北京市丰台区2023届高三英语下学期一模试题（Word版附解析）

这是一份北京市丰台区2023届高三英语下学期一模试题（Word版附解析），共21页。试卷主要包含了5分，共15分)， A等内容，欢迎下载使用。

北京市丰台区2022—2023学年度第二学期综合练习(一)
高三英语
本试卷共12页，100分。考试时长90分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
笔试(共三部分100分)
第一部分 知识运用(共两节，30分)
第一节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
It had been an interesting soccer match. Jerry was so absorbed in it that everyone____1____his passion for sports. He also developed a____2____ attitude towards acquiring such a soccer uniform. Whatever he desires, he asks his parents to purchase it in a split of seconds.
“Mom, I want a soccer uniform, he begged his mother.
“OK,” said his mother, “but you need to have___3___.”
The days passed by, but he got no ___4___ from his parents. His dream seemed to collapse. However, Jerry never gave up his idea. He kept thinking how to achieve it as early as possible. A sparkling idea struck his mind. He could ___5___ one of his T-shirts, but what if his mother saw and scolded (责备)?Though anxious, he finally made up his mind.
He drew a circle with the help of a bowl and modified the soccer image onto the T-shirt. He also took___6___ to avoid the spread of color onto the other side of it. It was a remarkable piece of work.
“Jerry! What are you doing?” his mother suddenly appeared.
“I may not get the uniform, but I can try to paint the image on my T-shirt, I thought.” He was ___7___to face his mother. But out of his expectation, his mother ____8____ him for his work ignoring the mistake. She did not mind the T-shirt in the presence of the idea of painting.
“It’s OK,” said Mom.
“If we had fulfilled your every want, your inborn____9____would have been hidden. You wouldn’t have thought of other alternative in getting the uniform. That adds to your_____10_____ to achieve your goal,” she said.
“Thank you, Mom.” He ran playfully.
1. A. controlled B. sensed C. supported D. expected
2. A. thirsty B. realistic C. cautious D. selfish
3. A. confidence B. motivation C. inspiration D. patience
4. A. decision B. response C. judgment D. recognition
5. A. purchase B. exchange C. paint D. sew
6. A. interest B. energy C. courage D. care
7. A. eager B. surprised C. afraid D. relieved
8. A. appreciated B. blamed C. rewarded D. thanked
9. A. taste B. fondness C. talent D. fear
10. A. willpower B. honesty C. responsibility D. tolerance
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. A
【解析】
【导语】本位为一篇记叙文。讲述了Jerry喜欢足球比赛，因此想要得到一件足球服，但是妈妈答应他后，很长时间都没有兑现，因此他就在一件T恤上画画来设计自己的足球服。被妈妈发现了，妈妈夸奖了他为此付出的努力。
【1题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他如此沉浸于比赛，以至于每个人都感受到了他对运动的热爱。A. controlled控制；B. sensed感受到；C. supported支持；D. expected期望。根据前文“Jerry was so absorbed in it”可知，Jerry如此沉浸于这次比赛，因此周围的人都感受到了他对运动的热爱，故选B。
【2题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他也渴望得到一件足球服。A. thirsty渴望的；B. realistic现实的，真实的；C. cautious谨慎的，小心的 ；D. selfish自私的。根据前文“his passion for sports”可知，他热爱运动，因此他对得到一件足球服产生了渴望的态度，故选A。
【3题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：她妈妈说道：“好的，但是你需要有耐心”。A. confidence信心；B. motivation动力；C. inspiration灵感，鼓励；D. patience耐心。根据前文“Whatever he desires, he asks his parents to purchase it in a split of seconds.”可知，无论他想要什么，都会让父母马上给他买，故此处他妈妈答应给他买球服，但要求他要有耐心，故选D。
【4题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是几天过去了，他的父母没有任何回应。A. decision决定；B. response回应；C. judgement评论，判断；D. recognition辨认，识别。根据后文“His dream seemed to collapse.”可知，他的梦想似乎要破灭了，故此处表示没有从父母那里得到任何回应，故选B。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他可以在他的一件T恤上画，画出一件球服，但是他又担心妈妈看到会责备他。A. purchase购买；B. exchange交换；C. paint画画；D. sew缝。根据后文““I may not get the uniform, but I can try to paint the image on my T-shirt, I thought.””的提示可知，此处表示他可以自己在一件T恤上作画，故选C。
【6题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他也很小心地避免颜色染到另一面。A. interest兴趣；B. energy能量；C. courage勇气；D. care小心，护理。根据空后“to avoid the spread of color onto the other side of it.”可知，此处指他很小心地作画，故选D。
