高考英语一轮复习（全国通用版） 主题词汇&阅读 专题15+人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系-试卷

话题十五 人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系

第一部分 话题词汇积累

单词&短语

1____________n.日晒，晒黑；晒伤

2.____________v./n.挣扎，奋斗，努力

3.____________n.十年，十年期

4.____________n.冗员，额外人员；[口]特级品，特大号商品；超级市场adj.特级的，极好的，非凡的

5.____________n.饥饿，渴望v.使饥饿；渴望

6.____________n.产量，输出；输出量

7.____________adj.引起烦恼的，令人不安的vt.扩大，扩展，张开，使发，详谈；引申

9.____________v.循环，流通；传递；传播；流传

10.____________n.战役，战斗v.搏斗，奋斗

11.____________adv.因此，所以

12.____________vt.摆脱，除去；扔掉；丢弃；消除；赶走

13.____________n.自由，自主

14.____________v.配备，装备；使有所准备，使有能力

15.____________v.输出，出口；传播n.输出(品)

16.____________n.国籍；(构成国家一部分的)民族

17.____________n.工作，职业，占领；消遣；使用；居住

18.____________v.使迷惑，使为难；混淆；搞错

19.____________n.发现，发觉，—discover v.发现

20.____________v.集中，聚焦，n.焦点，中心点

21.protect rare animals and plants____________________________

22.popularize environmental protection knowledge____________________________

23.enhance the awareness of the importance of environmental protection________________________

24.improve the eco-environment____________________________

25.develop solar energy____________________________

26.provide habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants____________________________

27.supply water and food for human beings____________________________

28.pay great attention to the conservation of forest____________________________

29.result in a series of problems____________________________

30.helps low down the pace of global warming____________________________

完形高频短语

1.above all____________________________

2.after all____________________________

3.apart from____________________________

4.as a result of____________________________

5.as for____________________________

6.as if____________________________

7.as/so long as____________________________

8.as to____________________________

9.as usual____________________________

10.as well____________________________

11.as well as____________________________

12.at least____________________________

13.at most____________________________

14.at times____________________________

15.before long____________________________

16.by all/no means____________________________

17.by chance____________________________

18.calm down____________________________

19.due to____________________________

20.even so____________________________

21.even if/though____________________________

22.except for____________________________

23.ever since____________________________

24.far from____________________________

25.for lack of____________________________

26.get rid of____________________________

27.in addition____________________________

28.in addition(to)____________________________

29.in a hurry____________________________

30.in case(of)____________________________

31.in detail____________________________

32.in exchange for____________________________

33.in favour of____________________________

34.in fact____________________________

35.in need of____________________________

36.in other words____________________________

37.in return____________________________

38.in short____________________________

39.in spite of________________________

40.in the end____________________________

41.instead of____________________________

42.in store(for sb.)____________________________

43.in terms of____________________________

44.in time____________________________

45.in turn____________________________

46.in vain____________________________

47.now and then____________________________

48.now that____________________________

49.on behalf of____________________________

50.on purpose____________________________

51.on the contrary____________________________

52.on the whole____________________________

53.once again____________________________

54.once in a while____________________________

55.once more____________________________

56.other than____________________________

57.out of place____________________________

58.out of sight____________________________

59.rather than____________________________

60.so far____________________________

词汇拓展

1. rather than用作连词，连接两个平行结构。既可以表示主观愿望上的抉择，“与其……宁可……”,也可以表示客观程度上的差异，“与其说是……不如说是……”。

I,___________you,should do the work.该做这工作的是我，而不是你。

I think I'll have a cold drink___________coffee.我想喝冷饮，而不是咖啡。

You are doing this for yourself___________ for your friend.

你不是为你朋友，而是为你自己做这种事。

I always prefer starting early,___________leaving everything to the last minute.

我一直都是尽早开始做事，而不是把所有事情都留到最后。

She insisted on having the room papered ___________painted.

她坚持要用纸裱糊房间，而不是把房间粉刷一下。

I decided to write___________telephone.我决定写信而不是打电话。

I prefer to work___________remain idle.我宁愿工作也不愿闲着。

He told a lie___________get his friend into trouble.他宁愿说谎也不愿连累朋友。

It was what he had eaten___________what he had drunk that made him ill.

使他得病的不是他喝的东西，而是他吃的东西。

2.as well as用于本义，可视为as... as结构与well的自然搭配，其意为“与……一样好”。

用于引申义，表示“不但……而且”“既是……也是”“而且”“还”。

as well as常用来连接两个并列的成分，作“也，还”解。它强调的是前一项，后一项只是顺便提

及。因此连接并列主语时，谓语动词与前一项一致；而用not only...but also...连接时，谓语动词与后一项一致。

He sings___________,if not better than,Mary.要是他唱歌不比玛丽唱得更好，但至少也是一样好。

He grows flowers___________vegetables.他既种菜也种花。

___________learning to swim he has been taking Spanish lessons this summer.

今年夏天，他除了学习游泳外，还在上西班牙语课。

He speaks Spanish___________English and French.他不仅会说英语和法语，还会说西班牙语。

Tom___________his parents is going to London.汤姆和他的父母要去伦敦。

【联想】 as well常用作状语，作“又；也”解，相当于too或also,常位于句末，无须用逗号与句子分开。

如：China is a socialist country,and a developing country as well.

