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北京市朝阳区2023届高三英语二模试题（Word版附解析）
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这是一份北京市朝阳区2023届高三英语二模试题（Word版附解析），共22页。试卷主要包含了5分，共15分)， A等内容，欢迎下载使用。
北京市朝阳区高三年级第二学期质量检测二
英语
(考试时间90分钟 满分100分)
本试卷共10页。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。
第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)
第一节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
My son was born with breathing difficulties, so he had to stay in NICU, the hospital unit for newborns needing intensive care. There he could only be fed through a tube. I hated the tube. The lovely dreams I had of nursing my baby were entirely___1___.
On the fifth day, I___2___about the tube, saying that I wanted to feed him with a bottle. The doctors agreed to let me try. My son’s feedings would be closely recorded to see if he was able to get___3___milk intake without the tube. After eighteen hours, it was determined he could not do that and the tube was back. This meant he wasn’t getting stronger. The___4___felt so dark.
Seated outside the NICU, I started crying. Just then, a young nurse came and sat beside me. When I had___5___ my sorrow a little, she handed me a tissue and asked if I wanted to talk. I asked again if we could remove the tube.
The nurse replied, “Not today. But remember, tomorrow is a new day.”
She seemed much younger than me, but her words were___6___and hope-filled, and I held on to them. I remembered her advice and repeated it to myself multiple times a day. The nurse changed my perspective away from current___7___to see the hope of tomorrow. Gradually, things started to ___8___. On day eight, my son drank half of his milk without the tube. On day ten, the doctors approved taking off the tube___9___. “Tomorrow” came. It just came a few days later than expected. On day fifteen, we were released from the hospital, and my son “graduated” from the NICU.
What I learned from that nurse was to look beyond today and the suffering of it and to consider tomorrow with_____10_____. After all, tomorrow is a new day.
1. A. controlled B. destroyed C. questioned D. recalled
2. A. protested B. wondered C. forgot D. warned
3. A. maximum B. restricted C. sufficient D. additional
4. A. plot B. spot C. atmosphere D. situation
5. A. spared B. contained C. shared D. exhibited
6. A. wise B. plain C. familiar D. sharp
7. A. mistakes B. dreams C. challenges D. doubts
8. A. go away B. look up C. make sense D. fall apart
9. A. frequently B. slightly C. completely D. occasionally
10. A. intention B. imagination C. urge D. faith
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者的儿子由于呼吸困难，必须呆在新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)，作者感到很难过，一位护士的话让她改变了观点，从挑战中看到了希望。作者领悟到明天又是新的一天。
【1题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我照顾孩子的美好梦想被彻底摧毁了。A. controlled控制；B. destroyed破坏，摧毁；C. questioned询问，质疑；D. recalled回忆。根据“My son was born with breathing difficulties, so he had to stay in NICU”可知，由于孩子住在重症监护室，作者照顾孩子的梦想被摧毁了。故选B。
【2题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在第五天，我对使用管子提出抗议，说我想用奶瓶喂他。A. protested抗议，反对；B. wondered想知道；C. forgot忘记；D. warned警告。根据“I hated the tube.”和“saying that I wanted to feed him with a bottle.”可知，此处表示作者反对用管子给孩子进食。故选A。
【3题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我儿子的喂食会被密切记录下来，看看他是否能在没有管子的情况下摄入足够的牛奶。A. maximum最大的；B. restricted受限制的；C. sufficient足够的；D. additional额外的，附加的。根据下文“On day eight, my son drank half of his milk without the tube.”可知，此处记录孩子的喂食情况，看看是否在没有管子的情况下能摄入足够的牛奶。故选C。
【4题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：情况让人感觉很黑暗。A. plot故事情节；B. spot地点，场所；C. atmosphere大气，氛围；D. situation情况，形势。根据“After eighteen hours, it was determined he could not do that and the tube was back.”可知，又重新用上了管子，说明情况不是很好。故选D。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我稍稍克制住自己的悲伤时，她递给我一张纸巾，问我是否想谈谈。A. spared抽出，匀出；B. contained包含，控制；C. shared分享；D. exhibited展览，展出。根据“Seated outside the NICU, I started crying.”以及“asked if I wanted to talk. ”可知，此处指稍微控制下情绪。故选B。
【6题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她看起来比我年轻得多，但她的话充满智慧和希望，我牢牢记住了。A. wise明智的；B. plain普通的；C. familiar熟悉的；D. sharp尖锐的。根据“hope-filled”和“I remembered her advice and repeated it to myself multiple times a day.”可知，作者认为那位护士的话充满智慧和希望。故选A。
【7题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：护士改变了我的观点，让我从当前的挑战中看到了明天的希望。A. mistakes错误；B. dreams梦想；C. challenges挑战；D. doubts怀疑。根据“to look beyond today and the suffering of it”可知，此处指当前的挑战。故选C。
【8题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：渐渐地，情况开始好转。A. go away离开；B. look up改善，查阅；C. make sense有道理，有意义；D. fall apart崩溃。根据“On day eight, my son drank half of his milk without the tube.”可知，孩子的情况开始有所改善。故选B。
【9题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：第十天时，医生同意完全取下管子。A. frequently经常地；B. slightly轻微地；C. completely完全地；D. occasionally偶尔地。根据“On day eight, my son drank half of his milk without the tube.”和““Tomorrow” came.”可知，医生同意完全取下管子。故选C。
【10题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我从那位护士身上学到的是，要超越今天和今天的苦难，用信心去考虑明天。A. intention意图，打算；B. imagination想象力；C. urge冲动，强烈的欲望；D. faith信心，信任。根据“but her words were___6___and hope-filled”和“to see the hope of tomorrow.”可知，作者学到要对明天充满信心。故选D。
第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分)
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
As a variant of American football flag football is a type of sport in which a player must remove a flag belt from the ball carrier to end a down. The first rule of the game is that contact____11____players is not permitted. Recently, it____12____(gain) great popularity in China among young people. It’s engaging and ridiculously fun. That’s why the percentage of people____13____ (join) a flag football club through online channels has risen to a new high level.
【答案】11. between
12. has gained
13. joining
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了夺旗橄榄球在中国年轻人中很受欢迎。
【11题详解】
考查介词。句意：比赛的第一条规则是球员之间不允许有身体接触。表示“在两者之间”应用介词between。故填between。
【12题详解】
考查动词时态。句意：最近，它在中国年轻人中很受欢迎。根据时间状语“recently”可知，使用现在完成时，主语为it，助动词用has。故填has gained。
【13题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：这就是为什么通过在线渠道加入夺旗橄榄球俱乐部的人的比例上升到一个新的高度。分析句子结构可知，已有谓语动词has risen，空处需填非谓语动词作定语，people和join为逻辑主谓关系，需填现在分词形式。故填joining。
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Old Connections, a telecommunications museum in Seattle, with a working exchange from the 1940s,____14____(show) how telephones brought us together, but also tore us apart. Perhaps it should not be____15____(surprise) that the Internet has brought with it a new wave of horrific destructiveness. History itself is a kind of radio programme, broadcast to us in frequencies that become harder to receive as we forget the old ways. But as long as we keep the ancient exchanges running, we have a way to remember and understand____16____we come from.
【答案】14 shows
15. surprising
16. where
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章以西雅图的电信博物馆“旧连接”一台从20世纪40年代就开始运作的交换机引入话题，告诉我们要保留古老的交流方式。
【14题详解】
考查动词时态。句意：西雅图的电信博物馆“旧连接”(Old Connections) 拥有一台从20世纪40年代就开始运作的交换机，它展示了电话是如何让我们走到一起的，但也让我们分开了。此处陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语Old Connections是专有名词，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填shows。
【15题详解】
考查形容词。句意：互联网带来了一波可怕的破坏性浪潮，也许这并不奇怪。空处需填形容词作表语，修饰后文提到的事情，需用-ing结尾的形容词。故填surprising。
【16题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：但只要我们保持这种古老的交流，我们就有办法记住和理解我们来自哪里。空处引导宾语从句，句子缺少地点副词，用连接副词where引导。故填where。
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Wang Dakang, aged 88, is a model of lifelong learning. In the 1980s, he was the first person____17____(accomplish) a round trip of China using only a bicycle. To edit this experience into his book, Wang decided to go to college. At the age of 61, he____18____(admit) into college, majoring in journalism. By 2012, he had completed three majors in college. At present, Wang lives in Leshan, where he spends his days following carefully____19____(plan) routines. His study starts at 6 am every morning, during____20____he reads and takes notes from newspapers. Wang said, “There is so much to learn and I will continue learning until the very end.”