【7题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他不敢面对他的妈妈。A. eager渴望的；B. surprised惊讶的；C. afraid害怕的；D. relieved如释重负的。根据前文“He could ___5___ one of his T-shirts, but what if his mother saw and scolded (责备)?”可知，他担心他的母亲会责备他，故此处表示他害怕面对他的母亲，故选C。
【8题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是出乎意料的是，他的母亲奖励了他，且没有在意这个错误。A. appreciated欣赏，感谢；B. blamed责备；C. rewarded奖励，奖赏；D. thanked感谢。根据后文“She did not mind the T-shirt in the presence of the idea of painting.”可知，她很欣赏儿子在T恤上画画的这个想法，故选A。
【9题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果我们完全满足了你想要的一切，你内在的天赋就会被埋没。A. taste品尝；B. fondness喜欢；C. talent天赋；D. fear害怕。根据空后的“would have been hidden”可知，此处指天赋会被埋没，故选C。
【10题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这也就增加了你实现目标的毅力。A. willpower毅力，意志力；B. honesty诚实；C. responsibility责任；D. tolerance耐心，忍耐力。根据前文“You wouldn’t have thought of other alternative in getting the uniform.”可知，此处指这些事就增加了实现目标的毅力，故选A。
第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
A
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Wang was born and grew up in America, but she____11____(build) solid ties with Chinese culture since she was a little girl. She is now riding a new trend: mixing and matching modern clothes with traditional Han dress, or hanfu. She has been posting videos of ____12____ (she) dressed in hanfu on the Internet, which has attracted many fans on Chinese lifestyle. “I love hanfu. I’ve made many videos,____13____(aim) to help more people learn about it,” Wang told Beijing Review.
【答案】11. has built
12. herself
13. aiming
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。讲述了出生在美国的王女士从小就喜欢中国文化，她经常上传自己穿着汉服的视频，她说她喜欢汉服，想要更多的人了解它。
【11题详解】
考查时态。句意：王女士出生并长在美国，但是从她是个小女孩的时候，她就和中国文化产生了牢固的联系。此处主语为she，build为谓语动词，主语she与build之间为主动关系，且根据后文的时间状语从句since she was a little girl可知，此处应用现在完成时，故填has built。
【12题详解】
考查代词。句意：她一直在网上上传她穿着汉服的视频，这吸引了很多喜欢中国生活方式的人。此处of是介词，后跟宾语，且主语为she，此处意为“她自己”，故应用反身代词herself作宾语，故填herself。
【13题详解】
考查现在分词。句意：我录了很多视频，是为了帮助更多的人了解它。根据句子分析可知，此处作状语，aim与主语I之间为主动关系，故应用现在分词作状语，故填aiming。
B
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Engineers invented a new device to produce solar electricity at night. Solar panels transform sunlight into energy, so they____14____ (traditional) work only during daylight hours. This device, however ____15____(use) a thermoelectric generator, which creates energy from differences in temperature. In this case, cool evening air is a slightly different temperature than the solar cell in the panel. That becomes energy,_____16_____is transformed into electricity. The device could be helpful in areas_____17_____ (locate) far from a power grid (电网).
【答案】14. traditionally
15. uses 16. which
17. located
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。讲述了工程师发明了一种在夜间也能生产太阳能电力的设备。
【14题详解】
考查副词。句意：太阳能电板将阳光转化为能量，因此它们只能传统地在白天的时候发挥作用。根据句子分析可知，此处作状语，修饰动词work，故应用副词“traditionally传统地”修饰，故填traditionally。
【15题详解】
考查时态。句意：然而，这一设备使用了一个热电发电机，利用温差产生能量。此处this device作主语，为单数，与谓语动词use之间为主动关系，且根据后文的creates可知，此处陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时，故填uses。
【16题详解】
考查非限制性定语从句。句意：这就变成了能量，再转化成电能。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为energy，指物，定语从句中缺少主语，故应用which引导，故填which。
【17题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：这一设备对那些离电网很远的地区来说，是很有帮助的。此处作定语，修饰areas，areas与locate之间为被动关系，故应用过去分词作后置定语，故填located。
C
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
A study showed how much dogs love their owners. In the experiment, the-researchers first /measured how many tears____18____(produce) by dogs when they were just spending time at home with their owners. The team then repeated the experiment, this time with dogs that were reunited with their owners____19____being apart for five hours. The results showed dogs only shed tears during the reunions. The team now wants to find out____20____dogs have a similar emotional response when reunited with other dogs.
