2024版高考英语一轮总复习语法专题板块3第2讲冠词和介词教师用书新人教版

第2讲　冠词和介词

考点1　不定冠词
不定冠词用于表示泛指，一般修饰单数可数名词，有a和an两种形式。当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时，用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)时，用不定冠词an。
1．不定冠词的基本用法
(1)用在可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。
It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man．
人们普遍认为男孩子必须学会像男人那样站起来战斗。
(2)用在专有名词前表示“某一个”，相当于a certain。
—Excuse me, would you please give the book to John?
——打扰一下，请你把这本书给约翰好吗？
—Sorry, but I don't think there's a John in our class．
——对不起，但是我认为在我们班里没有叫约翰的。
(3)用在“be＋of＋a/an＋名词”结构中，表示“同一，相同”时，相当于“of the same＋名词”。
The two plants look different, but they are of a kind (＝of the same kind)．
这两种植物看上去不同，但属于同一类。
2．不定冠词的活用
(1)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。
First impressions are the most lasting．After all，you never get a second chance to make a first impression．
最初的印象最持久。毕竟，你绝没有机会再给别人留下一个第一印象。
(2)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的具体化的抽象名词：success, failure, surprise, pleasure, beauty, pity, danger, comfort, honour等。
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times．
在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。
(3)有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of ...时，前面需用不定冠词a/an。have a (good) knowledge of ...“精通……”； have a (clear/good) understanding of ...“了解……”。
If you don't have a good knowledge of English，it's out of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently!
如果你不精通英语，那么谈何灵活而流利地运用它呢！
3．用于固定搭配中
all of a sudden突然地
as a matter of fact事实上
be/go on a diet节食
pay a visit to参观；拜访
make a fool of 愚弄
in a hurry匆忙地
make a living谋生
a waste of ...浪费
once in a while偶尔
keep an eye on 留意；留神
give sb．a lift让某人搭便车
at a loss不知所措；困惑
have a gift for在……方面有天赋
have a word with与……谈话
in a way从某种意义上说
as a result/consequence 因此
考点2　定冠词
1．定冠词的基本用法
(1)用在表示特定的人或事物，或者双方都知道的人或事物，或者上文已经提到过的人或事物之前。
I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask．
我刚刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名持枪蒙面人抢劫了。
(2)用于某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人。We're not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor．
我们并不是说每个人都需要为穷人贡献自己的一切。
(3)用于序数词、形容词、副词的最高级和only, very, same前，以及对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。
As is known to all, the People's Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world．
众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。
This book is the better one of the two．
这本书是这两者中较好的那一本。

a与most连用，位于形容词前时，most是表示程度的副词，意为“非常”；the与most连用，位于形容词或副词前时，most是最高级的标志，意为“最……的”。
(4)用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前、乐器前、世纪年代前。如：the sun; in the 21st century。
(5)“the＋姓氏复数”表示“一家人或夫妇二人”。
The Smiths are coming to dinner．
史密斯一家要来赴宴。
(6)用于“by＋the＋表计量的名词(day/hour/dozen等)”结构中，表示“按……计算”。但size, weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。
He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in this bookstore, that is, by the kilogramme．
他惊奇地发现这家书店的书是按重量来卖，也就是说是按千克来卖的。
(7)用于“动词(hit, strike, pull, take等)＋sb．＋介词＋the＋表示身体部位的名词”结构中，其中的the不可用物主代词代替。
hit sb．on the head 打某人的头
pull/take sb．by the hand拉/抓住某人的手
strike sb．in the face打某人的脸
2．用于固定搭配中
at the moment 此刻，目前
by the way顺便说一下
in the way 阻碍；挡路
in the distance在远处
not in the least 一点也不
on the contrary与此相反
the other day 几天之前
on the other hand另一方面
to the point中肯； 切题
take the place of 代替
go to the cinema/theatre去看电影/戏剧
in the habit of有……的习惯
make the most/best of 充分利用
to tell (you) the truth(跟你)说实话
for the time being 暂时
考点3　零冠词
1．零冠词的基本用法
(1)不含普通名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名词或复数名词前，一般不加冠词。
Human life is regarded as part of nature and，therefore, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature．
人类生活被认为是自然的一部分，因此，我们生存的唯一方式就是要与自然和谐相处。
The Smiths don't usually like staying at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea．
史密斯夫妇通常不喜欢住旅馆，但去年夏天，他们在海边的一个很舒适的旅馆住了几天。
(2)名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any 等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词作定语时不用冠词。
Each student must hand in his/her exercise book by the end of this week．
每个学生必须在本周末交其作业本。
(3)表示头衔、职务或家庭成员的称呼的名词作表语、同位语或补语时，其前通常不加冠词。
Dr Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge．”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说，“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”
(4)表示无特指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词以及球类、棋类和学科名词前，一般不加冠词。
Of all the subjects, I like history best because it gives us a useful knowledge of things in the past．
在所有科目中，我最喜欢历史，因为我们可以从中了解过去许多有益的知识。
2．用于固定搭配中
on/catch fire着火
by mistake错误地
by chance/accident碰巧
in history在历史上
under repair在维修中
hand in hand 手拉手
do harm to对……有害
on purpose故意地
in place在正确的位置
in danger在危险中
in return作为回报
at present 目前
ahead of time 提前
in advance 提前
lose heart 灰心
out of control失控
at dawn/dusk/night在黎明/黄昏/夜晚
make room for为……让出空间
3．有无冠词意义不同的搭配





