人教版初二（上）英语第16讲：unit8语法篇（学生版） 学案

这是一份人教版初二（上）英语第16讲：unit8语法篇（学生版），共12页。


Unit 8 语法篇



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学生通过本讲学习，能够掌握本单元的重点语法，并在综合能力上有一定的拓展。



名词：
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：
（1）、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
（2）、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information .
2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：
①在单数名词词尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos. 有生命加-es, 没生命加-s
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives. 妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌，躲在架下保己命，半片树叶遮目光。
2、不规则变化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。
如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名词所有格：
名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
China’s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、[注解]：
① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：
1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有张中国地图)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况： What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)





一、单项选择
1. People in America eat much  .

A.
coffee
B.
onions
C.
beef
D.
iced water
2. --- How many   there in the box?
--- There is only one.

A.
sandwich is
B.
sandwiches are

C.
sandwich are
D.
sandwichs are
3. Give me   onion and a tomato, and I need them to make my sandwich.

A.
a
B.
the
C.
an
D.
/
4. --- What did you have for breakfast?
--- I had  .

A.
three bread
B.
three pieces of bread

C.
three pieces bread
D.
three pieces of breads
5.   cheese do you need?

A.
How many
B.
How much
C.
How
D.
How long
二、按要求转换句型
6. The watermelon is 15 yuan. (就划线部分提问)
    is the watermelon?
7. There are sixty minutes in an hour. (就划线部分提问)
      are there in an hour?
8. Miss Gao needs 3 spoons of honey. (就划线部分提问)
    honey   Miss Gao need?



基础演练
一、单选
1. Let’s _______ banana and apple milk shake.
A. make B. makes C. do D. doing
2. I need two _______.
A. teaspoon of honey B. teaspoons of honeys
C. teaspoons of honey D. teaspoon of honeys
3. _______ people are there in your town? — One hundred thousand.
A. How many B. How much C. How old D. How often
4. First put some salt on the water and then ______.
A. Mix them up B. Mix up them C. Mix it up D. Mix up it
5. Here is a recipe _______ Super chicken Sandwich.
A. at B. in C. for D. on
二、适当形式填空
1. How _______ (many/much) yogurt do we need?
2. Next you need _______ (cut) up three bananas.
3. _______ (make) dinner is a very interesting thing for me.
4. _______ (add) the salt to the noodles, please.
5. He can drink three cups of _______ (juice).
6. How many _______ (watermelon) do you want?
7. I would like a big bowl of ______ (noodles).
8. There _______ (be) two slices of bread.
9. I don’t like _______ (some) sugar in the tea.
10. I like dessert so I don’t like to drink coffee _______ (with) sugar.


巩固提高
1. 我们需要两茶匙蜂蜜。
We need two _______ of honey..
2. 在顶上放上另外一片面包。
Put another slice of bread _______ _______ _______.
3. — 你想要多少橙汁？ 一杯。
— _______ _______ orange do you want? — One cup.
4. 这是一份制作草莓冰激凌的食谱。
Here is a _______ _______ strawberry ice cream.
5. 你需要几茶匙黄油？
_______ _______ teaspoons of butter do you need?
连词组句
6. do, make, beef, and, noodles, how, you, tomato,
____________________________________________?
7. cut, up, the, green, onions, and, put, them, on, the, pancake
_____________________________________________.
8. you, like, cabbage, beef, dumplings, would, some, and,
_____________________________________________.
9. many, of , do, how, want, cup, coffee, you,
_______________________________________________?
10. turn, off, the, TV, before, you, go, to, bed,
________________________________________________.


一、单项选择（共15小题；共15.0分）
1. --- What do you need to make the tomato noodles?
---   onion and   tomato, please.

A.
A; a
B.
An; an
C.
A; an
D.
An; a
2. Tom is in good health, because he often exercises and eats a lot of healthy  .

A.
food
B.
water
C.
pear
D.
carrot
3. ---   do you make fruit salad?
--- First, cut up the apples, bananas and pears. And then...

A.
When
B.
Where
C.
Why
D.
How
4. --- What did you eat for breakfast this morning?
--- Two   and some vegetables.

A.
chicken
B.
piece of chicken

C.
pieces of chicken
D.
pieces of chickens
5. ---   water do we need to make the soup?
--- Three cups.

A.
How many
B.
How much
C.
How long
D.
How soon
6. It's dark(暗的) in the room. Please   the light.

A.
turn on
B.
turn up
C.
turn down
D.
turn off
7. "   exercise every day, my son. It's good for your health." Dad often said to him.

A.
Takes
B.
Taking
C.
Take
D.
To take
8. We must cut   the tomatoes and put them   the blender.

A.
off; in
B.
up; into
C.
down; into
D.
over; in
9. --- Can I help you, sir?
--- Yeah, but I don't know   a banana milk shake. Maybe you can teach me.