【答案】18. were produced
19. after 20. whether##if
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。一项研究显示狗狗有多爱它们的主人。在实验中，研究人员首先测量了狗狗在家里和主人在一起的时候会流出多少眼泪。然后，研究小组重复了这个实验，这次是在分别5小时后与主人团聚的狗。结果显示，狗只在团聚时流泪。研究小组现在想知道，当狗和其他狗团聚时，是否会有类似的情绪反应
【18题详解】
考查时态语态。句意：在实验中，研究人员首先测量了狗狗在家里和主人在一起的时候会流出多少眼泪。根据“they were”可知，主句为一般过去时，主语tears与谓语produce为被动关系。故填were produced。
【19题详解】
考查介词。句意：然后，研究小组重复了这个实验，这次是在分别5小时后与主人团聚的狗。根据句意可知，空处填介词after。故填after。
【20题详解】
考查连接词。句意：研究小组现在想知道，当狗和其他狗团聚时，是否会有类似的情绪反应。find out后接宾语从句，根据句意可知，表示“是否”，用连接词whether或者if。故填whether/if。
第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Give a little sunshine!
The Council on Aging (COA) runs a telephone friendship project called the Sunshine Call Program, matching over-60s with a friendly volunteer for a daily chat over the phone. The aim is simple-to help ease the loneliness and repair social networks.
Sheila, 77, a retired teacher, lived alone. She has been receiving calls from Rianne, a volunteer, for over two months.
“Talking to Rianne is something I really look forward to—a breath of fresh air. We talk about everything—theatre, her work, books we’ve read…Listening to someone else’s life enriches you and gives you something positive to focus on.”
“At the beginning, I had no expectation of how the phone calls would go, but it’s wonderful that it’s led to a genuine friendship. Rianne helps me a lot …”
Are you ready to add a little sunshine to a senior’s life?
The Sunshine Call Program initially links a volunteer with an isolated (独居的) senior for a daily call. When comfortable, the volunteer introduces a second senior to the call. Then another, until there are four seniors to one volunteer on what is essentially a conference call. Without having to leave the house, you will help the seniors meet and make new friends. They will then exchange phone numbers to chat on their own and reduce their isolation.
What are the volunteer qualifications?
Volunteers must have access to the Internet and be willing to be trained on the use of a chat app. COA will provide all supplies required to make the calls. Besides, volunteers must agree to participate in monthly meetings with other volunteers and guest speakers. All volunteers must be willing to provide a recent Criminal Record Check, the cost of which will be borne by COA. And the most important volunteer qualification is a sense of caring and a desire to help seniors in the community!
If you wish to volunteer with our Sunshine Call program, never hesitate! Just CLICK HERE to fill out the application form.
21. Why does the passage mention Sheila’s experience?
A. To show her loneliness
B. To share a sweet memory.
C. To stress the value of CoA
D. To praise Rianne’s kindness.
22. One of the responsibilities of volunteers is
A. making weekly calls to seniors
B. visiting seniors during holidays
C. introducing new friends to seniors
D. teaching seniors to use smart phones
23. If you want to be a volunteer, what are you required to do?
A. Learn the use of a chat app.
B. Prepare a computer by yourself.
C. Offer a letter of recommendation.
D. Have relevant working experience.
24. What is the purpose of the passage?
A. To inform the readers of COA.
B. To invite seniors to sign up for COA
C. To introduce volunteer work in COA.
D. To advertise for new volunteers for COA.
【答案】21. C 22. C 23. A 24. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇应用文。介绍了COA建立的一个“阳光电话项目”的活动，结构的志愿者与60岁以上的老年人电话连线，为他们减轻孤独感，并宣传招募志愿者。
【21题详解】
推理判断题。根据表格中第三段““At the beginning, I had no expectation of how the phone calls would go, but it’s wonderful that it’s led to a genuine friendship. Rianne helps me a lot …” (起初，我没预料到电话会打得怎么样，但它却给我带来了一段真正的友谊。Rianne帮助了我很多。)”可知，文章提到Sheila的经历是为了说明COA的志愿者帮助了她很多，故其目的在于强调COA的价值，故选C。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章Are you ready to add a little sunshine to a senior’s life?部分“Without having to leave the house, you will help the seniors meet and make new friends. They will then exchange phone numbers to chat on their own and reduce their isolation.(不用离开家，你就可以帮助老年人们见面，帮助他们交朋友。他们然后可以交换电话号码，自己聊天，减轻孤独感。)”可知，志愿者的职责之一就是给老年人介绍新的朋友，从而减轻他们的孤独感，故选C。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章What are the volunteer qualifications?部分中“Volunteers must have access to the Internet and be willing to be trained on the use of a chat app. (志愿者必须可以使用网络，并且愿意接受关于聊天软件使用的培训。)”可知，如果你想要当志愿者，你需要学会聊天软件的使用，故选A。
【24题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“If you wish to volunteer with our Sunshine Call program, never hesitate! Just CLICK HERE to fill out the application form. (如果你想要在我们的阳光电话项目中当志愿者，那就不要犹豫！点击此处，填写申请表。)”可推知，本篇文章的目的在于为招募志愿者做广告，故选D。
B
This was the first communication that had come from her aunt in Jessie’s lifetime.
“I think your aunt has forgiven me at last,” her father said as he passed the letter across the table.