【答案】17. to accomplish
18 was admitted
19. planned
20. which
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了骑游中国的王大康的人生经历。
【17题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在20世纪80年代，他是第一个只用自行车完成中国往返旅行的人。名词person前面有the first修饰，需填动词不定式作后置定语。故填to accomplish。
【18题详解】
考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：61岁时，他被大学录取了，主修新闻专业。此处陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时，be admitted into为固定短语，意为“被……录取”，主语为he，be动词用was。故填was admitted。
【19题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：目前，王住在乐山，在那里他每天都按照精心安排的日程生活。空处需填非谓语动词作定语，修饰名词routines，二者为逻辑动宾关系，需填过去分词形式。故填planned。
【20题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：他每天早上6点开始学习，在此期间他阅读并从报纸上做笔记。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的句子，在定语从句中作介词during的宾语，需用关系代词which引导。故填which。
第二部分阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Columbia Engineering’s Summer High School Academic Program for Engineers (SHAPE) is a selective pre-college program for high school students and recent graduates. SHAPE is tailored for students with a gift for STEM: science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Each 3-week session offers college-level, project-based courses in engineering taught by celebrated professors at the university.
SHAPE gives students a more realistic picture of what it means to be an engineer, and its professional development components help students develop the skills they need to get there.
Courses
SHAPE features creative problem-solving courses and exposes students to innovative engineering techniques and knowledge presented by professors. Please note that SHAPE does not provide college credit.
Students gain access to the famous MakerSpace and state-of-the-art research laboratories after completing the safety training and will only do so under close guidance.
SHAPE also provides students with workshops to explore career fields, professional development, and guidance on sharpening one’s college application from admissions officers. Students in the program will be visiting companies and organizations that show the classroom content in practice.
Application
Students are selected based on the following criteria:
1. Strong academic record
2. Personal statement to demonstrate excitement and interest in STEM through engagement in challenging courses, activities, projects, etc.
3. Enthusiastic letter of recommendation submitted by a math or science teacher
4. Creative responses to two required questions and one of the three optional questions
We encourage all students to apply by the priority deadline of June 15, 2023, so there is no application fee. After the priority deadline, a $50 application fee is required.
SHAPE is dedicated to supporting students and their families in need of financial assistance. We offer a limited number of need-based scholarships, which cover the full cost of SHAPE. To be considered for a need-based scholarship, families will need to provide a recent pay receipt and complete a Family Income and Expense Worksheet.
Email: shape@columbia.edu for more information.
21. What can we learn about SHAPE?
A. It suits students talented in STEM. B. It shows the procedure of learning STEM.
C. It serves as the start of students’ college life. D. It gives students chances to work with engineers.
22. In SHAPE, students can .
A. be free to explore the MakerSpace B. earn college credit for future study
C. put school knowledge into practice D. be equipped with skills for engineering
23. To secure a place in SHAPE, students need to .
A. show their family financial state B. answer all the given questions
C. pay application fees before deadline D. prove their learning capability
【答案】21. A 22. D 23. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一项针对高中生和应届毕业生的选择性大学预科课程：SHAPE。介绍了其课程特色以及申请要求。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“SHAPE is tailored for students with a gift for STEM: science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.(SHAPE是为具有STEM：科学、技术、工程和数学天赋的学生量身定制的)”可知，SHAPE适合在STEM领域有天赋的学生。故选A。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“SHAPE gives students a more realistic picture of what it means to be an engineer, and its professional development components help students develop the skills they need to get there.(SHAPE让学生对成为一名工程师意味着什么有了一个更现实的认识，它的专业发展部分帮助学生发展他们到达那里所需的技能)”可知，在SHAPE，学生可以掌握工程技能。故选D。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据Application部分中“Personal statement to demonstrate excitement and interest in STEM through engagement in challenging courses, activities, projects, etc.(个人陈述，通过参与具有挑战性的课程、活动、项目等，展示对STEM的兴奋和兴趣)”可知，申请条件中需要学生陈述自己参加过的有挑战性的课程、活动、项目，这能证明自己的学习能力，由此可知，为了在SHAPE获得一席之地，学生需要证明自己的学习能力。故选D。
B
I lost my leg to cancer at 30. My first trip out of the house as a one-legged woman would be to see a sick friend in hospital with my mom.
As I made my way through the hospital, I was prepared for looks of curiosity, sympathy, and even shock. But one thing shook me to a depth I had never experienced before. Two kids were playing in the hallway. As I passed by on my crutches (拐杖), they looked up at me, and suddenly, the little boy pointed at me. “Look at that lady!” It seemed that he was shouting loud enough for the entire hospital to hear. “She only has one leg! Doesn’t that look funny?”
Both of the kids burst into laughter. Heads turned, and I felt the blood rush to my face. I put my head down and rushed out as fast as I dared on my crutches. I held my tears back until the car door closed. As I fell into the seats, I cried, “How could they think this is funny?”
My mom tried her best to comfort me, “Honey, they are just kids. They don’t know any better.” They were just kids, but that did not excuse their rude behavior. I felt a wave of belief flood through me. I knew what I had to do. “Well, someone has to teach them!” I said. And I knew that someone would be me.
When I was well enough, I started to visit elementary schools and talk to children about being different. I was teaching children to be respectful of people who are different, and teaching them people come in all shapes, colors and sizes and we are each special and unique.
Speaking to children was just the beginning for me. I became an inspirational speaker and author and learned that being grateful for all the remaining parts of me was the only way to start and end my day. I shared my story in my book called I Am Choosing to Smile. I do, indeed, choose to smile. Waking up every morning, I look down at my one foot and say with all sincerity, “Good morning, five toes. I’m very glad to see you!”
24. What shocked the author in the hospital?
A. The curious look a boy had.
B. The words a boy shouted out.
C The game the boys were playing.
D. The sympathy the boys expressed.
25. How did the experience in the hospital change the author?
A. She found the purpose of her life.
B. She began to realize her difference.
C. She understood kids’ characteristics.
D. She learned the importance of respect.
26. Which of the following words can best describe the author?
A. Patient. B. Brave. C. Intelligent. D. Caring.
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是作者因癌症失去了一条腿，在有一次去医院看望一位生病的朋友时，作者受到了一个孩子的嘲笑，作者的妈妈告诉作者需要有人来教这些孩子不能嘲笑别人的残疾，后来作者开始访问小学，教孩子们要尊重不一样的人，后来作者成为了一名鼓舞人心的演说家和作家。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“But one thing shook me to a depth I had never experienced before. Two kids were playing in the hallway. As I passed by on my crutches (拐杖), they looked up at me, and suddenly, the little boy pointed at me. “Look at that lady!” It seemed that he was shouting loud enough for the entire hospital to hear. “She only has one leg! Doesn’t that look funny?”(但有一件事让我感到前所未有的震惊。两个孩子在走廊里玩。当我拄着拐杖走过时，他们抬头看着我，突然，那个小男孩指着我。“看那位女士！”他的叫声似乎大到整个医院都能听到。“她只有一条腿！”看起来是不是很有趣？”)”可知，在医院时，让作者震惊的是一个男孩喊出来的话，故选B。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“I knew what I had to do. “Well, someone has to teach them!” I said. And I knew that someone would be me.(我知道我该怎么做。“嗯，总得有人教他们！”我说。我知道那个人就是我。)”和最后一段的“Speaking to children was just the beginning for me. I became an inspirational speaker and author and learned that being grateful for all the remaining parts of me was the only way to start and end my day.(对我来说，对孩子们讲话只是个开始。我成为了一名鼓舞人心的演说家和作家，并学会了对自己剩下的部分心存感激，这是开始和结束一天的唯一方式。)”可知，在医院的经历使作者找到了自己的人生目标，故选A。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“I shared my story in my book called I Am Choosing to Smile. I do, indeed, choose to smile. Waking up every morning, I look down at my one foot and say with all sincerity, “Good morning, five toes. I’m very glad to see you!”(我在我的书《我选择微笑》中分享了我的故事。我的确选择微笑。每天早上醒来，我低头看着我的一只脚，真诚地说:“早上好，五个脚趾。我很高兴见到你！”)”可知，作者勇敢地面对自己的缺陷，因此他是勇敢的，故选B。
C
Researchers from a U.K. plant research institute have found a way to provide plants with an antibody-based defense for a specific threat, potentially speeding the creation of crops resistant to any kind of emerging virus, or bacterium (细菌). The strategy is to inoculate a protein from the plant pathogen (病原体) to be targeted to a camel or other camel relatives, purify the unusually small antibodies the camels produce, and engineer the corresponding gene section for them into a plant’s own immune gene.
Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year, and emerging pathogens pose new threats to food security in the developing world. Plants have evolved their own immune system, kick-started by cell receptors that recognize general pathogen features, such as a bacterial cell wall, as well as intracellular receptors for molecules (分子) produced by specific pathogens. If a plant cell detects these molecules, it may trigger its own death to save the rest of the plant. But plant pathogens often evolve and escape from those receptors.
A long-standing dream in plant biotechnology is to create designer disease resistance genes that could be produced as fast as pathogens emerge. One approach is to edit the gene for a plant immune receptor, changing the protein’s shape to recognize a particular pathogenic molecule.
Instead, Sophien Kamoun, a molecular biologist at the Sainsbury Laboratory, and his colleagues used an animal immune system to help make the receptor adjustments. During an infection with a new pathogen, animals produce billions of slightly different antibodies, ultimately selecting and mass-producing those that best target the virus.
