专题39.名词、数词、形容词和副词考点运用（原卷版+解析版）

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目标导航
考点一 名词
(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)
It was late at night. Tw 1.________ (German) were sleeping in their rm when suddenly, ne f them, Mrs. Green, was wken up and fund a thief slipping int their rm t try his luck. She had three thusand 2.______ (dllar) in her pcket. “What shuld I d? Many 3.______ (thief) usually bring 4.________ (knife) with them，” she thught in 5.________ (silent). After tw 6.________ (minute) search, the thief happened t tuch a sprts suit. It seemed as if he fund there was smene in the rm, s he went ut t the next rm where tw 7.________ (Frenchman) were sleeping. When he was lking fr 8.________ (mney) r sme 9.________ (jewel) in the next rm, Mrs. Green wke up her husband quickly and called the plice. And then the thief knew what had happened. He was s scared that he tk ut a knife. Just then the plice shwed up. Befre the thief ran away, the plice caught him. Fr Mrs. Green, it was really an unusual 10.________ (experience)．
【答案】
1.Germans 2.dllars 3.thieves 4.knives 5.silence 6.minutes' 7.Frenchmen 8.mney 9.jewels/jewelry 10.experience
(二)快捷技法
可数名词考点解析
Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several cmpanies①.He wrks seven days① a week and 12 mnths② a year.In his spare time he likes watching ftball matches③.He likes eating tmates④ but he desn’t eat vegetables with leaves⑤.He has tw pet hrses⑥ and he ften rides them with his friends n Mr Black’s farm⑦ because he thinks the scenery f the farm⑧ is very beautiful.
二．易错点归纳
1．不规则变化的名词复数
(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。如：
ft—feet脚 gse—geese鹅 tth—teeth牙齿muse—mice老鼠 man—men男人wman—wmen女人
(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。如：
sheep—sheep绵羊 deer—deer鹿Chinese—Chinese中国人 Japanese—Japanese日本人means—means方法 series—series系列species—species物种
(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren或-en构成复数。如：
child—children 孩子 x—xen 公牛
(4)由man，wman构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man，wman的变化形式相同。如：
gentleman—gentlemen先生 Englishman—Englishmen英国男子
pliceman—plicemen男警察 chairwman—chairwmen女主席
businessman—businessmen商人 craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手艺人
注意：German的复数形式为Germans。
(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。如：
analysis—analyses分析 basis—bases基础 crisis—crises危机 thesis—theses论文 medium—media媒介物 phenmenn—phenmena现象
2．复合名词的单复数变化
(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。
birthday—birthdays生日 blackbard—blackbards黑板 bkshelf—bkshelves书架 gentleman—gentlemen绅士
(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。如：
bk wrm—bk wrms sn-in-law—sns-in-law lker-n—lkers-n passer-by—passers-by stry-teller—stry-tellers
(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。如：
grwn-up—grwn-ups standby—standbys
3．名词所有格的特殊形式
(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：
Kate and Mary’s rm凯特和玛丽共有的房间Kate’s and Mary’s rms凯特和玛丽各自的房间
(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shp，huse，hme等常省去。如：
at the dctr’s (ffice)在(医生的)诊所里at the barber’s (shp)在理发店at Mr Green’s (huse)在格林先生家
随堂练习
单句语法填空
1．The team wh wn the three wrld (champinship) wuld always get this cup.
2．During the festival，which lasts three r fur days，peple are dressed in their best clthes and participate in a variety f rich and clurful (activity)．
3．The best slutin might be t find the (weakness) in the idea and t try and strengthen them，rather than use them simply as an excuse fr rejecting the whle idea.
4．Timmis and his team set ut t seek the effects f phne use n (passer-by)．
5．We usually expect Hllywd (her) t shw up n ur screens and defeat the bad guys.
6．He ges t the (barber) t have his hair cut every mnth.
7．—Where did yu tw have yur (stmach) examined?
—At the dctr’s.We were examined by tw famus (German)．
8．Since mst students are in need f a nap，prper arrangements shuld be made s that students can have a gd rest after a whle (mrning) hard wrk.
【答案】’’s
不可数名词考点解析
T learn mre knwledge①，I have t d lts f hmewrk① every day and have n time① t have fun② r d husewrk①.Last week we had an exam but I didn’t perfrm well.Hwever，my teacher said that I had made great prgress②.S this exam is nt a failure③.On the cntrary，it is a success③ in a way.
