprting abut 5G, many dmestic media have described it as a"much faster" technlgy than 4G withut mentining any f its ther advantages. As a result. the cmmn public view abut 5G is that they culd "dwnlad a HD mvie within ne secnd". Beynd that, mst peple knw nthing abut 5G.
Actually, 5G technlgy has many mre advantages than 4G apart frm speed. Accrding t the criteria f 3GPP, an internatinal standardizatin rganizatin, 5G technlgy can be used fr at least three purpses—cnnecting everything, reliability f cnnectins, and eliminating delays.
“Cnnecting everything” is an apprpriate slgan fr 5G technlgy, withut which the Internet f Things wuld be impssible. 5G wuld enable ne server t cnnect t multiple terminals, and thus establish high-speed crdinatin amng them, and help the chips inside the terminals timely react t meet peple’s needs. Take autnmus vehicles fr example, they are mature technlgy prducts. Self-driving cars cmbine a variety f sensrs, such as radar, cmputer visin, and GPS t identify navigatin paths and bstacles. 5G technlgy will link all the elements f a transprtatin system, such as traffic lights, cameras and, f curse, cars t establish perfect crdinatin s they can avid bstacles and mve n navigatin paths, which will help strengthen self-driving technlgy.
Reliability f cnnectins is anther essential characteristic f 5G technlgy, whse use can be extended t ther fields where high safety standards are required. Fr instance, in certain surgeries, surgens insert nan-rbts inside a patient’s bdy and have t maintain cnstant cntrl ver the rbts t ensure they perfrm their functins and d nt cause any harm t the patient. This is a technlgy that can be f great help, as it can establish reliable and cntinuus cnnectins between the mnitr and the nan-rbts.
13. Which f the fllwing can serve as an example f "cnnecting everything"?
A. Imprvement f smart phne signals.B. Decrease in telecmmunicatin cst.
C. High speed in playing cmputer games.D. Online tests fr all members at the same time.
14. Why can 5G be used in the fields with high safety standards?
A. It can attract mst eyeballs n a massive scale.
B. It can prvide dependable and cnstant service.
C. It ffers massive machine types f cmmunicatin.
D. It emplys 4G base statins and ccupies less space.
15. What will the authr mst prbably discuss in the fllwing paragraph?
A. Eliminating delays.B. 5G netwrk capacity
C. Disadvantages f 5GD. Building 5G base statins
16. What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. 5G Technlgy: Mre than abut High Speed
B. 5G Technlgy Will Shape the Future f Cnnectivity
C. Telecm Giants Wrk Tgether t Better 5G Technlgy
D. Advantages and Disadvantages f 5G Technlgy and Prducts
5
A study shws that the mre ec-cnscius way t shp is ging t a physical stre rather than by making purchases nline frm cmpanies that dn't have physical stres. Researchers estimated that shpping at physical stres fr frequently bught items such as tilet paper, shamp and tthpaste, ften results in less greenhuse gas emissins than rdering the prducts frm a cmpany that nly sells thrugh the Internet.
The main reasn is because f hw peple shp nline： Many buy items nline frequently — but they nly buy a few items per purchase. Frequent nline purchases prduce mre packaging waste, and nline items tend t cme frm different distributin centers. Bth factrs result in higher greenhuse gas emissins per item.
The team mdeled their research n the mvement f gds frm the factry all the way thrugh t the end cnsumer. They analyzed the carbn ftprint f the "last mile delivery" fr the three mst ppular types f shpping channels in the United Kingdm — physical stres, "brick & clicks" (when peple rder nline and a physical stre delivers the items t them) , and "pure players” (strictly nline sellers). Included in the three mdels were greenhuse gas emissins estimates frm the number f prducts bught, transprtatin, warehuse strage , delivery and packaging activities.
The analysis shwed that ttal greenhuse gas ftprints per item purchased were higher frm physical stres than thse frm bricks & clicks purchases in 63% f the shpping events but lwer than thse f pure players in 81 % f shpping events in the United Kingdm. In the United States, greenhuse gas emissins frm shpping at physical stres were als estimated t be higher than frm the brick & click channel, and lwer than the pure play channel, n average.