中国是一个社会主义国家，也是一个发展中国家。

I not only play the guitar,I sing as well(=I also sing).我不但弹吉他，而且还演唱。

活学活用

一、阅读下列句子，在空白处填入1个单词或用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。

1.It's you, rather than he, that___________(be)to blame for the accident.

2.So far the teacher as well as the students___________(see)the film.

3.She stared out of the window,____________(lose)in a daydream.

4.He gave me some tomatoes in exchange___________a lift into town.

5.Although___________(face)a terrible situation,we shouldn't lose control or drink too much.

二、翻译句子

1.只要你努力学习，就一定会达到预定的目的。(as long as)

________________________________________________________

2.学生应学会如何充分利用时间发展各项技能。(make use of)

________________________________________________________

3.银行经理问他的助手能否在一周制定出投资计划。(work out)

________________________________________________________

4.我要到伦敦去，我妹妹也要去。(as well)

________________________________________________________

参考答案

单词&短语

1.sunburn 2.struggle 3.decade 4.super 5.hunger6.output 7.disturbing 8.expand 9.circulate 10.battle

11.therefore 12.rid 13.freedom 14.equip 15.export16.nationality 17.occupation 18.confuse 19.discovery

20.focus21.保护珍稀动植物 22.普及环保知识 23.增强环境意识 24.改善生态环境 25.开发太阳能 26.为大量野生动植物提供栖息地 27.为人类提供水和食物 28.非常注重森林保护 29.引发一系列问题 30.帮助减缓全球变暖速度

完形高频短语

1.最重要的是；尤其 2.毕竟；终究 3.①除……外(别无);若不 ②除……外(尚有) 4.作为……的结果

5.就……而言 6.好像；似乎 7.只要 8.关于某事9.像平常一样 10.也；还 11.①与……一样好 ②和；也；除……之外 12.①(数量上)不少于 ②至少；起码13.至多；最多 14.有时；间或 15.很快；不久 16.尽一切办法；务必；当然可以/决不 17.碰巧；意外地 18.(使)平静下来 19.由于；因为 20.尽管如此；即使那样21.尽管；即使 22.除了……外；除去；只是 23.自从；从……以来 24.远非；完全不 25.因缺少 26.摆脱；除去27.另外；加之 28.除……之外(还) 29.匆忙；急于30.假使；免得；以防(万一) 31.详细地 32.交换；调换33.赞同；支持 34.其实；实际上 35.需要 36.也就是说；换句话说 37.作为交换；作为回报 38.总之；简言之39.不管；尽管 40.最后；终于 41.代替；而不是 42.即将发生(在某人身上);等待着(某人) 43.从……方面来讲；就……而言 44.迟早；及时 45.依次；反过来；转而46.徒劳；白辛苦47.时而；偶尔 48.既然；由于 49.①代表 ②为了…… 50.故意地；有意地 51.正相反；恰恰相反 52.总的看来；总体而言 53.再一次 54.偶尔；间或55.再一次56.除……以外(except) 57.不在合适的位置上；不合适的；不相称的 58.看不见；在视野之外59.而不 60.迄今为止

词汇拓展

1.rather than; rather than; rather than; rather than; rather than;rather than;rather than;rather than;rather than

2.as well as;as well as;As well as;as well as;as well as

活学活用

一、1.are 2.has seen 3.lost 4.for 5.facing

二、1.As long as you study hard,you are sure to get the expected goal.

2.Students are to learn to make full use of their time to develop various skills and abilities.

3.The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to work out the investment plan within a week.

4.I am going to London and my sister is going as well.

第二部分 话题阅读训练

（A）阅读理解

If plastic had been invented when the Pilgrims sailed from Plymouth, England, to North America－and their Mayflower had been stocked with bottled water and plastic­wrapped snacks，their plastic waste would likely still be around four centuries later.Atlantic waves and sunlight would have worn all that plastic into tiny bits. And those bits might still be floating around the world's oceans today, waiting to be eaten by some fish or oysters, and finally perhaps by one of us.

Because plastic wasn't invented until the late 19th century, and its production only really took off around 1950, we have a mere 9.2 billion tons of the stuff to deal with. Of that, more than 6.9 billion tons have become waste. And of that waste，a surprising 6.3 billion tons never made it to a recycling bin－the figure that shocked the scientists who published the numbers in 2017.

No one knows how much unrecycled plastic waste ends up in the ocean, the earth's last sink. In 2015, Jenna Jambeck, an engineering professor of the University of Georgia，caught everyone's attention with a rough estimate：between 5.3 million and 14 million tons of plastic waste each year just come from coastal regions.

Meanwhile, ocean plastic is estimated to kill millions of marine(海洋的) animals every year. Nearly 700 species，including endangered ones, are known to have been affected by it. Some are harmed visibly, stuck by abandoned things made of plastic.Many more are probably harmed invisibly.Marine species of all sizes, from zooplankton to whales, now eat microplastics, the bits smaller than one­fifth of an inch across.