易错点解析
不可以用数目计算，多为物质名词或抽象名词，没有复数形式，常见的不可数名词有：
单句语法填空
1．Oh，Jhn，what pleasant surprise yu gave us!
2．He gave us sme (advice) n hw t study English.
3．He felt that he needed mre (knwledge) abut imprt and exprt.
【答案】1.a
随堂练习
1．Chinese New Year is a (celebrate) marking the end f the winter seasn and the beginning f spring
celebratin【解析】考查名词。句意为：中国新年是一个标志着冬天结束和春天开始的庆典。不定冠词a后接名词形式。故填celebratin。
2．Histrical (accurate) is imprtant but s is entertainment.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
accuracy【解析】考查名词。句意为：历史的准确性很重要，但娱乐也很重要。此处作主语，位于形容词Histrical之后，应使用名词，意为“历史的准确性”。故填accuracy。
3．Later，they learned t wrk with the (seasn)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，making use f annual flds t irrigate(灌溉) their fields.(2020·浙江)
seasns【解析】考查名词复数。句意为：后来，他们学会了顺应季节，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子可知，提示词的词性为可数名词，应用复数形式。故填seasns。
4．Other American studies shwed n (cnnect) between unifrms and schl perfrmance.(2019·浙江)
cnnectin/cnnectins【解析】考查名词。句意为：其他的美国研究表明校服和学校表现之间没有联系。根据n可知，要用cnnect的名词形式，cnnectin表示“联系，关联”，为可数名词，故填cnnectin/ cnnectins。
5.语法填空
In China, the histry f peple planting and using bamb can date back t as far as 7,000 years. As early as the Shang dynasty, bamb was being used in ancient 1 (peple)daily lives. 2 was used fr fd, clthing, husing, transprtatin, musical 3 (instrument)and even weapns.
The 4 (apply) f bamb in science and technlgy is thrilling. In 251 BC, Li Bing, in Sichuan, led the lcal peple in building the Dujiang Weirs, the first irrigatin netwrk in the wrld, in which bamb played 5 imprtant rle. The wrld’s ldest water pipe was als made f bamb. During 6 Han dynasty, the peple in Sichuan successfully sank a 100-metre-deep well with thick bamb rpes. This technlgy did nt spread t Eurpe until the 19th century, and it was by using the technlgy that the Americans drilled 7 first il well in Pennsylvania in 1859.
In Chinese culture, bamb is well-knwn as ne f the “fur 8 (gentleman)” in plants. T many distinguished 9 (man), bamb is a symbl f gdness and hnesty. It is always clsely related t peple f psitive spirits. Bamb culture cntributes t encuraging peple t hld n when facing tugh 10 (situatin).
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
【答案】1.peple’
考点二 数词
Mister Smith is 60① years ld and yesterday was his 60th② birthday.He still remembers in the 1990s③ when he was in his thirties③，he drank dzens f④ bttles f beer a day.Hwever，he spent thusands f④ dllars in hspital.Later，tw fifths⑤ f his spare time was spent in taking exercise.
易错点解析
1．易错基数词
thirteen十三 furteen十四 fifteen十五 eighteen十八 nineteen十九 twenty二十 thirty三十 frty四十 fifty五十 ninety九十
2．易错序数词
first第一 secnd第二 third第三 furth第四 fifth第五 eighth第八 ninth第九 eleventh第十一 twelfth第十二
一．单句语法填空
1．Peter gt a mdel ship frm his uncle n his (thirteen) birthday.
2．Tw (three) f the students in ur class have been t Disneyland smewhere.
3．Linda，there are t many mistakes in the (nine) line f yur passage.
4．He made quite a few friends during his (twenty)．
5．It is reprted that the earthquake has left (thusand) f peple hmeless.
【答案】
二．
1．The plum trees are first t flwer even as the snw is melting(融化)．They represent the prmise f spring and a renewal f life.
the【解析】考查序数的具体使用。第一应该用序数词，用在句中其前要有定冠词the。
2．He did it ne (three) the time it tk me.
third【解析】考查分数的表达。分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母序数词加-s。此处分子为1，所以用序数词的单数形式，故填third。
考点三 形容词和副词
(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)
Lndn is ne f the 1.________ (large) cities in the wrld. Its ppulatin is 2.________ (small) than Tky r Shanghai, but it is ne f the 3.________ (ppular) turist destinatins f all. Lndn is prbably mst famus fr its museums, galleries, palaces and ther sights, but it als includes a 4.________ (wide) range f peples, cultures and religins than many ther places. Peple used t say that it was the dirtiest city t, but it is nw much 5.________ (clean) than it was. T the surprise f many peple, it nw has sme f the 6.________ (gd) restaurants in Eurpe t. Fr sme peple, this makes Lndn the 7.________ (exciting) city in Eurpe. Unfrtunately, Lndn is definitely nt the 8.________ (expensive) city in Eurpe, thugh a hliday in Lndn is gd value fr mney, cnsidering what there is t see and d there.