【技巧点拨】
1．注意是泛指还是特指
如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。
(1)如果空格及后面的名词在文中第一次出现，可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”，一般填a/an；如果是上文已经提到过的，可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”，一般填the。
(2)如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语很可能填the。
2．注意固定搭配
考点4　常考介词的用法
1．表示时间的介词
介词
意义或用法
at
表示时间的点、时刻等。at 6：00 o'clock在6点钟； at daybreak在黎明
on
表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间或具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上(常有前置定语或后置定语修饰)。on Monday afternoon在周一下午； on a rainy morning在一个雨天的上午
in
表示在某段较长的时间内。in the 20th century在 20世纪； in winter在冬季； in September在9月； in the morning在上午
since＋时间点
自从……以来
for＋时间段
长达……
during
在……期间
until/till
直到……
by
到……为止；不迟于……；表示增减的量
in/after＋时间段
在……之后。“in＋时间段”常与将来时连用；“after＋时间段”常与过去时连用
before
在……之前
over
在……期间；直到……结束
Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour．
简很着急，因为去机场的火车半小时后出发。
In Britain，it's not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast．
在英国，早餐时间开商务会议并不稀奇。

(1)当时间名词前有this, that, last, next, every, each等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。
(2)“on/upon＋名词或动词-ing形式”结构可以表示“一……就……”。
2．表示方位的介词
介词
用法
at
后常接相对较小的地方
in
后常接相对较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内
on
表示“在……上”。(反义词beneath)
across
表示“从……的表面穿过；在……对面”
through
表示“从……的内部穿过”
over
表示“从……的上面跨过”。(反义词under)
above
指离开物体表面而在其上方，但并不一定是垂直向上。还可指数目、数量、水平、年龄等“超过，多于，大于”。(反义词below)
The dog jumped over some bushes and saw the little stream．
狗跳过一些灌木丛看到了小溪。
The sunlight came in through the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room．
阳光透过天窗，照亮了整个房间。
3．表示方式的介词
表示使用的工具、手段、材料时，with, by, in, on都意为“用”。with多指用具体的工具、身体的某部位或器官；by侧重指使用某种方法、手段或乘坐某种交通工具；in指使用某种语言、笔墨等；on 多用于固定词组中。
by train乘火车； on the radio通过收音机； on TV通过电视； with a pencil用铅笔
4．表示“除……之外”的介词(短语)
介词(短语)
意义或用法
besides
意为“除……之外(还有)”，相当于in addition to
except
意为“除……之外(别无)”，可接名词、代词、介词短语和从句
but
意为“除……之外”(＝except)
apart from
既可相当于besides或in addition to，也可相当于except for
other than
意为“除……之外(别无)”
Apart from good service，the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes．
除了优质的服务外，这个饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。

(1)but常用于nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all 之后。接不定式时，如果前有实义动词do，则不定式中的to省略。
(2)besides还可作副词，意为“另外，而且”。
5．表示原因的介词(短语)
表示原因的介词(短语)：for, because of, due to, thanks to, owing to, on account of, as a result/consequence of。
The open-air celebration has been put off because of the bad weather．
因为天气不好，这次户外庆祝活动被推迟了。
Owing to the bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple of hours．
由于天气恶劣，航班延误了好几个小时。