Jessie looked first at the autograph(签名). It seemed strange to see her own name there. There was a likeness between her aunt’s autograph and her own, a hint of the same decisiveness and precision. If Jessie had been educated fifty years earlier, she might have written her name in just that manner.
“You’re very like her in some ways,” her father said, as she still stared at the autograph.
“I should think you must almost have forgotten what Aunt Jessie was like, dear,” she said. “How many years is it since you last saw her?”
“More than forty,” her father said. “We disagreed. We invariably disagreed. Jessie always prided herself on being so modern. She read Darwin and things like that. Altogether beyond me, I admit.”
“And so it seems that she wants to see me.” Jessie straightened her shoulders and lifted her head. She was excited at the thought of meeting this mythical aunt whom she had so often heard about. Sometimes she had wondered if the personality of this remarkable relative had not been a figment(虚构) of her father’s imagination.
But this letter of hers that now lay on the breakfast table was admirable in character. There was something of intolerance expressed in its tone. It was just like what her father had told her.
Mr. Deane came out of his past memories with a sigh.
“Yes, yes; she wants to see you, my dear,” he said. “I’ve heard she has set up a school and helped many youngsters. I think you had better accept this invitation to stay with her. If she took a fancy to you, you could get a better education…”
He sighed again, and Jessie knew that for the hundredth time he was regretting his own past weakness...
25. How was the relationship between Jessie’s father and her aunt?
A. It remained very close over the years.
B. It was broken when they were young.
C. It got tenser due to a misunderstanding.
D. It was uneasy for their financial differences.
26. From the passage, we know Jessie was .
A. eager to meet her aunt.
B. cautious about her aunt’s invitation
C. angry with her aunt for ignoring her family.
D. puzzled by her aunt’s sudden interest in her
27. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Jessie’s aunt promised to offer her better education.
B. Jessie’s aunt’s personality seemed to change a lot.
C. Jessie and her aunt were different in personality.
D. Jessie’s father felt sorry for what he had done.
【答案】25. B 26. A 27. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇记叙文。讲述了作者的姑姑与父亲因为分歧，多年未见面。父亲收到了姑姑的来信，父亲很悔恨，并打算将作者送到姑姑那里去接受好的教育。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“This was the first communication that had come from her aunt in Jessie’s lifetime. (这是Jessie生命中第一次与姑姑的联系。)”以及文章第六段““More than forty,” her father said. “We disagreed. We invariably disagreed. (父亲说道：“四十多年了。我们有分歧，我们总是有分歧”。)”可知，作者的父亲和姑姑已经四十多年没见面了，故他们的关系在年轻的时候就破裂了，故选B。
【26题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章倒数第五段“She was excited at the thought of meeting this mythical aunt whom she had so often heard about. (一想到能见到这个她经常听说的神奇的姑姑，她就激动不已。)”可知，Jessie很渴望见到姑姑，故选A。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“He sighed again, and Jessie knew that for the hundredth time he was regretting his own past weakness... (父亲再次叹气，d Jessie知道，父亲已经为自己过去的软弱后悔了几百次了……)”可知，作者的父亲为之前的软弱感到悔恨，因此父亲是为之前的所做的事情感动后悔，故选D。
C
Many people would answer the question of what makes us human by insisting that we are cultural beings. There is no doubt that we are. But one definition of culture is the totality of traditions acquired in a community by social learning from other individuals, and many animal species have traditions. Can we then say that some animals are cultural beings too?
One approach to study culture in animals is the so-called Method of Exclusion (排除), in which scientists investigate behavioral variations across populations of one species. In a famous study, scientists learned that chimpanzee (黑猩猩) behaviors were socially passed on as they were present at some sites but not at others, despite having same ecological settings. For example, chimpanzees in Tai National Park in Ivory Coast are well-known for their nut-cracking skills. Chimpanzees in Gombe national part in Tanzania, on the other hand, do not crack nuts, although nuts exist in their environment too.
However, when applying the Method of Exclusion, one has to be very careful. There are other factors that could also explain the pattern of behavioral evaluation. For example, some of the chimpanzee techniques scientists evaluated occur in only one of the three subspecies. So it’s quite possible that these behaviors also have an innate component. This would mean that one chimpanzee subspecies uses a new technique not out of cultural tradition, but because the behavior is fixed to specific genes. Another factor that has to be excluded is of course the environment Chimpanzees in Mahale do not fish algae (水藻), simply because algae does not exist there.
But when we exclude all the variations that can be explained by genes or environment, we still find that animals do show cultural variations. Does that mean there is no real difference between them and us after all? Not exactly: There is a fundamental difference between human and animal culture. Only humans can build culturally on what generations before us have learned. This is called “cumulative culture”. We don’t have to keep reinventing the wheel. This is called the “ratchet (棘轮) effect”. Like a ratchet that can be turned forward but not back, people’s cultural techniques evolve.