【答案】1.largest 2.smaller 3.mst ppular 4.wider 5.cleaner 6.best 7.mst exciting 8.least expensive
(二)快捷技法
形容词和副词的基本用法
I bught an interesting① nvel yesterday.The bk is s interesting② that I can hardly let g f it.Wrried③ abut my study，my mther tk it away.Hwever，I fund my mther absrbed④ in it.
My mther is reading the nvel attentively① nw and she is quite① mved by it.Obviusly②，she wn’t return the bk t me sn.
难点解析
1．名词、动词变形容词
2．形容词变副词
形容词不同词尾变副词加(-ly)的口诀：
(一般直接加) clear→clearly清楚地 great→greatly很，大大地
(元e去e加) true→truly真实地
(辅y变i加) happy→happily高兴地 heavy→heavily沉重地
(-le尾e变y) terrible→terribly可怕地 gentle→gently轻轻地
(-ll尾只加y) full→fully完全地 dull→dully迟钝地
(-ic加ally) basic→basically主要地 scientific→scientifically 合乎科学地
3．-ed形容词修饰物的用法
-ed形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，强调人自身的情感波动；修饰事物时，则多修饰smile(微笑)，feeling(感觉)，cry(叫声)，face(表情)，vice(声音)，lk(表情)，eye(眼神)，expressin(表情)等表示某人情感状况的名词。
He had a pleased smile n his face.他脸上露出了满意的微笑。
He tld me the news in a very excited vice.他以非常激动的声音告诉了我这个消息。
4．同根副词加-ly和不加-ly
有些副词不加-ly与其形容词表达的含义是一样的，而加了-ly之后的副词，其词义往往发生改变，具有抽象意义，表示程度。
clse靠近地 clsely密切地，仔细地
hard努力地 hardly几乎不
late晚，迟 lately最近，不久前
mst最，极其 mstly通常，主要地
wide指距离宽 widely广泛地
deep指具体深度 deeply深深地，非常，强烈地
high指具体高度 highly高度地，非常
随堂练习
单句语法填空
1．The ld peple there were talkative and they tld us their (persn) stries cheerfully.
2．There were many peple waiting at the bus stp，and sme f them lked very anxius and (disappint)．
3．I’ll never frget the (amaze) trip I had in Beijing，China and I hpe t g there next time with my friends.
4．He spent seven days in the wind and snw，cld and (hunger)．
5．I fund life in the UK quite (differ) frm that in China.
6．The title will be (fficial) given t me at a ceremny in Lndn.
7． (lucky)，he als had a cw which prduced milk every day.
8．I am (terrible) srry that I can’t g t the bkstre with yu at the appinted time.
【解析】
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
In my family，my mther is the thinnest①.My father is much taller② than her and me，but he is twice as heavy as③ my mther，and becming fatter and fatter④.He is quite wrried because the fatter⑤ he is，the mre likely⑤ he is t be ill.
重难点解析
1．有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加-er和-est，又可以加mre和mst构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是：cmmn，handsme，quiet，pleasant，cruel，stupid，tired和以-w，-er结尾的词。
2．有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right(正确的)，wrng(错误的)，excellent(优秀的)，pssible(可能的)，empty(空的)，first(第一的)，wden(木制的)，final(最后的)，east(东方的)，last(最后的)等。
3．有些形容词和副词变比较级或最高级时为不规则变化，需牢记。
gd/well—better—best bad/ill—wrse—wrst many/much—mre—mst
little—less—least ld—lder/elder—ldest/eldest
far—farther—farthest(指具体空间上) far—further—furthest(指抽象程度上)
4．以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，先把y变为i再加-er和-est。
easy—easier—easiest happy—happier—happiest early—earlier—earliest
5．“否定词语＋比较级”也可表示最高级含义。
N man is better than yu in the wrld.人世间没有人比你好。
I haven’t read a mre interesting nvel.这是我读过的最有趣的小说了。
一．单句语法填空
1．The (much) we d fr thse in need，the happier we’ll be.
2．Rad safety has arused (wide) attentin f the public than befre.
3．During the end f the 19th century and the beginning f 20th century，Beijing Opera finally frmed and became the (big) f all peras in China.