This pattern hlds true in cuntries where peple mstly drive. It really depends n the cuntry and cnsumer behavir there.
17. What is the functin f the first paragraph?
A. T persuade the readers.B. T shw the research cnclusin.
C. T cmpare tw shpping ways.D. T state the reasn fr this study.
18. Which is ne f the disadvantages f frequent nline shpping?
A. It is nt cnvenient.B. It is a waste f mney.
C. It causes packaging waste.D. It results in air pllutin.
19. Hw is this research cnducted?
A. By making cmparisn.B. By ding experiments.
C. By giving an explanatin.D. By making a survey.
20. Which way f shpping might the authr advcate?
A. Shpping by car.B. Buying in physical stres.
C. Dealing with “pure players".D. Purchasing frm "brick & click.
6
It lked just like anther aircraft frm the utside. The pilt tld his yung passengers that it was built in 1964, a Being KC-135 refuelling tanker, based n the 707. But appearances were deceptive, and the 13 students frm Eurpe and USA wh barded the aircraft were in fr the flight f their lives.
Fr 12 mnths, science students frm acrss the cntinents had cmpeted t win a place n the flight at the invitatin f the Eurpean Space Agency. The challenge had been t suggest imaginative experiments t be cnducted in weightless cnditins.
Fr the next tw hurs the Beings flight resembled that f an enrmus bird which had lst its reasn, shting upwards twards the heavens befre mving dwn twards Earth. The intentin was t achieve weightlessness fr a few secnds.
The aircraft tk ff smthly enugh, but any feelings that I and the yung scientists had that we were n anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilt put the plane int a 45-degree climb which lasted arund 20 secnds. Then the engines cut ut and we became weightless. Everything became cnfused, and left r right, up r dwn n lnger had any meaning. After ten secnds f free-fall descent (下降) the pilt pulled aircraft ut f its nsedive. The return f gravity was less immediate than its lss, but it was still sudden enugh t ensure that sme students came dwn with a bump.
Each time the pilt cut the engines and we became weightless, a new team cnducted its experiment. First it was the Dutch, wh wanted t discver why cats always land n their feet. Then it was the German team, wh cnducted a successful experiment n a traditinal building methd t see if it culd be used fr building a future space statin. The Americans had an idea t create slar sails that culd be used by satellites.
After tw hurs f ging up and dwn in the plane ding experiments, the dminant feeling was ne f excitement rather than sickness. Mst f the students thught it was an unfrgettable experience and ne that wuld be keen t repeat.
21. What did the pilt d with the plane?
A. He climbed and then made the plane fall slwly.
B. He climbed and then made the plane turn ver.
C. He quickly climbed and then stpped the engines.
D. He tk ff nrmally and then cut the engines fr 20 secnds.
22. What was the pint f being weightless?
A. T shw the judges f the cmpetitin what they culd d.
B. T prepare the yung scientists fr future wrk in space.
C. T see what cnditins are like in space.
D. T allw the teams t try ut their ideas.
23. The prnun “it” (in the last paragraph) refers t ________.
A. the excitementB. the trip
C. the pprtunityD. the plane
24. The passage is intended t ________.
A. reprt n a new scientific technique
B. encurage yung peple t take science
C. shw scientists what yung peple can d
D. describe the utcme f a scientific cmpetitin
7
Cities such as New Yrk, Washingtn, Bstn and San Francisc have launched bike-share prgrams t ease traffic jam, imprve public health, and cut carbn emissins (排放). Cyclists in thse cities tend t chse bike-sharing t make their trips t ffice r hme faster, cheaper, and mre fun. Last year, U.S. bike-share riders cmpleted nearly 46 millin trips—mre than twice as many trips frm the previus year.
Yet despite these prgrams’ advantages and ppularity, there are still huge challenges. Take, fr instance, the distributin (分布) f bikes. The living area face shrtages f bicycles in the mrning rush, while business districts d nt have enugh bikes in the evening. What’s mre, parking places can be full at certain hurs, making it difficult fr riders t return the bikes nce they’ve reached their destinatins.
Slving this prblem is nt easy. David B. Shmys and his clleagues set ut t develp cmplex algrithms(算法) and advanced analytics(逻辑法) t slve the challenges f bike-share peratins.