It is likely that behaviors we see today in chimpanzee cultures could be invented over and over again by individual animals themselves. In contrast, a child born today would not be able to invent a computer without the knowledge of many past generations.
28 Why does the author mention the example of the chimpanzees in two parks in Paragraph 2?
A. To prove that culture does exist in animals.
B To justify the uniqueness of the research method.
C. To compare how chimpanzees behave in different parks.
D. To stress the importance of environment in studying culture.
29 What does the underlined word “innate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Advanced. B. Inborn. C. Adaptive. D. Intelligent.
30. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Cumulative culture is what sets humans apart from animals.
B. Culure in animals is as worthy to be valued as human culture.
C. Animals don’t have the ability to invent behaviors in a community.
D. The “ratchet effect” decides if humans can build on past experiences.
【答案】28. A 29. B 30. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇议论文，文章主要围绕“动物是否也像人类一样是有文化的生物”而展开论述。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。第二段中“In a famous study, scientists learned that chimpanzee (黑猩猩) behaviors were socially passed on as they were present at some sites but not at others, despite having same ecological settings.(在一项著名的研究中，科学家们发现，黑猩猩的行为在某些地方会被社会传递，而在其他地方则不会，尽管它们的生态环境相同)”提到，黑猩猩的行为在某些地方会被社会传递，接着下文“For example, chimpanzees in Tai National Park in Ivory Coast are well-known for their nut-cracking skills. Chimpanzees in Gombe national part in Tanzania, on the other hand, do not crack nuts, although nuts exist in their environment too.(例如，象牙海岸泰国家公园的黑猩猩以其破解坚果的技能而闻名。另一方面，坦桑尼亚贡贝国家地区的黑猩猩不咬坚果，尽管坚果在他们的环境中也存在)”通过举例证实上述观点，即动物中也存在文化，故选A。
【29题详解】
词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“This would mean that one chimpanzee subspecies uses a new technique not out of cultural tradition, but because the behavior is fixed to specific genes.(这意味着一个黑猩猩亚种使用一种新技术不是出于文化传统，而是因为这种行为固定于特定的基因)”可知，黑猩猩的行为可能是由于其特定的基因，即是因为先天因素，故画线词所在句意为“所以很有可能这些行为也有先天因素”，innate意为“先天的”，故选B。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“There is a fundamental difference between human and animal culture. Only humans can build culturally on what generations before us have learned. This is called ‘cumulative culture’.(人类文化和动物文化之间有根本的区别。只有人类才能在前人的基础上建立文化。这就是所谓的‘累积文化’)”可知，累积文化将人类与动物区分开来。故选A。
D
When Elinor Lobel was 16, a “smart” insulin (胰岛素) pump was attached to her body. Powered by AI, it tracks her glucose levels and administers the right dose of insulin at the right time to keep her healthy. It is one of the new ways that data and AI can help improve lives.
Books that criticize the dark side of data are plentiful. They generally suggest there is much more to fear than fete in the algorithmic(算法的)age.
But the intellectual tide may be turning. One of the most persuasive supporters of a more balanced view is Elinor Lobel’s mother, Orly, a law professor. In The Equality Machine she acknowledges AI’s capacity to produce harmful results. But she shows how, in the right hands, it can also be used to fight inequality and discrimination.
A principle of privacy rules is “minimization”: collect and keep as little information as possible, especially in areas such as race and gender. Ms Lobel flips the script, showing how in hiring, pay and the legal system, knowing such characteristics leads to fairer outcomes.
Ms Lobel’s call to use more, not less, personal information challenges data-privacy orthodoxy(正统观念). But she insists that “tracking differences is key to detecting unfairness.” She advocates g loosening of privacy rules to provide more transparency(透明)over algorithmic decisions.
The problems with algorithmic formulae(公式) are tackled in depth in Escape from Model Land by Erica Thompson of the School of Economics. These statistical models are the backbone of big data and AL. Yet a perfect model will always be beyond reach. “All models are wrong,” runs a wise saying. “Some are useful.”
Ms Thompson focuses on a challenge she calls the Hawkmoth Effect. In the better known Butterfly Effect, a serviceable model, Vin the prediction of climate change, becomes less reliable over time because of the complexity of what it is simulating(模拟), or because of inaccuracies in the original data. In the Hawkmoth Effect, by contrast, the model itself is flawed; it might fail to take full account of the interplay between humidity, wind and temperature.
The author calls on data geeks to improve their solutions to real-world issues, not merely refine their formulae—in other words, to escape from model land. “We do not need to have the best possible answer,” she writes, “only a reasonable one.”
Both these books exhibit a healthy realism about data, algorithms and their limitations. Both recognize that making progress involves accepting limitations, whether in law or coding. As Ms Lobel puts it: “It’s always better to light a candle than to curse the darkness.”