4．Mr Green isn’t as strict a teacher Mr White.
5．I have never met a (kind) teacher than Mrs Smith befre.
6．The electrnic waste stream is increasing three times (fast) than traditinal garbage as a whle.
7．This restaurant wasn’t half as (gd) as that ne we went t.
8．When yu study the lcal map，yu’ll find this twn is twice size f that ne.
【解析】
随堂练习
The far side f the mn is f particular interest t scientists because it has a lt f deep craters(环形山)，mre s the familiar near side.
than【解析】考查介词。根据空前的比较级mre可知，此处是将the far side f the mn和the familiar near side进行比较。故填than。
One day the emperr wanted t get his prtrait (画像) dne s he called all great artists t cme and present their (fine) wrk，s that he culd chse the best.
finest【解析】考查最高级。结合句意及后文的chse the best可知，此处应用形容词最高级。故填finest。
3．In the 18th and 19th centuries， (wealth) peple travelled and cllected plants，histrical bjects and wrks f art.
wealthy【解析】考查形容词。此处修饰名词peple，应使用形容词作定语。故填wealthy。
4．As the small bat mved (gentle) alng the river he was left speechless by the muntains being silently reflected in the water.
gently【解析】考查副词。此处修饰动词mved，应用副词gently作状语，表示“缓缓地”。故填gently。
5．It’s never t early t make necessary preparatins fr a healthy and (meaning) cllege experience.
meaningful【解析】考查形容词。这里与前面的healthy并列，修饰后面的名词cllege experience，故此处也要用形容词。故填meaningful。
语法填空
一
A 13-year study f early childhd 1 (develp) made by Harvard University has shwn that,by the age f three,mst children have the big ptential t understand abut 1,000 wrds—mst f the language they will use in rdinary cnversatin fr the rest f their lives.
2 (additin),the research has shwn that while every child was brn with a 3 (nature) curisity, it can decline 4 (great) during the secnd and third years f life.Researchers say that the human persnality is frmed during the first tw years f life,and during the first three years children learn the 5 (base) skills they will use in all their 6 (late) learning bth at hme and at schl.
It is 7 (general) acknwledged that yung peple frm 8 (pr)sci-ecnmic backgrunds tend t d less well in ur educatin system. As a result f the research evidence f the imprtance f the first three years f a child’s life,a pilt(试验性的)prgramme that fcused n parents as the child’s first teachers started in the US.As the prgramme shws, wrking with the family, rather than bypassing(绕开) the parents, is the mst 9 (effect)way f helping children get ff t the 10 (gd) pssible start in life.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
【答案】
二
1 (clr) fruits and vegetables are gd fr ur health.Their 2 (nature) clrs help prtect ur bdies frm disease.Think abut the clrs f fruits and vegetables—the red f tmates,the range f carrts,the green f apples and the purple f grapes.
Yu can enjy eating fruits and vegetables f all clrs—green,yellw,blue,purple and white.Each clr is 3 (imprtance) t ur health.These clrs wrk tgether t prtect ur bdies.Scientists have studied 4 (they) and discvered the gd f the fruits and vegetables.The list belw shws sme benefits f sme clrs in fruits and vegetables:
●Red gives us a 5 (health) heart.It can 6 (pssible) reduce the risk f heart disease.Red helps imprve ur memry.
●Yellw is gd 7 ur eyes.
●White can reduce chlesterl(胆固醇).
●Green is 8 (help) t ur eyes.It als gives us strng bnes and 9 (tth).
●Blue helps us keep a gd memry as we grw ld.It als helps fight heart disease.