Camelids, which include camels, are workhorses for antibody design because their immune systems create unusually small versions, called nano-bodies. As a proof of principle of the new plant defense strategy, Kamoun’s group turned to two standard camelid nano-bodies that recognize two different molecules, including one called green fluorescent protein (GFP), to detect test viruses, in this case a potato virus, engineered to make the fluorescent proteins. They investigated how well plants with the nano-body-enhanced receptors detected the changed potato viruses. It was found that the plants increased an active immune response and experienced almost no viral reproduction.
“The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order resistance genes and keeping up with a pathogen,” Kamoun says. “This technology is a potential game changer,” says Jeff Dangl, a plant researcher at the University of North Carolina. Ksenia Krasileva, a scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a vast body of biomedical knowledge for plant scientists. “We can now dig into all of that research and translate it to save crops.”
27. What does the underlined word “inoculate” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. Compare. B. Restore. C. Introduce. D. Label.
28. What is the main purpose of Paragraph 2?
A. To illustrate the function of cells in saving the plant.
B. To explain how to strengthen plant receptors effectively.
C. To demonstrate the solutions to farmers’ annual heavy losses.
D. To reveal why plants fail to handle constantly-updated diseases.
29. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Editing plant receptors is to match the shape of pathogens.
B. Nano-bodies can help plants catch up with pathogen changes.
C. Plants select the best antibodies from animals to fight viruses.
D. Plants with nano-bodies respond actively in massive virus copying.
30. According to the passage, scientists will .
A. apply the outcome in the real world B. prove the findings of resistance genes
C. identify similar means to fight diseases D. seek more support for the new strategy
【答案】27. C 28. D 29. B 30. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了英国一家植物研究所的研究人员发现了一种方法，可以为植物提供一种基于抗体的防御机制，以抵御一种特定的威胁，这可能会加速作物对任何新出现的病毒或细菌的抗性的产生。
【27题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“a protein from the plant pathogen (病原体) to be targeted to a camel or other camel relatives, purify the unusually small antibodies the camels produce, and engineer the corresponding gene section for them into a plant’s own immune gene(将植物病原体中的一种蛋白质接种到骆驼或其他骆驼亲属，纯化骆驼产生的异常小的抗体，并将其相应的基因片段转化为植物自身的免疫基因)”可知，要纯化骆驼产生的异常小的抗体，并将相应的基因片段设计成植物自身的免疫基因，需要把一种来自植物病原体的蛋白质引入到骆驼或其他骆驼的近亲身上，故画线词意思是“引入”。故选C。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year, and emerging pathogens pose new threats to food security in the developing world. Plants have evolved their own immune system, kick-started by cell receptors that recognize general pathogen features, such as a bacterial cell wall, as well as intracellular receptors for molecules (分子) produced by specific pathogens. If a plant cell detects these molecules, it may trigger its own death to save the rest of the plant. But plant pathogens often evolve and escape from those receptors.(农民每年因植物病害损失数十亿美元，新出现的病原体对发展中国家的粮食安全构成了新的威胁。植物已经进化出了自己的免疫系统，由识别一般病原体特征（如细菌细胞壁）的细胞受体以及识别特定病原体产生的分子的细胞内受体启动。如果一个植物细胞检测到这些分子，它可能会触发自己的死亡，以拯救植物的其余部分。但植物病原体经常进化并逃离这些受体)”可推知，第二段的主要目的是揭示为什么植物不能应对不断更新的疾病。故选D。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段““The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order resistance genes and keeping up with a pathogen,” Kamoun says.( Kamoun说：“这项技术令人兴奋的部分是，我们有可能定制抗性基因，并跟上病原体的步伐。”)”可知，纳米体可以帮助植物跟上病原体的变化。故选B。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Ksenia Krasileva, a scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a vast body of biomedical knowledge for plant scientists. “We can now dig into all of that research and translate it to save crops.”(加州大学伯克利分校的科学家Ksenia Krasileva说，纳米体与植物免疫受体的混合为植物科学家开辟了一个庞大的生物医学知识体系。“我们现在可以深入研究所有这些研究，并将其转化为拯救作物。”)”可知，科学家将把研究结果应用到现实世界中。故选A。
D
Superhuman artificial intelligence is already among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading.
Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. Reading minds comes so easily to us, though, that we often don’t think to spell out what we want. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life—to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a bouncing ball—we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds.
Psychologists refer to the ability to infer another’s mental state as theory of mind. In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences.
Moreover, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to emerge naturally from one’s own learning process. Building prior knowledge into AI makes it reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind. In addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory of mind that we don’t know about simply because we live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a certain ability to think.
Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI.
It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen. But along the way thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves.
31. According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well?
A. When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”.
B. When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”.
C. When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it.
D. When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder.
32. The author believes that .
A. humans’ theory of mind is far from perfect
B. humans limit AI’s theory of mind to an extent
C. we should reject human-like forms of abilities for AI
D. shared forms of theory of mind result in more powerful AI
33. As for AIs, what does the author value most?
A. Reliability. B. Practicability.
C. Reasoning capability. D. Communication ability.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected
B. AI with Theory of Mind Will Reshape Our Future
C. AI’s Theory of Mind Is a Blessing or Suffering to Humans
D. Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI
【答案】31. C 32. B 33. C 34. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。当涉及到下棋和围棋等游戏，或解决预测蛋白质结构等棘手的科学挑战时，计算机远远领先于我们。但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术。作者希望人工智能也能具备这种思维能力，实现人类与人工智能的交流。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. (但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术)”和第二段“Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. (人类有一种神秘的能力来推理他人的目标、欲望和信仰，这是一项至关重要的技能，意味着我们可以预测他人的行为和自己的后果) ”和第三段的“For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no.(例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的)”可知，读心需要经过一定的推理，而计算机不具备人类所拥有的读心的能力。A项“When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”. (你被要求晚餐吃辣的食物时，你回答说“喉咙痛”)”、B项“When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”. (当老师问一个男孩的家庭作业时，他回答说“我的狗吃了”)”和D项“When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder. (当孩子们在伤害自己后看到他们的妈妈时，他们哭得更大声)”都需要运用到思维理论去解释人们的目标和欲望。C项“When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it. (当妈妈告诉她的孩子一些食物对健康有益时，孩子就会吃)”是直接的陈述，不需要运用思维理论。故选C。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences. (心理学家将推断他人精神状态的能力称为心理理论。在人类中，这种能力在很小的时候就开始发展。然而，如何在机器中复制这种能力还远不清楚。主要挑战之一是语境问题。例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的。但这需要大量关于跑步、天气和人类偏好的背景知识)”可知，人类在一定程度上限制了人工智能的思维理论。故选B。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI. (然而，我们可能仍然希望人工智能拥有一种更像人类的思维理论。人类可以用共同的语言和想法向彼此清楚地解释他们的目标和欲望。虽然让人工智能在学习过程中形成思维理论可能会导致开发出更强大的人工智能，但以共享的方式表达知识可能对人类信任人工智能和与人工智能交流至关重要)”可知，关于人工智能，作者最看重的是它的推理能力，这样才能实现人类人工智能的交流。故选C。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，结合最后一段的“It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. (然而，重要的是要记住，追求具有思维理论的机器不仅仅是为了制造更有用的机器人。这也是迈向人工智能和机器人研究更深层目标的垫脚石：建造真正有自我意识的机器)”可知，作者期待建造真正有自我意识的机器，即作者期待人工智能具备思维理论。故A项“AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected(期待人工智有拥有自己的心智理论)”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
In our modern world, there are endless alternatives. Have you ever found yourself wondering whether you should quit or stay in your job, accept an offer or give it up for another? There is a simple and practical method that solves this problem.____35____When you understand the concept, you have the power to measure every alternative with precision and make the right decision.
In the field of economics, opportunity cost is the value that you have to give up when you choose an option over another good option.____36____Every time you choose something, you give up other alternatives together with their financial benefits. It is not all the other options, but the most valued one that is defined as the opportunity cost.
____37____Take the simple example of trying to decide whether to take public transportation for 80 minutes or to drive for 40 minutes. You might save on the cost of gas while riding the bus but double the trip length and miss out on other things you could have done during that time.____38____This is how you create priorities in your daily life.
Though useful in decision making, the biggest drawback of opportunity cost is that it’s often related to what’s hard to quantify.____39____After all, putting a number to your peaceful mind or happiness can be difficult.
Opportunity cost isn’t cut and dried. It varies from person to person. At the end of the day, you are in charge of what you own and what you want to gain.