上述表示原因的短语都可作状语，due to还可作表语。thanks to 表示“多亏，幸亏”，多位于句首。
6．其他常考的介词
介词
意义
against
违背，反对；倚靠；以……为背景，衬托
beyond
(范围、限度)超出，为……所不能及
by
程度或增减的幅度；按……计
despite
尽管
for
(表示目的)为了；(表示对象或用途)给；因为；从……来看；赞成，支持
with
和……在一起；和，跟；具有，带有；(表示伴随)随着
within
(范围、程度)在……内
without
没有
off
(表示位置)在……的外面；(表示方向)偏离；从……离开
She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the road．
她在转弯处开得如此快，以至于车差点偏离公路。
考点5　常考介词短语及搭配
高考中的语法填空将更加注重对介词短语及搭配的考查，介词与名词、形容词与介词、动词与介词形式的搭配是高考考查的难点。常考介词短语及固定搭配：
1．与名词的搭配
at a time每次，一次
at a loss 困惑，不知所措
at first sight乍一看
at table在吃饭
by mistake错误地
by the way顺便说
in charge主管，看管
in return作为回报
in turn依次，转而
in shape健康状况良好
in trouble 处于困境中
on purpose故意地
on holiday在度假
in time及时，迟早
on time准时
on average 平均
in place of代替
in addition to 除了
by hand 手工
on the contrary相反地
on account of 由于
on behalf of 代表
approach to ……的方法
visit to 到……的访问
for the sake of为了
by means of 借助
reason for ……的原因
(a) lack of ……的缺乏
2．与动词的搭配
answer for 对……负责
apply for申请
call at 拜访(地点)
call on 拜访(某人)
refer to 谈到；涉及；查阅
result from 由于
result in/lead to导致
suffer from遭受
approve of赞成
complain of 抱怨
consist of 由……组成
dream of 梦到
think of 想起；考虑到
depend/rely on 依靠
belong to 属于
date from/back to 追溯到
succeed in 在……方面成功
protect ...from ...保护……不受……伤害
keep/prevent/stop sb．from doing sth．阻止某人做某事
3．与形容词的搭配
be aware of 意识到
be proud of 以……为荣
be tired of厌倦
be angry with 对……生气
be eager for 渴望
be absent from 缺席
be ashamed of对……感到羞耻
be sure of 对……有信心；确信
be familiar with 熟悉……
be familiar to 为……所熟悉
be patient with 对……有耐心
be pleased/satisfied with 对……满意
be popular with 受……欢迎
be strict with 对……严格
be addicted to 对……上瘾；沉溺于
be available to 对……可用；可供……使用
be beneficial to 对……有益处
be devoted to 致力于，献身于
be similar to 与……相似
be confident in 对……有信心
be anxious about/for 忧虑，担心
be crazy about 热衷；着迷
be curious about 对……好奇
be particular about 挑剔
be suitable for/to适合于
4．其他搭配
far from 远非
once in a while 偶尔
after all 毕竟，终究
in spite of 尽管；虽然
up to 达到；由……决定
ahead of (时间，空间)在……前面；领先
【技巧点拨】
“四种方法”确定介词
1．根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系。
2．根据语境含义结合介词的用法。
3．根据特殊的结构关系，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。
4．根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。

Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Covering an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country．
2．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Giant pandas also serve as an umbrella species (物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China．
3．(2022·全国甲卷)A friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip．
4．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is a must to visit!
5．(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Bamboo plants are associated with health, abundance and a happy home．
Ⅱ．语法填空
(2022·潍坊模拟)What brilliance will it have when a shell encounters a craftsman? It can transform from an ordinary shell to a 1．finely (fine) carved artwork in a master craftsman's hands, 2．a combination of nature's wonderful power and delicate craftsmanship．
Chinese people have a long relationship with shells．Around 17，000 years ago, the Upper Cave Man 3．hung (hang) shells as decorations．After the Shang Dynasty, shells served as currency．During the Qin and Han dynasties, 4．when people began to pursue a more colourful life, craftsmen carved simple patterns of birds and beasts on shells and inset them in utensils, desks and chairs．This process of carving and insetting 5．called (call) “Luo Dian” was formed．
6．With the inheritance and development by generations of craftsmen, shell carving has drawn inspiration and got new motivation from ivory, jade, wood-carving and Chinese painting．Picked from rivers, lakes and seas, shells 7．are selected (select), painted, carved, and then turned into complicated handicrafts．
Skilful craftsmen have created 8．various (vary) shell carvings, shining with natural texture and human 9．wisdom (wise)．As the fruit of the ocean and human craftsmanship, each shell carving carries ancient culture and modern civilisation, 10．telling (tell) timeless stories of the relationship between humans and the sea．
Ⅲ．写作运用
根据汉语提示补全下面写作，注意冠词和介词的运用。
Dear teachers and friends，
I feel greatly honoured to give a speech here 1．on behalf of all the exchange students (代表所有交换生)．
Living and studying here makes us very fulfilled．During our stay, we 2．have a better understanding of the British life, culture, society (更好地了解英国的生活、文化、社会) and so on, which have not only enriched our knowledge but also broadened our horizons．3．Apart from that (除此之外), our abilities including listening, speaking and writing English have also got greatly improved．And it is all the English teachers and classmates here that we should owe many thanks to．4．Without your help (没有你们的帮助), we couldn't have achieved so much．
True friendship never ends, so I hope we 5．can keep in touch with each other (能彼此保持联系) even after we go back home．And I also sincerely hope that someday you can come to China for a visit．
That's all! Thank you!