S, when yu are buying r eating fruits and vegetables,remember t try 10 (differ) clrs f them.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
【答案】
思考趋向
解题规则
1.填名词的单复数
若提示词是名词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的单复数。
1.不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式。(如题10)
2.有数词或these, thse, several, many, all, bth等词修饰时名词用复数形式。(如题1,2,3,7,9)
3.名词前有ne f 时用名词复数形式。
4.如果空格处作主语，且谓语动词是单数形式，则空格处应填名词单数形式；若谓语动词是复数形式，则空格处应填名词复数形式。
5.不可数名词没有复数形式。(如题8)
2.填名词的所有格
提示词为名词时，如果作定语表示“……的”，则一般考查名词的所有格。(如题6)
1.单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加's。
2.以s或es结尾的名词复数，形式为s'或es'。
3.复合名词中，一般在最后一个词的词尾加's，如her brther­in­law's character。
3.派生为名词
作句子的主语、宾语(包括介词的宾语)时，一般设空处填名词。(如题5)
1.可数名词变复数
①以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，变-y为-i加-es；以元音字母加-y结尾的名词，加-s。
②以-th结尾的名词加-s。
③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stmach)。
④以-结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heres)吃土豆(ptates)番茄(tmates)，其他多直接加-s。
⑤以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变-f或-fe为-v，再加-es。
但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(rf)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。
⑥更多的可数名词是直接加-s。
2.名词作定语
往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。
多为单数名词作定语，但wman，man作定语时，要用复数形式表达复数概念。
3.名词的所有格
⑦有生命名词，不以-s结尾的名词加-’s；以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-’。
⑧无生命名词，通常用f所有格表示。
⑨双重所有格的构成形式为：“名词＋f＋名词所有格”或者“名词＋f＋名词性物主代词”。
①不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。
②fun，weather，prgress，advice，infrmatin为永久性不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，也不能具体化。
③抽象名词具体化：
•表示情感情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候，可以在前面加不定冠词，如a surprise，a cmfrt 等。
•表示“一……”的概念时，常与动词构成词组，名词前常常有形容词。如have a gd time，have a gd knwledge/cmmand f 等。
fun乐趣
hmewrk作业
bread面包
wealth财富
prgress进步
equipment设备
rm空间
weather天气
wrk工作
music音乐
news新闻
meat肉
wrd消息
traffic交通
luck运气
husewrk家务
milk牛奶
advice建议
man人类
range橙汁
knwledge知识
furniture家具
baggage/luggage行李
infrmatin信息
①数词的基本形式为基数词。
②表示数词的顺序往往用序数词。大部分是在基数词的基础上加-th。以-y结尾的基数词变序数词，把-y变成-ie＋-th。
③“in the＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某个世纪几十年代”。
“in ne’s＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某人几十多岁时”。
④具体数字＋dzen/scre/hundred/thusand/millin 等词时，后面直接加名词复数；表示笼统数目时，用dzens/scres/hundreds/thusands/millins f＋名词复数。
⑤分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母序数词加-s，如1/3：ne third，2/3：tw thirds。
思考趋向
解题规则
1.填形容词或副词的比较级
提示词是形容词或副词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，特别是空格后有比较级标志词than时，应考虑填形容词或副词的比较级。
使用比较级的常见情况：
(1)根据比较等级的句式判断，如果后面有than就用比较级。(如题2,4,5)
(2)有时候比较级结构中并不出现than，而是根据语境判断用比较级。
(3)当空格前有表示程度的词，如a bit, a little, much, far, a great/gd deal, a lt等或有still, even等词修饰时，需填比较级。
(4)表示“越……，就越……”用“the＋比较级 ..., the＋比较级 ...”结构。
(5)“否定词＋比较级”可以表达最高级含义。
2.填形容词或副词的最高级
提示词为形容词或副词时，分析句子成分后若发现词性不需要改变，并且句中有比较范围，句意有最高级含义时，要填其最高级形式。
使用最高级的常见情况：
(1)表达在某个范围内“最……”时，使用“the＋形容词/副词的最高级＋比较范围”结构。表示范围的标志词有in, f, amng等。(如题6,7,8)
(2)当空格前有the secnd/third ..., ne f ...等词时，需填最高级。(如题1,3)
(3)形容词最高级前的修饰语通常有序数词以及by far, almst, nearly等。如：
I am by far the mst active member in ur grup.
我是我们组最活跃的成员。
①修饰名词，往往用形容词作定语。
②在系动词之后，往往用形容词作表语。
③表示情绪和精神状态的形容词可以作状语。
④在感官类或使役动词＋宾语之后，形容词可以作宾补，说明宾语的状态。
①副词可以描述某个动作的情况或者描述动作、行为或状态的程度。
②副词可以放在句首，作评论性状语，修饰整个句子。
①形容词和副词变比较级或最高级，一般直接加-er或-est，以e结尾直接加-r或-est；一元一辅结尾注意双写结尾辅音，多音节词前面加mre或the mst。
两者或两部分之间比较，多用比较级；三者或三者以上的比较，可以使用最高级。
②比较级常常和than连用，并且可以被much，a little，a bit，even，far，still 等词修饰。
③倍数表达法：
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than＋B
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级(＋名词)＋as＋B
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height，weight等)＋f＋B
④“adj./adv.比较级＋and＋adj./adv.比较级”表示“越来越……”。
⑤“the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...”表示“越……，就越……”。