31. Ms Lobel intends to convey that
A minimisation is a good privacy rule to go by
B algorithms are currently challenged by data privacy
C. employing more personal data should be encouraged
D. identifying algorithms’ problems leads to better outcomes
32. What can we learn about “Hawkmoth Effect”?
A. It develops from Butterfly Effect.
B. It emphasizes accuracy of original data.
C. It enjoys popularity in climate research field.
D. It is mentioned to show the model can be faulty.
33. Which of the following does the writer probably agree?
A. Using algorithms to detect differences is hard.
B. The application of data and algorithms is limited.
C. The reliability of data should be attached importance to.
D. Improving algorithms involves accepting its imperfection.
34. Which would be the best title for this passage?
A. The Algorithm’s Prospect B. The Algorithm’s Mercy
C. The Algorithm’s Complexity D. The Algorithm’s Recognition
【答案】31. C 32. D 33. D 34. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在这个数据时代，人们总是对算法存有恐惧，但是科学家们却持有不同的观点。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Ms Lobel’s call to use more, not less, personal information challenges data-privacy orthodoxy(正统观念). But she insists that “tracking differences is key to detecting unfairness.” She advocates g loosening of privacy rules to provide more transparency(透明)over algorithmic decisions.( Lobel女士呼吁更多而不是更少地使用个人信息，这挑战了数据隐私的正统观念。但她坚持认为，“追踪差异是发现不公平的关键。”她主张放松隐私规则，为算法决策提供更多的透明度。)”可知，她想表达的是鼓励更多地使用个人信息。故选C。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第七段“Ms Thompson focuses on a challenge she calls the Hawkmoth Effect. In the better known Butterfly Effect, a serviceable model, Vin the prediction of climate change, becomes less reliable over time because of the complexity of what it is simulating(模拟), or because of inaccuracies in the original data. In the Hawkmoth Effect, by contrast, the model itself is flawed; it might fail to take full account of the interplay between humidity, wind and temperature.(汤普森女士专注于一个她称之为“霍克蛾效应”的挑战。在更广为人知的蝴蝶效应中，一个可用的气候变化预测模型随着时间的推移变得不那么可靠，因为它所模拟的内容很复杂，或者因为原始数据不准确。相比之下，在“霍克蛾效应”中，模型本身就有缺陷；它可能没有充分考虑到湿度、风和温度之间的相互作用。)”可知，文中提到“霍克蛾效应”是为了表明模型本身是有缺陷的。故选D。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Both these books exhibit a healthy realism about data, algorithms and their limitations. Both recognize that making progress involves accepting limitations, whether in law or coding.(这两本书都展示了关于数据、算法及其局限性的健康现实主义。双方都认识到，取得进步需要接受限制，无论是在法律上还是在编码上。)”可知，两人都赞同想要改进算法就得接受其不完美的方面。故选D。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Books that criticize the dark side of data are plentiful. They generally suggest there is much more to fear than fete in the algorithmic(算法的)age. (批评数据阴暗面的书籍比比皆是。他们普遍认为，在算法时代，恐惧远比狂欢更可怕。)”可知，人们对于算法还是带有恐惧心理；而根据第三段“But the intellectual tide may be turning. One of the most persuasive supporters of a more balanced view is Elinor Lobel’s mother, Orly, a law professor. In The Equality Machine she acknowledges AI’s capacity to produce harmful results. But she shows how, in the right hands, it can also be used to fight inequality and discrimination.(但思想潮流可能正在转变。更平衡的观点最有说服力的支持者之一是埃莉诺·洛贝尔的母亲Orly，她是一名法学教授。在《平等机器》一书中，她承认人工智能有能力产生有害的结果。但她展示了它在正确的人手中如何用来对抗不平等和歧视。)”可知，文章主要介绍的是算法给人类带来的好的一面。所以“The Algorithm’s Mercy(算法的仁慈)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Expressive writing or journaling is one way to help you heal from trauma (创伤).___35___. It can help you process what you’ve been through and assist you as you envision a path forward.
Why does a writing intervention work?___36___In fact, narrating the story of an ongoing anxiety “frees up” cognitive resources. When you write down the emotions associated with a traumatic experience, you may be changing the way it is organized in the brain. You are then able to detach from the emotion, making it easier for you to talk about and process the event.
However, for most people, the thought of acknowledging emotions and admitting that there’s something wrong with us is difficult. This is because expressing emotions can bring up feelings of guilt and shame.___37___That is what sets journaling apart. This is between you and your journal — you don’t have to share it with anyone unless, of course, you choose to.
If you’re interested in trying out writing as a tool for healing, start your writing by setting a timer for ten minutes.___38___Think of one object in your home that signifies a moment for you. See it in full color. Feel the weight of it. Use all your senses. Now, write about that object and see how large its meaning can become.