A. It is about finding out the opportunity cost.
B. Weigh the losses and gains, and make your decision.
C. Opportunity cost matters not only in economics but also in real life.
D. This is especially true when the opportunity cost is of non-financial benefit.
E. The key principle underlying the idea is that there is no such thing as free lunch.
F. Most people overlook opportunity cost because the benefits are usually hidden from view.
G. It is the development of important skills that would help you move forward in your daily life.
【答案】35. A 36. E 37. C 38. B 39. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了机会成本。
【35题详解】
根据上文“There is a simple and practical method that solves this problem.( 有一个简单实用的方法可以解决这个问题。)”和下文“When you understand the concept, you have the power to measure every alternative with precision and make the right decision.(当你理解了这个概念，你就有能力精确地衡量每一个选择，并做出正确的决定。)”可知，空处提到了一个概念，就是机会成本。A项中的“the opportunity cost”和下文中的“the concept”对应。A项：It is about finding out the opportunity cost.(这是关于找出机会成本。)符合语境。故选A。
【36题详解】
根据下文“Every time you choose something, you give up other alternatives together with their financial benefits.(每次你选择某样东西，你就放弃了其他的选择以及它们的经济利益。)”可知，下文举例说明机会成本的具体实施原则，选择了某样东西，就要放弃其他的选择以及它们的经济利益。E项：The key principle underlying the idea is that there is no such thing as free lunch.(这个观点的关键原则是，天下没有免费的午餐。)符合语境。故选E。
【37题详解】
空处为段落主题句。根据下文“Take the simple example of trying to decide whether to take public transportation for 80 minutes or to drive for 40 minutes.(举个简单的例子，试着决定是乘80分钟的公共交通工具还是开车40分钟。)”可知，本段主要讲述机会成本在日常生活中的应用。C项：Opportunity cost matters not only in economics but also in real life.(机会成本不仅在经济学中很重要，在现实生活中也很重要。)符合语境。故选C。
【38题详解】
根据上文“You might save on the cost of gas while riding the bus but double the trip length and miss out on other things you could have done during that time.(你可能会在乘坐公共汽车时节省汽油费用，但会使行程长度增加一倍，并错过在这段时间内你可以做的其他事情。)”可知，在做决定之前要权衡利弊。B项：Weigh the losses and gains, and make your decision.(权衡得失，再做决定。)符合语境。故选B。
【39题详解】
根据上文“Though useful in decision making, the biggest drawback of opportunity cost is that it’s often related to what’s hard to quantify. (虽然机会成本在决策中很有用，但它最大的缺点是它往往与难以量化的东西有关。)”可知，此处提出机会成本的局限性，结合下文“After all, putting a number to your peaceful mind or happiness can be difficult.(毕竟，用一个数字来形容你内心的平静或快乐是很困难的。)”可知，像情绪等非经济利益机会成本难以形容。D项：This is especially true when the opportunity cost is of non-financial benefit.(当机会成本是非经济利益时尤其如此。)符合语境。故选D。
第三部分书面表达(共两节，32分)
第一节(共4小题;第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
The term “nostalgia” was first coined in 1688 and was defined as a mental illness of soldiers continually thinking about their homeland and longing for return. However, today we have a much more positive attitude to nostalgia. It’s a great example of the benefits of a strong memory.
In numerous scientific experiments, researchers have found that subjects are much more likely to report positive feelings from a given piece of music if they’ve heard it before. But there’s also a growing body of research into time travel “the other way”, because memory skills can take people into the future, too. Decades of studies have shown that time travel into the future can bring a whole new set of rewards. For example, athletes who practice by mentally visualizing and imagining successful performances in the future do perform better.
All these findings are inspiring and attractive. How could you become a confident time traveler to the past or into the future? Here are some tips for you:
·To take pleasure in helpful memories, maybe to reawaken happy feelings, use all your senses—not just sight. Smell, taste, touch and sound will also help you to recreate the past in rich clarity.
·If you find a memory that’s particularly helpful—for reassurance, say—keep using it!
You’ll get faster at finding it, and add extra layers of detail each time.
·When you’re procrastinating (拖延), visualize an end result. Flash forward to see the floor swept or the essay finished, and use that positive image to drive you into action.
·Ahead of major challenges, imagine the full impact of success. Don’t just picture yourself getting that great job: fill your mind with the really big ways it’s going to change your life.
There’ll still be times when old thoughts remind you of sadness, or you’re anxious about what’s next. But the more you learn to control your memory, the better you’ll be at mining your past, and shaping your future, to be your best self now.
40. What did nostalgia originally mean?
___________________________________________
41. What have the researchers found about time travel?
___________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
➢Memory skills can bring us into the future, so we should imagine a negative end result to drive us into action when procrastinating.
___________________________________________
43. Describe one of the helpful time-travel experiences in your life. (In about 40 words)
___________________________________________
【答案】40. A mental illness of soldiers continually thinking about their homeland and longing for return.
41. They have found that time travel to the past and into the future both bring benefits to us.
42. ØMemory skills can bring us into the future, so we should imagine a negative end result to drive us into action when procrastinating.
Because we should use a positive end result to drive us into action when procrastinating.
43. (1) I often imagine myself attending my ideal university in September 2023 to cheer myself up. Picturing myself wandering on the campus and enjoying the harvest in the golden autumn can give me the motivation to overcome nervousness and stress at present with an optimistic attitude and in full gear.
(2) I recall the time of winning the first prize in a speech contest two years ago. Standing on the stage reaching out for the prize, I was filled with pride. This experience serves as a constant source of encouragement and confidence for me to keep working hard to improve myself.
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章就怎样才能成为一个自信的时间旅行者，穿越到过去或未来提出建议。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“The term “nostalgia” was first coined in 1688 and was defined as a mental illness of soldiers continually thinking about their homeland and longing for return.(“怀旧”一词最早出现于1688年，被定义为一种士兵的精神疾病，他们会不断地想念自己的家园，渴望回归。)”可知，“怀旧”原意为军人不断思念故土、渴望回归的一种心理疾病。故答案是：A mental illness of soldiers continually thinking about their homeland and longing for return.
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“In numerous scientific experiments, researchers have found that subjects are much more likely to report positive feelings from a given piece of music if they’ve heard it before. But there’s also a growing body of research into time travel “the other way”, because memory skills can take people into the future, too. Decades of studies have shown that time travel into the future can bring a whole new set of rewards.(在许多科学实验中，研究人员发现，如果受试者以前听过某段音乐，他们更有可能从这段音乐中获得积极的感觉。但也有越来越多的研究以“另一种方式”进行时间旅行，因为记忆技能也可以把人们带到未来。几十年的研究表明，穿越到未来可以带来一系列全新的回报。)”可知，研究人员发现时间旅行到过去和到未来都会给我们带来好处。故答案是：They have found that time travel to the past and into the future both bring benefits to us.
【42题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章倒数第三段“When you’re procrastinating (拖延), visualize an end result. Flash forward to see the floor swept or the essay finished, and use that positive image to drive you into action.(当你在拖延的时候，想象一下最终的结果。快进到看到扫地或文章写完了，用这些积极的形象来推动你行动起来。)”可知，记忆力可以把我们带到未来，所以我们应该想象一个积极的最终结果来推动我们在拖延的时候采取行动。故答案是：Memory skills can bring us into the future, so we should imagine a negative end result to drive us into action when procrastinating. Because we should use a positive end result to drive us into action when procrastinating.
【43题详解】
开放性试题。(1) I often imagine myself attending my ideal university in September 2023 to cheer myself up. Picturing myself wandering on the campus and enjoying the harvest in the golden autumn can give me the motivation to overcome nervousness and stress at present with an optimistic attitude and in full gear.
(2) I recall the time of winning the first prize in a speech contest two years ago. Standing on the stage reaching out for the prize, I was filled with pride. This experience serves as a constant source of encouragement and confidence for me to keep working hard to improve myself.
(答案仅供参考，言之有理即可。)
第二节(20分)
44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你最近读完了外教Jim推荐的一本英文书，请你用英文给Jim写一封邮件，内容包括：
1.表达感谢并分享读书收获;
2.交流后续英文书阅读计划。
注意：1.词数100左右;
2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
Thank you for your recommendation of the English novel The Old Man and the Sea.
Having finished reading, I’ve harvested a lot. The tough man who fights against the big fish and sharks alone in the sea inspires me to brave frustrations in my life. And I have learned that we should stick to our dreams no matter what hardships we may encounter.
The book unfolds a new world to me. Thus, I make a plan for further reading. English novels enlightening my mind will be included in my reading list. I intend to read one book a month. While reading, I will take down my understanding in time to gain more beyond the lines.
I would appreciate it if you could give me more recommendations.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达是一篇应用文，要求考生用英文给Jim写一封邮件，内容包括：1.表达感谢并分享读书收获；2.交流后续英文书阅读计划。
【详解】1.词汇积累
完成：finish→complete
激励某人做某事：inspire sb. to do sth.→encourage sb. to do sth.
坚持：stick to→persist in
感谢：appreciate→be grateful
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：Thank you for your recommendation of the English novel The Old Man and the Sea.
拓展句：Thank you for your recommendation of the English novel whose name is The Old Man and the Sea.