A.
what to do
B.
when to make
C.
how to make
D.
why to do
10. --- Tom, supper is ready.
--- I don't want to eat  , Mum. I'm not feeling well.

A.
everything
B.
nothing
C.
something
D.
anything
11. --- How did you celebrate your father's birthday yesterday?
--- We celebrated it   a big dinner in a restaurant.

A.
have
B.
to have
C.
by having
D.
to having
12. You may fill the turkey   these bread pieces.

A.
in
B.
by
C.
with
D.
to
13. --- There   little yogurt in the fridge(冰箱). Could you buy some for me, Dick?
--- All right, Mom.

A.
is
B.
are
C.
am
D.
have
14. Here   two cups   milk for you. Help yourself please.

A.
is; of
B.
is; in
C.
are; of
D.
are; in
15. --- Let's make tomato and beef noodles.
---  .

A.
Sounds good
B.
You're welcome

C.
That's right
D.
Don't worry
二、完形填空（共10小题；共15.0分）
Pizza is a kind of popular food. It 16   from Italy. The pizza capital of the world is Naples. The world's first pizza 17   is still there. It 18   in 1830. The best pizza of today has a(n) 19   history. It was first made by a person 20   Raffaele Esposito in the 1880s. This pizza has the same 21   as the Italian flag. The Italian flag is red, white and 22  . The pizza has red tomatoes, white cheese and green herbs.
There are many different kinds of pizza today. We can 23   chicken pizza, vegetable pizza, etc. in the restaurant. Some pizza has tomatoes, and some pizza 24   tomatoes. Most pizza is round, 25   some isn't. You can choose any kind you want.
16.
A.
come
B.
comes
C.
are
D.
am
17.
A.
theater
B.
club
C.
train
D.
restaurant
18.
A.
opens
B.
turns on
C.
opened
D.
turned on
19.
A.
long
B.
short
C.
excited
D.
boring
20.
A.
name
B.
names
C.
named
D.
naming
21.
A.
colors
B.
shape
C.
time
D.
recipe
22.
A.
black
B.
blue
C.
yellow
D.
green
23.
A.
order
B.
make
C.
do
D.
sell
24.
A.
has
B.
doesn't have
C.
is
D.
isn't
25.
A.
or
B.
so
C.
but
D.
because


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三、阅读与表达(判断式)（共5小题；共10.0分）
Erica is a twelve-year-old girl. She can make delicious noodles. Here is her recipe for noodles. Try it and taste for yourself!
Soup Ingredients:
● one cup of orange juice
● one cup of lemon juice
● one teaspoon of honey
Other Ingredients:
● noodles
● salt
● 3 slices of chicken
● some strawberries (cut up)
● some green onions (cut up)
● some lettuce
● 2 slices of cheese
Steps:
First, mix the orange juice, lemon juice and honey together. Then you have great soup for use!
Then, boil the noodles and add some salt into the water. Put the noodles into cold water.
Next, put the noodles in a big bowl! Add the chicken slices, strawberries, green onions and lettuce to the noodles and mix them up. Put the cheese on it.
Finally, pour the soup into the noodles.
根据短文内容，判断正误，正确的为T，错误的为F。
26. Erica can cook delicious noodles.
27. Erica uses four ingredients to make the soup.
28. Erica doesn't use green onions or tomatoes to cook the noodles.
29. The noodles must be cold.
30. The last step to make the noodles is to put the cheese on it.
四、阅读理解（共5小题；共10.0分）
The food in England is very different from our Chinese food. People in England eat a lot of potatoes. They like to eat them every day. They eat bread for breakfast and usually for another meal. They eat their bread with butter, maybe cheese, or jam(果酱) that we don't eat much in China. Cheese and butter are made from milk. People in England drink a lot of milk, too. They drink cold and hot milk, and they put it in their tea, too. They are the biggest tea drinkers in the world. They like Chinese tea, but they drink mostly strong black tea from India and Sri Lanka. They don't eat much rice. For their main meal, they like meat or fish with potatoes and one or two vegetables. After the main meal they often have something sweet. They call it dessert. They don't have dumplings in England.
31. From the passage we know English food is   Chinese food.