___39___How you heal from trauma can be different from person to person as well. It all depends on what works best for you. Remember, one size does not fit all. Writing may not work for everyone, but you won’t know if you don’t try.
A. Despite that, expressive writing remains an accessible tool.
B. Of course, expressive writing is hardly a panacea (灵丹妙药).
C. Also, seeking help for emotional stress is often seen as a sign of weakness.
D. It may seem abnormal that writing about negative experiences has a positive effect.
E. Once you have a better handle on your problems, you can move forward and get on with life.
F. It is writing from your heart and mind and about the emotion associated with a certain event.
G. Let your mind go to the detailed, specific moments to get to the feelings and truth of your experience.
【答案】35. F 36. D 37. C 38. G 39. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了一个能帮助人们从创伤中愈合的方法——表达性写作。
【35题详解】
上文“Expressive writing or journaling is one way to help you heal from trauma (创伤).(表达性写作或日志是帮助你从创伤中愈合的一种方法)”提到表达性写作，F项“这是发自内心的写作，是关于与某一事件相关的情感”进一步解释表达性写作，符合语境，故选F。
【36题详解】
下文“In fact, narrating the story of an ongoing anxiety ‘frees up’ cognitive resources.(事实上，讲述一个持续焦虑的故事可以‘释放’认知资源)”是解释为什么写下消极的经历能带来积极的效果，故D项“把消极的经历写下来会有积极的效果，这似乎不正常”符合语境，下文是对D项中看似不正常的现象进行解释。故选D。
【37题详解】
上文“This is because expressing emotions can bring up feelings of guilt and shame.(这是因为表达情绪会带来内疚和羞耻感)”是解释人们很难承认情绪有问题的原因，结合选项，C项“此外，为情绪压力寻求帮助通常被视为软弱的表现”和上文是并列关系，也是描述其原因，故选C。
【38题详解】
上文“If you’re interested in trying out writing as a tool for healing, start your writing by setting a timer for ten minutes.(如果你想把写作作为疗伤的工具，那就设置一个十分钟的计时器开始写作吧)”建议开始写作，G项“让你的思绪回到细节、具体的时刻，去感受你的感受和你经历的真相”是描述方法，即如何开始写作，符合语境，G项中的“the detailed, specific moments to get to the feelings”与下文“Think of one object in your home that signifies a moment for you. See it in full color. Feel the weight of it.(想想你家里的一件对你来说意味着某个时刻的物品。带着满满的趣味去看它。感受它的重量)”呼应。故选G。
【39题详解】
根据本段中“How you heal from trauma can be different from person to person as well.(如何从创伤中痊愈也因人而异)”及“Writing may not work for everyone(写作可能不适合所有人)”可知，本段主要讲述写作不是万能的，不是所有人都适合，B项“当然，表达性写作不是灵丹妙药”符合语境，故选B。
第三部分 书面表达(共两节，32分)
第一节(共4小题;第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
If you’ve spent any time on social media sites, you’ve probably noticed it: parents share news, photos, and other information about their children. This phenomenon is called “sharenting”, a combination of the words “sharing” and
“parenting”.
Much of the research on sharenting focuses on why parents choose to share online. Studies found that for parents of infants (婴儿), sharenting can help ease the social isolation that comes with this period in their children’s lives. Parents of teenagers also share information about their kids on social media. Research has shown their motivations include communicating their pride in their children’s accomplishments and informing friends and family about their kids’ lives.
However, when parents post about their children on social media with high frequency, the phenomenon of “oversharenting” occurs, which can be a great cause for concern. For example, if parents share too much information that their children don’t want disclosed, it may lead them to withhold information about their lives from their parents so they can better control what can and can’t be posted about them.
Additionally, the cute photos or funny observations parents share online about their children could become a problem when their kids get older. In particular, colleges and employers are increasingly checking applicants’ online activity, and as a result, information posted by parents could become a source of embarrassment or affect a potential college’s or employer’s assessment of their child.
Sharing information has never been faster than in the digital age. While it can be very convenient to post milestones of their children, it’s important for parents to ensure they’re sharenting responsibly. After all it’s not just a picture, it’s the child and their digital footprint.
40. According to the passage, what is sharenting?
______________________________________________________________________
41. Why do parents of infants choose to share online?
______________________________________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
When parents oversharent, their children may make up information about their lives to better control what can and can’t be posted about them.
______________________________________________________________________
43. Besides what’s mentioned in the passage, what else can you do if your parents oversharent? (In about 40 words)
______________________________________________________________________
【答案】40. It is a phenomenon where parents share news, photos, and other information about their children.
41. Because sharenting can help ease the social isolation that comes with this period in their children’s lives.
42. When parents oversharent, their children may make up information about their lives to better control what can and can’t be posted about them.
According to the passage, their children may withhold information about their lives from their parents to better control what can and can’t be posted about them.