One area in which the methds were applied was the Bike Angels prgram. As part f the prgram, cyclists can be rewarded with pints by renting r returning bikes at certain high-need statins. Tday, Bike Angels accunts fr rughly 30 percent f bike rebalancing in New Yrk City. It has greatly imprved custmer satisfactin which, in turn, has mre riders. And mre imprtantly, this frm f rebalancing cmes with a much less carbn emissins, because less bx trucks are needed t mve the bikes!
David B. Shmys and his clleagues applied algrithms and analytics t slve ther prblems, t. Hwever, they can nt slve every new transprtatin prblem. They have many limitatins, including incmplete infrmatin. That is, David B. Shmys and his clleagues nly bserve the realized rentals (returns) at statins at which bikes were available, nt thse that were blcked due t the imbalance f the system.
25. Which is nt ne f the advantages f bike-share prgram?
A. It helps peple save mney.
B. It helps imprve the air quality.
C. It prvides mre bikes fr cyclists.
D. It helps peple build up their bdies.
26. What is mainly talked abut in paragraph 2?
A. Riders d nt want t return the bikes.
B. The distributin f bikes is a big prblem.
C. Peple d nt have enugh bikes in the mrning.
D. The bike-share prgram is very ppular in New Yrk.
27. What d we knw abut the Bike Angels prgram?
A. It had mre users due t the algrithms.
B. It increased the use f bx trucks.
C. It awarded riders cash fr renting bikes.
D. It re-balanced all the bikes in New Yrk.
28. What des the underlined wrd “they” in the last paragraph prbably refer t?
A. ther prblems
B. carbn emissins
C. algrithms and analytics
D. Transprtatin prblems
8
Accrding t a survey published by the American Institutes fr Research last year, a ttal f 57 clleges were perating sme frm f CBE prgrams and abut 85 percent f all the higher educatin fficials said they were either designing a CBE prgram at their schl r were cnsidering ding s.
Students in a CBE prgram chse a central field f study, just as they wuld at a traditinal cllege r university. Yet instead f attending a series f classes led by prfessrs r teaching assistants at schls, the students study nline and direct themselves.
CBE prgrams require students t shw their understanding f a given set f sills Students must prve their mastery f skills that relate t their field f chice by taking related exams. Once they have met all the requirements f their study prgrams, the students will get their degrees.
CBE prgrams have made use f many new technlgies, especially internet and nline media. This helps reduce barriers fr nntraditinal and ther students by bringing higher educatin t them. And prgrams that permit students t wrk at their wn speed may save students' mney by reducing the time it takes fr them t earn a degree.
But sme educatrs have cncerns abut the value f the educatin that CBE prgrams ffer. Jhann Neem at Western Washingtn University argues that the purpse f higher educatin is nt simply t help students master certain skills. It shuld teach students hw t think critically (批判性地) understand the subjects they are studying mre deeply and see hw they are cnnected t ther subjects. Only that way can they put the knwledge t better use.
He said, “Yu need t explre, think .. get shaken, have a cnversatin and struggle. And thse things take time.”
Instead f supprting CBE, he adds, plicy makers and educatrs shuld lk fr ways t imprve access and reduce csts fr traditinal higher educatin.
29. Hw are CBE prgrams different frm traditinal cllege educatin?
A. They require students t chse their subjects.
B. They ffer shrter curricula and are less expensive.
C. They heavily rely n the infrmatin technlgies.
D. They allw students t take easier examinatins.
30. What can we learn frm Jhann Neem's wrds?
A. Free access t traditinal educatin shuld be prvided.
B. Higher educatin just fcuses n critical thinking skills.
C. Students shuld spend lnger time cmpleting the degree curses.
D. Cllege students shuld be challenged t explre arund their subjects.
31. Hw des Jhann Neem's attitude tward CBE prgrams?
A. Supprtive.B. Disapprving.
C. Sympathetic.D. Uncaring.
32. What is the authr's purpse in writing the text?
A. T press plicy-makers t prvide mre affrdable educatin.
B. T shw the disadvantages f the traditinal cllege educatin.
C. T intrduce a new cntrversial trend in the higher educatin.
D. T encurage educatrs t imprve the quality f CBE prgrams.
9
It is cmmnly believed that all ver the wrld, bys and girls attend a mixed schl, where they study tgether. But bys' schls are the perfect place t teach yung men t express their emtins and invlve them in activities such as art, dance and music.