“This isn't a problem that we don't know what the solution is，” says Ted Siegler, a Vermont resource economist who has spent more than 25 years working with developing nations on garbage.“We know how to pick up garbage. Anyone can do it.We know how to deal with it. We know how to recycle. It's a matter of building the necessary institutions and systems ideally before the ocean turns into a thin soup of plastic.”

1．Why does the author mention the Pilgrims in Paragraph 1?

A．To prove plastic was difficult to invent.

B．To introduce what marine animals like eating.

C．To tell the Pilgrims contributed a lot to the marine protection.

D．To show plastic waste has a lasting effect on the ocean.

2．What's the main trouble marine animals face according to the text?

A．Lacking protection.

B．Being stuck by plastics.

C．Being caught by humans.

D．Treating plastics as food.

3．What does Ted Siegler want to tell us in the last paragraph?

A．Some people don't know the solution to plastic waste.

B．Plastics will turn the ocean into a soup of plastic.

C．It's time to take measures to deal with plastic waste.

D．People should avoid using plastics to protect the ocean.

4．From which is the text probably taken?

A．A biology textbook.

B．A travel brochure.

C．An environmental report.

D．A lifestyle magazine.

【语篇解读】　本文为说明文，主题语境是人与自然。文章主要介绍了如今塑料垃圾已经严重地污染了我们的环境，尤其是海洋环境，人类应该采取措施改变这一现状。

1.D　[推理判断题。根据第一段中“And those bits might still be floating around the world's oceans today，waiting to be eaten by some fish or oysters，and finally perhaps by one of us.”可知，作者在第一段中提到Pilgrims是为了表明塑料垃圾对海洋有持久的影响。故选D项。]

2.D　[细节理解题。根据第四段中“Marine species of all sizes，from zooplankton to whales，now eat microplastics，the bits smaller than one­fifth of an inch across.”可知，海洋动物面临的主要问题是把塑料当作食物。故选D项。]

3.C　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中“It's a matter of building the necessary institutions and systems ideally before the ocean turns into a thin soup of plastic.”可知，Ted Siegler想告诉我们是采取措施处理塑料垃圾的时候了。故选C项。]

4.C　[推理判断题。文章主要是关于海洋垃圾和海洋生物保护的，由此可推知这篇文章可能来自一份环境报告。故选C项。]

（B）语法填空

The wildfires in Australia became considerably worse in January, 2020.The disaster faced by 1.________ country is far from over. Many of the fires 2.________(send) smoke high into the atmosphere and some smoke turned into pyrocumulonimbus clouds(火云). The clouds could help a fire draw in more air and shift surface winds，3.________(result) in fire tornadoes (龙卷风). Fires have destroyed habitats for animals that 4.________(find) only in Australia, including koalas and rare birds. It will take time to fully know how much harm the fires have done 5.________ wildlife. The wildfires are expected 6.________(continue) burning for months as Australia entered its dry season.

This past year, 2019, is the hottest and driest year on record. The fires happen 7.________(regular) during the Australian dry season. However, climate and natural changes are making the situation 8.________(bad). At least 12 million acres have been burned so far in Victoria and New South Wales alone.Smoke from the fires has made 9.________ to South America. There is so much smoke that it may stay in the air for months，10.________ could have a small effect on the planet's climate.

【语篇解读】　本文为说明文，主题语境是人与自然。澳大利亚的森林大火在2020年1月变得更加严重，同时火灾产生的烟雾又引发了火焰龙卷风。文章说明了这次大火对澳大利亚的破坏和影响。

1．the　[考查冠词。country意为”国家“时为可数名词，此处特指上文的Australia应用定冠词the。]

2．sent　[考查动词时态。根据后文”and some smoke turned into pyrocumulonimbus clouds(火云)“可知，此处应用一般过去时，故填sent。]

3．resulting　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，result与其逻辑主语构成主动关系，故应用现在分词作结果状语。]

4．are found　[考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。本句描述客观事实，应使用一般现在时。设空处前面的关系代词that引导定语从句，先行词为animals，又因that在从句中作主语，与动词find构成被动关系，故填are found。]

5．to　[考查介词。句意：要完全了解火灾对野生动物造成了多大的伤害将需要时间。do harm to...对……造成伤害，为固定搭配，故应用介词to。]

6．to continue　[考查非谓语动词。be expected to do sth.意为”预计做某事“，故填to continue。]

7．regularly　[考查副词。修饰动词happen，应用副词regularly。regularly表示”经常“。]

8．worse　[考查形容词的比较等级。句意：然而，气候和自然的变化使情况变得更糟。表示”更糟“应用形容词bad的比较级形式，故填worse。]

9．it　[考查代词。make it to为固定搭配，表示”到达“。]

10．which　[考查非限制性定语从句。句意：烟雾如此之多，可能会在空气中停留数月之久，这可能会对地球的气候产生小的影响。此处指代前面整句话的内容，且从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词which。]