A.
always the same as
B.
nicer than

C.
quite different from
D.
worse than
32. Which of the following isn't English people's favorite?

A.
Rice and dumplings
B.
Fish and meat

C.
Potatoes and bread
D.
Milk and tea
33. Most English people drink tea from  .

A.
China
B.
America

C.
India and Sri Lanka
D.
Japan
34. We don't eat   much in China.

A.
dumplings
B.
vegetables

C.
bread with butter
D.
rice
35. What do people in England often eat after the main meal?

A.
Milk with sugar.
B.
Desserts.

C.
Strong black tea.
D.
Fish and meat.
五、阅读与表达(问答式)（共5小题；共10.0分）
Everyone has to eat and drink. But for most people, food is not just a matter of survival(生存). Food brings people together when they come to a dinner or a party. One way or another, food is an important part of your lifestyle. In the U.S., there are fast food restaurants, coffee shops and family restaurants. When you eat outside, you need to know the eating culture.
You can find McDonald's and KFC in many countries around the world. ①   you look at the menu, and say what you would like to eat. ②   they give you the food. Then you sit down and eat your food there or take it away. There is no need to leave a tip(小费).
In a coffee shop you can sit at a table. The waiter usually brings you coffee when you sit down. Then you tell him what you would like to eat and he brings it to you. You pay for the food and drinks when you leave.
In a family restaurant the waiter shows you where to eat. If you can't eat up all the food, the waiter gives you a doggy bag (剩菜袋) to take your food home. You add 15℅ of the bill(账单) as a tip.
任务一：回答下列问题。
36. What will the waiter do after you go into a coffee shop and sit down?
 
37. When do people need to give a tip in a family restaurant from the passage?
 
任务二：将文中划线句子译为汉语。
38.  
任务三：在文中①、②处填入适当的词，使上下文连贯。
    i. ①  
    ii. ②  
任务四：给短文拟一个标题。
40.  
六、单词拼写(单句首字母填空)（共2小题；共2.0分）
41. The h   is too small to plant a tree.
42. It's so cold today. I think the t   must be very low.
七、单词拼写(根据中文提示拼写单词)（共3小题；共3.0分）
43. This big restaurant can  (接待) many people every day.
44. Do you like to eat  (三明治)?
45. Leaves turn yellow and brown in  (秋天).
八、适当形式填空(单句适当形式)（共5小题；共5.0分）
46. Many  (travel) come here to fish every day.
47. Dumplings are  (tradition) food in China.
48.  (final), you may add some salt to the soup.
49. Do you have an idea of  (give) thanks?
50. I'd like two spoons of  (honey).
九、翻译(根据中文提示完成句子)（共5小题；共5.0分）
51. 请打开电视，今天有场篮球赛。
    the TV, please. There is a basketball match today.
52. 篮子里有一些蔬菜，你能把它们切碎吗？
There are some vegetables in the basket. Could you   them  ?
53. 请你把坑里灌满水。
Please   the hole   water.
54. 昨天父亲买了两箱酸奶。
My father bought       yogurt yesterday.
55. 别忘了加一些糖和盐。
Don't forget     some sugar and salt.
十、对话7选5（共5小题；共10.0分）
A: 56.  
B: OK, how do we make it?
A: First, cut up some fruits like apples, bananas or a watermelon.
B: I like eating bananas and apples. How about three apples and three bananas?
A: Sure. 57.  
B: I have a big bowl. Here you are.
A: 58.  
B: How much yogurt do we need?
A: 59.  
B: What else do we need?
A: Would you like to put some honey?
B: Oh, a little, please.
A: 60.   Do you want to have a taste?
B: How delicious!

A.
Then put some yogurt in the bowl(碗).

B.
One spoon is enough.

C.
How do you make a banana milk shake?

D.
Let's make fruit salad.

E.
Finally, mix them all up.

F.
Put the fruits into a bowl.

G.
How many apples do you need?
**、适当形式填空(短文适当形式)（共10小题；共10.0分）
Dear Xiaoxi,
John is good at making popcorn, so he 61.  (show) me how to make it today. First, he 62.  (put) some corn and 63.  (little) sugar into the popcorn machine. Then he 64.  (turn) on the popcorn machine. After a while, he turned it off and 65.  (pour) the popcorn out.
We 66.  (enjoy) the popcorn when it cooled down. How delicious it 67.  (be)! I can 68.  (make) popcorn now. How about 69.  (your)?
Please 70.  (write) back soon.
Yours,
Wang Ling
**、作文（共1小题；共25.0分）
71. 西红柿炒鸡蛋（scrambled eggs with tomatoes）是一道家常菜，它既美味可口又简单易做。根据所给提示，以How to make scrambled eggs with tomatoes为题写一篇80个词左右的短文。

原料
一个西红柿、三个鸡蛋、一个青椒（green pepper）、盐、油（oil）
步骤
1. 将西红柿和青椒切碎；
2. 把鸡蛋打破（break）放入碗里并搅拌；
3. 往鸡蛋里放些盐并搅拌；
4. 将平底锅（pan）加热，锅里放些油，然后放入鸡蛋、西红柿和青椒；
5. 翻炒两分钟即可。
How to Make Scrambled Eggs with Tomatoes
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