43. If my parents oversharent, I can talk to them and express my concerns about the information they’re sharing online. I can also set boundaries and ask them to get my permission before sharing anything about me, or ask them to limit the audience of their posts.
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个新生单词——“sharenting”，也就是“晒娃”。文章分析了这种现象产生的原因以及可能存在的问题。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“If you’ve spent any time on social media sites, you’ve probably noticed it: parents share news, photos, and other information about their children. This phenomenon is called “sharenting”, a combination of the words “sharing” and “parenting”.(如果你花时间在社交媒体网站上，你可能已经注意到：父母分享新闻、照片和其他关于孩子的信息。这种现象被称为“晒娃”，由“分享”和“养育”两个词组合而成。)”可知，所谓的“sharenting”指的是一种父母在社交媒体分析关于孩子的新闻、照片和其他信息。故答案为It is a phenomenon where parents share news, photos, and other information about their children.。
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“Studies found that for parents of infants(婴儿), sharenting can help ease the social isolation that comes with this period in their children’s lives.(研究发现，对于有婴儿的父母来说，“晒娃”有助于缓解他们在孩子这一阶段中所面临的社会孤立。)”可知，对于有婴儿的父母而言，“晒娃”有助于缓解他们在孩子这一阶段中所面临的社会孤立。故答案为Because sharenting can help ease the social isolation that comes with this period in their children’s lives.。
【42题详解】
考查推理判断。根据文章第三段“However, when parents post about their children on social media with high frequency, the phenomenon of “oversharenting” occurs, which can be a great cause for concern. For example, if parents share too much information that their children don’t want disclosed, it may lead them to withhold information about their lives from their parents so they can better control what can and can’t be posted about them.(然而，当父母在社交媒体上频繁地晒孩子的照片时，“过度晒娃”的现象就会出现，这可能是一个令人担忧的问题。例如，如果父母分享了太多孩子不想透露的信息，这可能会导致他们对父母隐瞒自己的生活信息，这样他们就能更好地控制哪些信息可以发布，哪些信息不可以发布。)”可知，如果父母过度晒娃，孩子可能就会对父母隐瞒自己的生活信息。因此原句中的“make up information about their lives”是错误的。故答案为When parents oversharent, their children may make up information about their lives to better control what can and can’t be posted about them.
According to the passage, their children may withhold information about their lives from their parents to better control what can and can’t be posted about them.。
【43题详解】
开放题。要求考生以自己为例，说明如果父母过度晒出自己的生活信息，自己会如何做，考生言之有理即可。故参考答案为If my parents oversharent, I can talk to them and express my concerns about the information they’re sharing online. I can also set boundaries and ask them to get my permission before sharing anything about me, or ask them to limit the audience of their posts.。
第二节(20分)
44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你校即将举办“中医药文化”主题活动，你打算邀请交换生Jim参加。请你用英文给他写一封电子邮件，内容包括：
1.介绍活动；
2.邀请参加。
提示词：Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)中医药
注意：1.词数100左右;
2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
Extremely thrilled to know that you are fascinated by traditional Chinese medicine, I am writing to invite you to participate in an activity themed traditional Chinese medicine culture, which is to be held in the school hall, this Saturday afternoon.
Traditional Chinese medicine has been passed down for thousands of years. With an extensive and profound culture, it is the treasure of Chinese civilization. The activity is intended to provide you with some basic knowledge of medical theory, diagnostic methods, prescriptions and cures concerning traditional Chinese medicine. Present at the activity, you will also be exposed to some wide-spread stories praising the experienced and notable doctors in ancient China.
This is surely a good chance for you to know more ways of preserving good health and to have a deeper insight into traditional Chinese medicine. Looking forward to you showing up.
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达为一篇应用文。要求学生给交换生Jim写一封邀请信，邀请他参加学校举办的“中医药文化”活动。
【详解】1.词汇积累：
对……感兴趣：be fascinated by→show interest in/be enthusiastic about
激动的：thrilled→excited
目的是：be intended to do→be aimed at doing/aim to do
提供：provide→offer/supply
了解：have an insight into→have an understanding of/know about
2.句式拓展：
原句：Traditional Chinese medicine has been passed down for thousands of years. With an extensive and profound culture, it is the treasure of Chinese civilization.
拓展句：Traditional Chinese medicine has been passed down for thousands of years, which is the treasure of Chinese civilization, with an extensive and profound culture.
【点睛】【高分句型1】
Present at the activity, you will also be exposed to some wide-spread stories praising the experienced and notable doctors in ancient China.（运用了形容词作状语。）
【高分句型2】
Extremely thrilled to know that you are fascinated by traditional Chinese medicine, I am writing to invite you to participate in an activity themed traditional Chinese medicine culture, which is to be held in the school hall, this Saturday afternoon.（运用了形容词作状语和which引导非限制性定语从句。）