【点睛】[高分句型1]
The tough man who fights against the big fish and sharks alone in the sea inspires me to brave frustrations in my life.(运用了who引导限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2]
And I have learned that we should stick to our dreams no matter what hardships we may encounter.(运用了that引导宾语从句，no matter what引导让步状语从句)
北京市朝阳区高三年级第二学期质量检测二
英语
(考试时间90分钟 满分100分)
本试卷共10页。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。
第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)
第一节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
My son was born with breathing difficulties, so he had to stay in NICU, the hospital unit for newborns needing intensive care. There he could only be fed through a tube. I hated the tube. The lovely dreams I had of nursing my baby were entirely___1___.
On the fifth day, I___2___about the tube, saying that I wanted to feed him with a bottle. The doctors agreed to let me try. My son’s feedings would be closely recorded to see if he was able to get___3___milk intake without the tube. After eighteen hours, it was determined he could not do that and the tube was back. This meant he wasn’t getting stronger. The___4___felt so dark.
Seated outside the NICU, I started crying. Just then, a young nurse came and sat beside me. When I had___5___ my sorrow a little, she handed me a tissue and asked if I wanted to talk. I asked again if we could remove the tube.
The nurse replied, “Not today. But remember, tomorrow is a new day.”
She seemed much younger than me, but her words were___6___and hope-filled, and I held on to them. I remembered her advice and repeated it to myself multiple times a day. The nurse changed my perspective away from current___7___to see the hope of tomorrow. Gradually, things started to ___8___. On day eight, my son drank half of his milk without the tube. On day ten, the doctors approved taking off the tube___9___. “Tomorrow” came. It just came a few days later than expected. On day fifteen, we were released from the hospital, and my son “graduated” from the NICU.
What I learned from that nurse was to look beyond today and the suffering of it and to consider tomorrow with_____10_____. After all, tomorrow is a new day.
1. A. controlled B. destroyed C. questioned D. recalled
2. A. protested B. wondered C. forgot D. warned
3. A. maximum B. restricted C. sufficient D. additional
4. A. plot B. spot C. atmosphere D. situation
5. A. spared B. contained C. shared D. exhibited
6. A. wise B. plain C. familiar D. sharp
7. A. mistakes B. dreams C. challenges D. doubts
8. A. go away B. look up C. make sense D. fall apart
9. A. frequently B. slightly C. completely D. occasionally
10. A. intention B. imagination C. urge D. faith
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者的儿子由于呼吸困难，必须呆在新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)，作者感到很难过，一位护士的话让她改变了观点，从挑战中看到了希望。作者领悟到明天又是新的一天。
【1题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我照顾孩子的美好梦想被彻底摧毁了。A. controlled控制；B. destroyed破坏，摧毁；C. questioned询问，质疑；D. recalled回忆。根据“My son was born with breathing difficulties, so he had to stay in NICU”可知，由于孩子住在重症监护室，作者照顾孩子的梦想被摧毁了。故选B。
【2题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在第五天，我对使用管子提出抗议，说我想用奶瓶喂他。A. protested抗议，反对；B. wondered想知道；C. forgot忘记；D. warned警告。根据“I hated the tube.”和“saying that I wanted to feed him with a bottle.”可知，此处表示作者反对用管子给孩子进食。故选A。
【3题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我儿子的喂食会被密切记录下来，看看他是否能在没有管子的情况下摄入足够的牛奶。A. maximum最大的；B. restricted受限制的；C. sufficient足够的；D. additional额外的，附加的。根据下文“On day eight, my son drank half of his milk without the tube.”可知，此处记录孩子的喂食情况，看看是否在没有管子的情况下能摄入足够的牛奶。故选C。
【4题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：情况让人感觉很黑暗。A. plot故事情节；B. spot地点，场所；C. atmosphere大气，氛围；D. situation情况，形势。根据“After eighteen hours, it was determined he could not do that and the tube was back.”可知，又重新用上了管子，说明情况不是很好。故选D。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我稍稍克制住自己的悲伤时，她递给我一张纸巾，问我是否想谈谈。A. spared抽出，匀出；B. contained包含，控制；C. shared分享；D. exhibited展览，展出。根据“Seated outside the NICU, I started crying.”以及“asked if I wanted to talk. ”可知，此处指稍微控制下情绪。故选B。
【6题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她看起来比我年轻得多，但她的话充满智慧和希望，我牢牢记住了。A. wise明智的；B. plain普通的；C. familiar熟悉的；D. sharp尖锐的。根据“hope-filled”和“I remembered her advice and repeated it to myself multiple times a day.”可知，作者认为那位护士的话充满智慧和希望。故选A。
【7题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：护士改变了我的观点，让我从当前的挑战中看到了明天的希望。A. mistakes错误；B. dreams梦想；C. challenges挑战；D. doubts怀疑。根据“to look beyond today and the suffering of it”可知，此处指当前的挑战。故选C。
【8题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：渐渐地，情况开始好转。A. go away离开；B. look up改善，查阅；C. make sense有道理，有意义；D. fall apart崩溃。根据“On day eight, my son drank half of his milk without the tube.”可知，孩子的情况开始有所改善。故选B。
【9题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：第十天时，医生同意完全取下管子。A. frequently经常地；B. slightly轻微地；C. completely完全地；D. occasionally偶尔地。根据“On day eight, my son drank half of his milk without the tube.”和““Tomorrow” came.”可知，医生同意完全取下管子。故选C。
【10题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我从那位护士身上学到的是，要超越今天和今天的苦难，用信心去考虑明天。A. intention意图，打算；B. imagination想象力；C. urge冲动，强烈的欲望；D. faith信心，信任。根据“but her words were___6___and hope-filled”和“to see the hope of tomorrow.”可知，作者学到要对明天充满信心。故选D。
第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分)
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
As a variant of American football flag football is a type of sport in which a player must remove a flag belt from the ball carrier to end a down. The first rule of the game is that contact____11____players is not permitted. Recently, it____12____(gain) great popularity in China among young people. It’s engaging and ridiculously fun. That’s why the percentage of people____13____ (join) a flag football club through online channels has risen to a new high level.
【答案】11. between
12. has gained
13. joining
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了夺旗橄榄球在中国年轻人中很受欢迎。
【11题详解】
考查介词。句意：比赛的第一条规则是球员之间不允许有身体接触。表示“在两者之间”应用介词between。故填between。
【12题详解】
考查动词时态。句意：最近，它在中国年轻人中很受欢迎。根据时间状语“recently”可知，使用现在完成时，主语为it，助动词用has。故填has gained。
【13题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：这就是为什么通过在线渠道加入夺旗橄榄球俱乐部的人的比例上升到一个新的高度。分析句子结构可知，已有谓语动词has risen，空处需填非谓语动词作定语，people和join为逻辑主谓关系，需填现在分词形式。故填joining。
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Old Connections, a telecommunications museum in Seattle, with a working exchange from the 1940s,____14____(show) how telephones brought us together, but also tore us apart. Perhaps it should not be____15____(surprise) that the Internet has brought with it a new wave of horrific destructiveness. History itself is a kind of radio programme, broadcast to us in frequencies that become harder to receive as we forget the old ways. But as long as we keep the ancient exchanges running, we have a way to remember and understand____16____we come from.
【答案】14 shows
15. surprising
16. where
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章以西雅图的电信博物馆“旧连接”一台从20世纪40年代就开始运作的交换机引入话题，告诉我们要保留古老的交流方式。
【14题详解】
考查动词时态。句意：西雅图的电信博物馆“旧连接”(Old Connections) 拥有一台从20世纪40年代就开始运作的交换机，它展示了电话是如何让我们走到一起的，但也让我们分开了。此处陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语Old Connections是专有名词，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填shows。
【15题详解】
考查形容词。句意：互联网带来了一波可怕的破坏性浪潮，也许这并不奇怪。空处需填形容词作表语，修饰后文提到的事情，需用-ing结尾的形容词。故填surprising。
【16题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：但只要我们保持这种古老的交流，我们就有办法记住和理解我们来自哪里。空处引导宾语从句，句子缺少地点副词，用连接副词where引导。故填where。
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Wang Dakang, aged 88, is a model of lifelong learning. In the 1980s, he was the first person____17____(accomplish) a round trip of China using only a bicycle. To edit this experience into his book, Wang decided to go to college. At the age of 61, he____18____(admit) into college, majoring in journalism. By 2012, he had completed three majors in college. At present, Wang lives in Leshan, where he spends his days following carefully____19____(plan) routines. His study starts at 6 am every morning, during____20____he reads and takes notes from newspapers. Wang said, “There is so much to learn and I will continue learning until the very end.”