Always bys at single-sex schls were said t be mre likely t get invlved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develp their emtinal expressiveness, rather than feeling they had t crrespnd t(和…相符) the "by cde" f hiding their emtins t be a "real man".
Surprisingly, the findings f the study g against received wisdm that bys d better when taught alngside girls.
Gerge Carl, headmaster f Etn, warned that bys were being failed by the British educatin system because it had becme t fcused n girls. He criticized teachers fr failing t recgnize that bys are actually mre emtinal than girls.
The research argued that bys ften perfrm badly in mixed schls because they becme discuraged when girls d better earlier in speaking and reading skills.
But in single-sex schls teachers can adjust lessns t bys' learning style, letting them mve arund the classrm and getting them t cmpete in teams t prevent bredm, wrte the study's authr, Abigail James, f the University f Virginia.
Teachers culd encurage bys t enjy reading and writing with "by-fcused" appraches such as themes and characters that appeal t them. Because bys generally have mreacutevisin, learn best thrugh tuch, and are physically mre active, they need t be given "hands-n" lessns where they are allwed t walk arund. "Bys in mixed schls view classical music as feminine(女性的) and prefer the mdern genre (类型) in which vilence and sexism are majr themes," James wrte.
Single-sex educatin als made it less likely that bys wuld feel that they had t be "masterful and in charge" in relatinships. "In mixed schls, bys feel frced t act like men befre they understand themselves well enugh t knw what that means," the study reprted.
33. The writer argues that a single-sex schl wuld ________.
A. encurage bys t express their emtins mre freely
B. help bys t be mre cmpetitive in schls.
C. frce bys t he their emtins t be "real men".
D. naturally strengthen bys’ traditinal image f a man.
34. Traditinally, in a mixed schl bys ________.
A. behave mre respnsibly
B. perfrm relatively better
C. grw up mre healthily
D. receive a better educatin
35. In Abigail James’ pinin, ne f the advantages f single-sex schls is ________.
A. bys can chse t learn whatever they are interested in
B. bys can fcus n their lessns withut being distracted
C. teaching can be adjusted t suiting the characteristics f bys
D. teaching can be designed t prmte bys' team spirit
36. The underlined wrd “acute” in paragraph 7 is clsest in meaning t ________.
A. lvelyB. seriusC. sharpD. dull
语篇解读
主题语境
人与自然---人与动物
语篇大意
本文是一篇科普类文章，文章主要介绍了一项有关狗的研究，实验研究表明，狗能够识别人类的表情是高兴还是愤怒。
背景知识
科学家已经证实，鸟类、鱼和青蛙等许多动物都存在这种大脑左右半球的情感分工：左半球负责积极的感情和行为，而右半球则相反。人类也不例外，只不过人类的情感要更丰富：爱、依赖、安全感、平静等是积极的情感，而逃避、恐惧和抑郁等则是消极的情感。由于左右大脑控制的身体部分相反，这种不对称性也表现在身体相反的一侧。比如，鸟类用右眼寻找食物（积极行为），而左眼留心“敌人”（消极行为）；人类的右侧面部肌肉用于表达高兴，而左侧的则反映忧愁。
重点单词
distinguish识别，区分； cue n.暗示:提示;信号； cnfidently有信心地:自信地；expsure暴露
高级短语
be nt smething有所发现；figure ut理解:弄明白； ...把运用于 ；rule ut排除;不考虑；base n以为根据；be equipped with配备着；装备着
长难句分析
原文：“T us, the mst likely explanatin appears t be that the basis lies in their living with humans,which gives them a lt f expsure t human facial expressins, " and this expsure has prvided them with many chances t learn t distinguish between them, Muller said.
分析：本句为主从复合句。appears t be后面是that 引导的表语从句，该表语从句中含有一个which引导的非限定性定语从句。