【答案】17. to accomplish
18 was admitted
19. planned
20. which
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了骑游中国的王大康的人生经历。
【17题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在20世纪80年代，他是第一个只用自行车完成中国往返旅行的人。名词person前面有the first修饰，需填动词不定式作后置定语。故填to accomplish。
【18题详解】
考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：61岁时，他被大学录取了，主修新闻专业。此处陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时，be admitted into为固定短语，意为“被……录取”，主语为he，be动词用was。故填was admitted。
【19题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：目前，王住在乐山，在那里他每天都按照精心安排的日程生活。空处需填非谓语动词作定语，修饰名词routines，二者为逻辑动宾关系，需填过去分词形式。故填planned。
【20题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：他每天早上6点开始学习，在此期间他阅读并从报纸上做笔记。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的句子，在定语从句中作介词during的宾语，需用关系代词which引导。故填which。
第二部分阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Columbia Engineering’s Summer High School Academic Program for Engineers (SHAPE) is a selective pre-college program for high school students and recent graduates. SHAPE is tailored for students with a gift for STEM: science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Each 3-week session offers college-level, project-based courses in engineering taught by celebrated professors at the university.
SHAPE gives students a more realistic picture of what it means to be an engineer, and its professional development components help students develop the skills they need to get there.
Courses
SHAPE features creative problem-solving courses and exposes students to innovative engineering techniques and knowledge presented by professors. Please note that SHAPE does not provide college credit.
Students gain access to the famous MakerSpace and state-of-the-art research laboratories after completing the safety training and will only do so under close guidance.
SHAPE also provides students with workshops to explore career fields, professional development, and guidance on sharpening one’s college application from admissions officers. Students in the program will be visiting companies and organizations that show the classroom content in practice.
Application
Students are selected based on the following criteria:
1. Strong academic record
2. Personal statement to demonstrate excitement and interest in STEM through engagement in challenging courses, activities, projects, etc.
3. Enthusiastic letter of recommendation submitted by a math or science teacher
4. Creative responses to two required questions and one of the three optional questions
We encourage all students to apply by the priority deadline of June 15, 2023, so there is no application fee. After the priority deadline, a $50 application fee is required.
SHAPE is dedicated to supporting students and their families in need of financial assistance. We offer a limited number of need-based scholarships, which cover the full cost of SHAPE. To be considered for a need-based scholarship, families will need to provide a recent pay receipt and complete a Family Income and Expense Worksheet.
Email: shape@columbia.edu for more information.
21. What can we learn about SHAPE?
A. It suits students talented in STEM. B. It shows the procedure of learning STEM.
C. It serves as the start of students’ college life. D. It gives students chances to work with engineers.
22. In SHAPE, students can .
A. be free to explore the MakerSpace B. earn college credit for future study
C. put school knowledge into practice D. be equipped with skills for engineering
23. To secure a place in SHAPE, students need to .
A. show their family financial state B. answer all the given questions
C. pay application fees before deadline D. prove their learning capability
【答案】21. A 22. D 23. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一项针对高中生和应届毕业生的选择性大学预科课程：SHAPE。介绍了其课程特色以及申请要求。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“SHAPE is tailored for students with a gift for STEM: science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.(SHAPE是为具有STEM：科学、技术、工程和数学天赋的学生量身定制的)”可知，SHAPE适合在STEM领域有天赋的学生。故选A。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“SHAPE gives students a more realistic picture of what it means to be an engineer, and its professional development components help students develop the skills they need to get there.(SHAPE让学生对成为一名工程师意味着什么有了一个更现实的认识，它的专业发展部分帮助学生发展他们到达那里所需的技能)”可知，在SHAPE，学生可以掌握工程技能。故选D。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据Application部分中“Personal statement to demonstrate excitement and interest in STEM through engagement in challenging courses, activities, projects, etc.(个人陈述，通过参与具有挑战性的课程、活动、项目等，展示对STEM的兴奋和兴趣)”可知，申请条件中需要学生陈述自己参加过的有挑战性的课程、活动、项目，这能证明自己的学习能力，由此可知，为了在SHAPE获得一席之地，学生需要证明自己的学习能力。故选D。
B
I lost my leg to cancer at 30. My first trip out of the house as a one-legged woman would be to see a sick friend in hospital with my mom.
As I made my way through the hospital, I was prepared for looks of curiosity, sympathy, and even shock. But one thing shook me to a depth I had never experienced before. Two kids were playing in the hallway. As I passed by on my crutches (拐杖), they looked up at me, and suddenly, the little boy pointed at me. “Look at that lady!” It seemed that he was shouting loud enough for the entire hospital to hear. “She only has one leg! Doesn’t that look funny?”
Both of the kids burst into laughter. Heads turned, and I felt the blood rush to my face. I put my head down and rushed out as fast as I dared on my crutches. I held my tears back until the car door closed. As I fell into the seats, I cried, “How could they think this is funny?”
My mom tried her best to comfort me, “Honey, they are just kids. They don’t know any better.” They were just kids, but that did not excuse their rude behavior. I felt a wave of belief flood through me. I knew what I had to do. “Well, someone has to teach them!” I said. And I knew that someone would be me.
When I was well enough, I started to visit elementary schools and talk to children about being different. I was teaching children to be respectful of people who are different, and teaching them people come in all shapes, colors and sizes and we are each special and unique.
Speaking to children was just the beginning for me. I became an inspirational speaker and author and learned that being grateful for all the remaining parts of me was the only way to start and end my day. I shared my story in my book called I Am Choosing to Smile. I do, indeed, choose to smile. Waking up every morning, I look down at my one foot and say with all sincerity, “Good morning, five toes. I’m very glad to see you!”
24. What shocked the author in the hospital?
A. The curious look a boy had.
B. The words a boy shouted out.
C The game the boys were playing.
D. The sympathy the boys expressed.
25. How did the experience in the hospital change the author?
A. She found the purpose of her life.
B. She began to realize her difference.
C. She understood kids’ characteristics.
D. She learned the importance of respect.
26. Which of the following words can best describe the author?
A. Patient. B. Brave. C. Intelligent. D. Caring.
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是作者因癌症失去了一条腿，在有一次去医院看望一位生病的朋友时，作者受到了一个孩子的嘲笑，作者的妈妈告诉作者需要有人来教这些孩子不能嘲笑别人的残疾，后来作者开始访问小学，教孩子们要尊重不一样的人，后来作者成为了一名鼓舞人心的演说家和作家。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“But one thing shook me to a depth I had never experienced before. Two kids were playing in the hallway. As I passed by on my crutches (拐杖), they looked up at me, and suddenly, the little boy pointed at me. “Look at that lady!” It seemed that he was shouting loud enough for the entire hospital to hear. “She only has one leg! Doesn’t that look funny?”(但有一件事让我感到前所未有的震惊。两个孩子在走廊里玩。当我拄着拐杖走过时，他们抬头看着我，突然，那个小男孩指着我。“看那位女士！”他的叫声似乎大到整个医院都能听到。“她只有一条腿！”看起来是不是很有趣？”)”可知，在医院时，让作者震惊的是一个男孩喊出来的话，故选B。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“I knew what I had to do. “Well, someone has to teach them!” I said. And I knew that someone would be me.(我知道我该怎么做。“嗯，总得有人教他们！”我说。我知道那个人就是我。)”和最后一段的“Speaking to children was just the beginning for me. I became an inspirational speaker and author and learned that being grateful for all the remaining parts of me was the only way to start and end my day.(对我来说，对孩子们讲话只是个开始。我成为了一名鼓舞人心的演说家和作家，并学会了对自己剩下的部分心存感激，这是开始和结束一天的唯一方式。)”可知，在医院的经历使作者找到了自己的人生目标，故选A。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“I shared my story in my book called I Am Choosing to Smile. I do, indeed, choose to smile. Waking up every morning, I look down at my one foot and say with all sincerity, “Good morning, five toes. I’m very glad to see you!”(我在我的书《我选择微笑》中分享了我的故事。我的确选择微笑。每天早上醒来，我低头看着我的一只脚，真诚地说:“早上好，五个脚趾。我很高兴见到你！”)”可知，作者勇敢地面对自己的缺陷，因此他是勇敢的，故选B。
C
Researchers from a U.K. plant research institute have found a way to provide plants with an antibody-based defense for a specific threat, potentially speeding the creation of crops resistant to any kind of emerging virus, or bacterium (细菌). The strategy is to inoculate a protein from the plant pathogen (病原体) to be targeted to a camel or other camel relatives, purify the unusually small antibodies the camels produce, and engineer the corresponding gene section for them into a plant’s own immune gene.
Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year, and emerging pathogens pose new threats to food security in the developing world. Plants have evolved their own immune system, kick-started by cell receptors that recognize general pathogen features, such as a bacterial cell wall, as well as intracellular receptors for molecules (分子) produced by specific pathogens. If a plant cell detects these molecules, it may trigger its own death to save the rest of the plant. But plant pathogens often evolve and escape from those receptors.
A long-standing dream in plant biotechnology is to create designer disease resistance genes that could be produced as fast as pathogens emerge. One approach is to edit the gene for a plant immune receptor, changing the protein’s shape to recognize a particular pathogenic molecule.
Instead, Sophien Kamoun, a molecular biologist at the Sainsbury Laboratory, and his colleagues used an animal immune system to help make the receptor adjustments. During an infection with a new pathogen, animals produce billions of slightly different antibodies, ultimately selecting and mass-producing those that best target the virus.
Camelids, which include camels, are workhorses for antibody design because their immune systems create unusually small versions, called nano-bodies. As a proof of principle of the new plant defense strategy, Kamoun’s group turned to two standard camelid nano-bodies that recognize two different molecules, including one called green fluorescent protein (GFP), to detect test viruses, in this case a potato virus, engineered to make the fluorescent proteins. They investigated how well plants with the nano-body-enhanced receptors detected the changed potato viruses. It was found that the plants increased an active immune response and experienced almost no viral reproduction.
“The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order resistance genes and keeping up with a pathogen,” Kamoun says. “This technology is a potential game changer,” says Jeff Dangl, a plant researcher at the University of North Carolina. Ksenia Krasileva, a scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a vast body of biomedical knowledge for plant scientists. “We can now dig into all of that research and translate it to save crops.”
27. What does the underlined word “inoculate” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. Compare. B. Restore. C. Introduce. D. Label.
28. What is the main purpose of Paragraph 2?
A. To illustrate the function of cells in saving the plant.
B. To explain how to strengthen plant receptors effectively.
C. To demonstrate the solutions to farmers’ annual heavy losses.
D. To reveal why plants fail to handle constantly-updated diseases.
29. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Editing plant receptors is to match the shape of pathogens.
B. Nano-bodies can help plants catch up with pathogen changes.
C. Plants select the best antibodies from animals to fight viruses.
D. Plants with nano-bodies respond actively in massive virus copying.
30. According to the passage, scientists will .
A. apply the outcome in the real world B. prove the findings of resistance genes
C. identify similar means to fight diseases D. seek more support for the new strategy
【答案】27. C 28. D 29. B 30. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了英国一家植物研究所的研究人员发现了一种方法，可以为植物提供一种基于抗体的防御机制，以抵御一种特定的威胁，这可能会加速作物对任何新出现的病毒或细菌的抗性的产生。
【27题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“a protein from the plant pathogen (病原体) to be targeted to a camel or other camel relatives, purify the unusually small antibodies the camels produce, and engineer the corresponding gene section for them into a plant’s own immune gene(将植物病原体中的一种蛋白质接种到骆驼或其他骆驼亲属，纯化骆驼产生的异常小的抗体，并将其相应的基因片段转化为植物自身的免疫基因)”可知，要纯化骆驼产生的异常小的抗体，并将相应的基因片段设计成植物自身的免疫基因，需要把一种来自植物病原体的蛋白质引入到骆驼或其他骆驼的近亲身上，故画线词意思是“引入”。故选C。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year, and emerging pathogens pose new threats to food security in the developing world. Plants have evolved their own immune system, kick-started by cell receptors that recognize general pathogen features, such as a bacterial cell wall, as well as intracellular receptors for molecules (分子) produced by specific pathogens. If a plant cell detects these molecules, it may trigger its own death to save the rest of the plant. But plant pathogens often evolve and escape from those receptors.(农民每年因植物病害损失数十亿美元，新出现的病原体对发展中国家的粮食安全构成了新的威胁。植物已经进化出了自己的免疫系统，由识别一般病原体特征（如细菌细胞壁）的细胞受体以及识别特定病原体产生的分子的细胞内受体启动。如果一个植物细胞检测到这些分子，它可能会触发自己的死亡，以拯救植物的其余部分。但植物病原体经常进化并逃离这些受体)”可推知，第二段的主要目的是揭示为什么植物不能应对不断更新的疾病。故选D。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段““The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order resistance genes and keeping up with a pathogen,” Kamoun says.( Kamoun说：“这项技术令人兴奋的部分是，我们有可能定制抗性基因，并跟上病原体的步伐。”)”可知，纳米体可以帮助植物跟上病原体的变化。故选B。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Ksenia Krasileva, a scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a vast body of biomedical knowledge for plant scientists. “We can now dig into all of that research and translate it to save crops.”(加州大学伯克利分校的科学家Ksenia Krasileva说，纳米体与植物免疫受体的混合为植物科学家开辟了一个庞大的生物医学知识体系。“我们现在可以深入研究所有这些研究，并将其转化为拯救作物。”)”可知，科学家将把研究结果应用到现实世界中。故选A。
D
Superhuman artificial intelligence is already among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading.
Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. Reading minds comes so easily to us, though, that we often don’t think to spell out what we want. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life—to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a bouncing ball—we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds.
Psychologists refer to the ability to infer another’s mental state as theory of mind. In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences.
Moreover, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to emerge naturally from one’s own learning process. Building prior knowledge into AI makes it reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind. In addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory of mind that we don’t know about simply because we live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a certain ability to think.
Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI.
It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen. But along the way thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves.
31. According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well?
A. When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”.
B. When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”.
C. When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it.
D. When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder.
32. The author believes that .
A. humans’ theory of mind is far from perfect
B. humans limit AI’s theory of mind to an extent
C. we should reject human-like forms of abilities for AI
D. shared forms of theory of mind result in more powerful AI
33. As for AIs, what does the author value most?
A. Reliability. B. Practicability.
C. Reasoning capability. D. Communication ability.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected
B. AI with Theory of Mind Will Reshape Our Future
C. AI’s Theory of Mind Is a Blessing or Suffering to Humans
D. Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI
【答案】31. C 32. B 33. C 34. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。当涉及到下棋和围棋等游戏，或解决预测蛋白质结构等棘手的科学挑战时，计算机远远领先于我们。但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术。作者希望人工智能也能具备这种思维能力，实现人类与人工智能的交流。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. (但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术)”和第二段“Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. (人类有一种神秘的能力来推理他人的目标、欲望和信仰，这是一项至关重要的技能，意味着我们可以预测他人的行为和自己的后果) ”和第三段的“For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no.(例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的)”可知，读心需要经过一定的推理，而计算机不具备人类所拥有的读心的能力。A项“When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”. (你被要求晚餐吃辣的食物时，你回答说“喉咙痛”)”、B项“When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”. (当老师问一个男孩的家庭作业时，他回答说“我的狗吃了”)”和D项“When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder. (当孩子们在伤害自己后看到他们的妈妈时，他们哭得更大声)”都需要运用到思维理论去解释人们的目标和欲望。C项“When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it. (当妈妈告诉她的孩子一些食物对健康有益时，孩子就会吃)”是直接的陈述，不需要运用思维理论。故选C。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences. (心理学家将推断他人精神状态的能力称为心理理论。在人类中，这种能力在很小的时候就开始发展。然而，如何在机器中复制这种能力还远不清楚。主要挑战之一是语境问题。例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的。但这需要大量关于跑步、天气和人类偏好的背景知识)”可知，人类在一定程度上限制了人工智能的思维理论。故选B。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI. (然而，我们可能仍然希望人工智能拥有一种更像人类的思维理论。人类可以用共同的语言和想法向彼此清楚地解释他们的目标和欲望。虽然让人工智能在学习过程中形成思维理论可能会导致开发出更强大的人工智能，但以共享的方式表达知识可能对人类信任人工智能和与人工智能交流至关重要)”可知，关于人工智能，作者最看重的是它的推理能力，这样才能实现人类人工智能的交流。故选C。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，结合最后一段的“It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. (然而，重要的是要记住，追求具有思维理论的机器不仅仅是为了制造更有用的机器人。这也是迈向人工智能和机器人研究更深层目标的垫脚石：建造真正有自我意识的机器)”可知，作者期待建造真正有自我意识的机器，即作者期待人工智能具备思维理论。故A项“AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected(期待人工智有拥有自己的心智理论)”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
In our modern world, there are endless alternatives. Have you ever found yourself wondering whether you should quit or stay in your job, accept an offer or give it up for another? There is a simple and practical method that solves this problem.____35____When you understand the concept, you have the power to measure every alternative with precision and make the right decision.
In the field of economics, opportunity cost is the value that you have to give up when you choose an option over another good option.____36____Every time you choose something, you give up other alternatives together with their financial benefits. It is not all the other options, but the most valued one that is defined as the opportunity cost.
____37____Take the simple example of trying to decide whether to take public transportation for 80 minutes or to drive for 40 minutes. You might save on the cost of gas while riding the bus but double the trip length and miss out on other things you could have done during that time.____38____This is how you create priorities in your daily life.
Though useful in decision making, the biggest drawback of opportunity cost is that it’s often related to what’s hard to quantify.____39____After all, putting a number to your peaceful mind or happiness can be difficult.
Opportunity cost isn’t cut and dried. It varies from person to person. At the end of the day, you are in charge of what you own and what you want to gain.
A. It is about finding out the opportunity cost.
B. Weigh the losses and gains, and make your decision.
C. Opportunity cost matters not only in economics but also in real life.
D. This is especially true when the opportunity cost is of non-financial benefit.
E. The key principle underlying the idea is that there is no such thing as free lunch.
F. Most people overlook opportunity cost because the benefits are usually hidden from view.
G. It is the development of important skills that would help you move forward in your daily life.
【答案】35. A 36. E 37. C 38. B 39. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了机会成本。
【35题详解】
根据上文“There is a simple and practical method that solves this problem.( 有一个简单实用的方法可以解决这个问题。)”和下文“When you understand the concept, you have the power to measure every alternative with precision and make the right decision.(当你理解了这个概念，你就有能力精确地衡量每一个选择，并做出正确的决定。)”可知，空处提到了一个概念，就是机会成本。A项中的“the opportunity cost”和下文中的“the concept”对应。A项：It is about finding out the opportunity cost.(这是关于找出机会成本。)符合语境。故选A。
【36题详解】
根据下文“Every time you choose something, you give up other alternatives together with their financial benefits.(每次你选择某样东西，你就放弃了其他的选择以及它们的经济利益。)”可知，下文举例说明机会成本的具体实施原则，选择了某样东西，就要放弃其他的选择以及它们的经济利益。E项：The key principle underlying the idea is that there is no such thing as free lunch.(这个观点的关键原则是，天下没有免费的午餐。)符合语境。故选E。
【37题详解】
空处为段落主题句。根据下文“Take the simple example of trying to decide whether to take public transportation for 80 minutes or to drive for 40 minutes.(举个简单的例子，试着决定是乘80分钟的公共交通工具还是开车40分钟。)”可知，本段主要讲述机会成本在日常生活中的应用。C项：Opportunity cost matters not only in economics but also in real life.(机会成本不仅在经济学中很重要，在现实生活中也很重要。)符合语境。故选C。
【38题详解】
根据上文“You might save on the cost of gas while riding the bus but double the trip length and miss out on other things you could have done during that time.(你可能会在乘坐公共汽车时节省汽油费用，但会使行程长度增加一倍，并错过在这段时间内你可以做的其他事情。)”可知，在做决定之前要权衡利弊。B项：Weigh the losses and gains, and make your decision.(权衡得失，再做决定。)符合语境。故选B。
【39题详解】
根据上文“Though useful in decision making, the biggest drawback of opportunity cost is that it’s often related to what’s hard to quantify. (虽然机会成本在决策中很有用，但它最大的缺点是它往往与难以量化的东西有关。)”可知，此处提出机会成本的局限性，结合下文“After all, putting a number to your peaceful mind or happiness can be difficult.(毕竟，用一个数字来形容你内心的平静或快乐是很困难的。)”可知，像情绪等非经济利益机会成本难以形容。D项：This is especially true when the opportunity cost is of non-financial benefit.(当机会成本是非经济利益时尤其如此。)符合语境。故选D。
第三部分书面表达(共两节，32分)
第一节(共4小题;第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
The term “nostalgia” was first coined in 1688 and was defined as a mental illness of soldiers continually thinking about their homeland and longing for return. However, today we have a much more positive attitude to nostalgia. It’s a great example of the benefits of a strong memory.
In numerous scientific experiments, researchers have found that subjects are much more likely to report positive feelings from a given piece of music if they’ve heard it before. But there’s also a growing body of research into time travel “the other way”, because memory skills can take people into the future, too. Decades of studies have shown that time travel into the future can bring a whole new set of rewards. For example, athletes who practice by mentally visualizing and imagining successful performances in the future do perform better.
All these findings are inspiring and attractive. How could you become a confident time traveler to the past or into the future? Here are some tips for you:
·To take pleasure in helpful memories, maybe to reawaken happy feelings, use all your senses—not just sight. Smell, taste, touch and sound will also help you to recreate the past in rich clarity.
·If you find a memory that’s particularly helpful—for reassurance, say—keep using it!
You’ll get faster at finding it, and add extra layers of detail each time.
·When you’re procrastinating (拖延), visualize an end result. Flash forward to see the floor swept or the essay finished, and use that positive image to drive you into action.
·Ahead of major challenges, imagine the full impact of success. Don’t just picture yourself getting that great job: fill your mind with the really big ways it’s going to change your life.
There’ll still be times when old thoughts remind you of sadness, or you’re anxious about what’s next. But the more you learn to control your memory, the better you’ll be at mining your past, and shaping your future, to be your best self now.
40. What did nostalgia originally mean?
___________________________________________
41. What have the researchers found about time travel?
___________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
➢Memory skills can bring us into the future, so we should imagine a negative end result to drive us into action when procrastinating.
___________________________________________
43. Describe one of the helpful time-travel experiences in your life. (In about 40 words)
___________________________________________
【答案】40. A mental illness of soldiers continually thinking about their homeland and longing for return.
41. They have found that time travel to the past and into the future both bring benefits to us.
42. ØMemory skills can bring us into the future, so we should imagine a negative end result to drive us into action when procrastinating.
Because we should use a positive end result to drive us into action when procrastinating.
43. (1) I often imagine myself attending my ideal university in September 2023 to cheer myself up. Picturing myself wandering on the campus and enjoying the harvest in the golden autumn can give me the motivation to overcome nervousness and stress at present with an optimistic attitude and in full gear.
(2) I recall the time of winning the first prize in a speech contest two years ago. Standing on the stage reaching out for the prize, I was filled with pride. This experience serves as a constant source of encouragement and confidence for me to keep working hard to improve myself.
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章就怎样才能成为一个自信的时间旅行者，穿越到过去或未来提出建议。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“The term “nostalgia” was first coined in 1688 and was defined as a mental illness of soldiers continually thinking about their homeland and longing for return.(“怀旧”一词最早出现于1688年，被定义为一种士兵的精神疾病，他们会不断地想念自己的家园，渴望回归。)”可知，“怀旧”原意为军人不断思念故土、渴望回归的一种心理疾病。故答案是：A mental illness of soldiers continually thinking about their homeland and longing for return.
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“In numerous scientific experiments, researchers have found that subjects are much more likely to report positive feelings from a given piece of music if they’ve heard it before. But there’s also a growing body of research into time travel “the other way”, because memory skills can take people into the future, too. Decades of studies have shown that time travel into the future can bring a whole new set of rewards.(在许多科学实验中，研究人员发现，如果受试者以前听过某段音乐，他们更有可能从这段音乐中获得积极的感觉。但也有越来越多的研究以“另一种方式”进行时间旅行，因为记忆技能也可以把人们带到未来。几十年的研究表明，穿越到未来可以带来一系列全新的回报。)”可知，研究人员发现时间旅行到过去和到未来都会给我们带来好处。故答案是：They have found that time travel to the past and into the future both bring benefits to us.
【42题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章倒数第三段“When you’re procrastinating (拖延), visualize an end result. Flash forward to see the floor swept or the essay finished, and use that positive image to drive you into action.(当你在拖延的时候，想象一下最终的结果。快进到看到扫地或文章写完了，用这些积极的形象来推动你行动起来。)”可知，记忆力可以把我们带到未来，所以我们应该想象一个积极的最终结果来推动我们在拖延的时候采取行动。故答案是：Memory skills can bring us into the future, so we should imagine a negative end result to drive us into action when procrastinating. Because we should use a positive end result to drive us into action when procrastinating.
【43题详解】
开放性试题。(1) I often imagine myself attending my ideal university in September 2023 to cheer myself up. Picturing myself wandering on the campus and enjoying the harvest in the golden autumn can give me the motivation to overcome nervousness and stress at present with an optimistic attitude and in full gear.
(2) I recall the time of winning the first prize in a speech contest two years ago. Standing on the stage reaching out for the prize, I was filled with pride. This experience serves as a constant source of encouragement and confidence for me to keep working hard to improve myself.
(答案仅供参考，言之有理即可。)
第二节(20分)
44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你最近读完了外教Jim推荐的一本英文书，请你用英文给Jim写一封邮件，内容包括：
1.表达感谢并分享读书收获;
2.交流后续英文书阅读计划。
注意：1.词数100左右;
2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
Thank you for your recommendation of the English novel The Old Man and the Sea.
Having finished reading, I’ve harvested a lot. The tough man who fights against the big fish and sharks alone in the sea inspires me to brave frustrations in my life. And I have learned that we should stick to our dreams no matter what hardships we may encounter.
The book unfolds a new world to me. Thus, I make a plan for further reading. English novels enlightening my mind will be included in my reading list. I intend to read one book a month. While reading, I will take down my understanding in time to gain more beyond the lines.
I would appreciate it if you could give me more recommendations.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达是一篇应用文，要求考生用英文给Jim写一封邮件，内容包括：1.表达感谢并分享读书收获；2.交流后续英文书阅读计划。
【详解】1.词汇积累
完成：finish→complete
激励某人做某事：inspire sb. to do sth.→encourage sb. to do sth.
坚持：stick to→persist in
感谢：appreciate→be grateful
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：Thank you for your recommendation of the English novel The Old Man and the Sea.
拓展句：Thank you for your recommendation of the English novel whose name is The Old Man and the Sea.
【点睛】[高分句型1]
The tough man who fights against the big fish and sharks alone in the sea inspires me to brave frustrations in my life.(运用了who引导限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2]
And I have learned that we should stick to our dreams no matter what hardships we may encounter.(运用了that引导宾语从句，no matter what引导让步状语从句)
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