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第13讲 Unit 5 Languages Around the World
目标 1
掌握重点单词和词块的用法。
目标 2
认识并运用重点句型。
一、 核心单词讲解
1．native adj.本国的；本地的 n．本地人；本国人
用法：be native to 原产于
one's native country/land/language 某人的祖国/故乡/母语
be a native of... ……的人；原产于……的动物或植物
翻译：以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以相互理解。
Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English.
2.attitude n．态度； 看法； 姿态
用法：attitude to/towards... 对……的态度/看法
have/take a(n)．..attitude to/towards... 对……持……的态度/采取……的态度
翻译：我们每个人都应该培养积极的人生态度。
We each should develop a positive attitude to life.
3.demand n．要求；需求 vt.强烈要求；需要 vi.查问
用法：be in (great) demand (迫切)需求
meet one's demands 满足某人的需求
demand to do sth. 要求做某事
demand that...(should) do... 要求……
翻译：经理尽最大的努力满足客户的需求。
The manager tries to meet their customers' demands.
4.based adj.以(某事)为基础的；以……为重要部分(或特征)的 basic adj. 基础的
用法： be based on/upon 以……为基础/依据
base...on... 以……为基础
翻译：在我的日记里，我记下了一系列有事实根据的事情。
In my diary, I set down a series of things that are all based on facts.
5.variety n．(植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化 vary vt.&vi. 改变；变化
用法： a variety of＝varieties of 种类繁多的
vary from... to... 从……到……不等；在……到……之间变动
翻译：在业余时间，我喜欢参加各种球类运动。
In my free time, I'd like to take part in a variety of ball games.
6.description n．描写(文字)；形容 describe vt. 描述；形容；描绘
用法：beyond description无法形容；难以描述
翻译：很难形容我现在的感受。
It is difficult to describe how I feel now.
7.means n．方式；方法；途径
用法： by this means 通过这种方法
by means of 用……办法；借助……
by no means 决不，一点也不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装)
翻译：处境困难时绝对不能放弃。
By no means can you give up when you are in trouble.
8.regard n．尊重；关注 vt.把……视为；看待
用法：regard/consider... as... 认为……是……
with/in regard to sth. 关于某事
翻译：我认为Tom是我最好的朋友。
I regard Tom as my best friends.
关于你的建议，我们将充分讨论。
In regard to his suggestions, we shall discuss them fully.
9.appreciate vt.欣赏；重视；感激；领会 vi.增值 appreciation n. 欣赏； 感激
用法：appreciate＋n./pron./v.ing 重视/感激……
I would appreciate it if... 假如……，我将不胜感激
翻译：如果你考虑我的建议我将感激不尽。
I'd appreciate it if you could take my suggestions into consideration.
10．struggle n．& vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗
用法： struggle for努力争取……；为……而斗争
struggle against/with 与……作斗争
struggle to do sth. 努力做某事
翻译：为了更好的提升自我，我必须和各种各样的困难作斗争。
I have to struggle with all kinds of difficulties to better improve myself.
11.equal n．同等的人；相等物； adj.相同的；同样的 equally adv. 同样地；平等地
用法： be equal to 等于
be equal to sth./doing sth. 胜任(做)某事
without equal 无人可比，无敌
翻译： 我知道，这会帮我们实现黑人和白人平等的梦想。
I knew it would help us achieve our dream of making black and white people equal.
二、 重点词块速记
1 billions of 数以十计的；大量的
2 be native to 源于...的；原产于
3 develop a good attitude to life 树立良好的生活态度
4 make reference 参考，提及
5 refer to谈到，提到；查阅，参考
6 the education system 教育制度
7 ups and downs 好运和坏运的交替；盛衰
8 the key/major factor关键/重要因素
9 base...on...以...为基础
10 date back to 追溯到；远在...年代
11 Red is a symbol of good luck. 红色是好运的象征。
12 different varieties of 各类；多种多样
13 a major course 主修课程
14by no means 决不；一点儿也不
15 a classic mistake 典型错误
16 with/in regard to sth. 关于某事
17 cartoon characters 卡通人物
18 a global village 地球村
19 international affairs 国际事务
20 appreciate the significance of sth. 理解某事的意义
21 I;d appreciate it if... 不胜感激
22 appreciative applause 赞赏的掌声
23 a specific goal 明确的目标
24 struggle for/to do sth. 努力做某事
25 bite one’s tongue 保持缄默；忍住不说
26 point of view 观点；看法
27 the fall semester 秋季学期
28 narrow the gap 缩小差距
29 meet/satisfy the demand 满足需求
30 demanding 要求高的；要求严格的
31 enlarge/expand one’s vocabulary 扩大词汇量
32 beyond description 难以描述；难以形容
三、 重点句型剖析
1．while 作并列连词
Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads, which aren't sweet, are meat.
蜜饯是糖果，而胰脏不是甜的，是肉。
2．the reason why...
There are many reasons why this has been possible, but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.(P62)
有许多原因使之成为可能，但其中一个主要因素就是汉字书写体系。
3．It/This/That is/was a time when...
Over the years, the system developed into different forms, as it was a time when people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.
历经时代发展，这个体系发展成了不同的形式，因为当时人们因地势而分散，从而形成了许多不同的方言和文字。
4．be of＋抽象名词
That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.
这一书写体系对于团结中华民族和中华文化具有重要意义。
5．“no matter＋特殊疑问词”引导让步状语从句
Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can all still communicate in writing.
即使在今天，不管住在哪里，也不管说着何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。
6．现在完成进行时
I've been studying English since primary school.
我从小学就在学英语了。
考点一、核心单词语法填空
1. There's an increased demand organic produce these days.
2. This report offered the most specific and accurate （describe）of the problems.
3. By the way, would you mind （take）the parcel to the post office for me now?
4. Standards in health care have improved enormously compared 40 years ago.
5. We lived in an age the development of since and technology is faster than ever before.
6. The more air there is inside the tyre, the （great） pressure there is in it.
7. London is full of homeless people （beg） in the streets.
8. I didn’t think I could ever get used to （ live）in a big city after living in the country.
9. You can tell from his blue eyes that he isn't native China.
10. The artist has painted the scene from （variety）viewpoints.
11. I want to major biology because I have long wondered about the origin of life.
12. The whole world is connected computers and it is becoming smaller and smaller.
13. I'd appreciate if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.
15. Holding a positive attitude life can give you strength when you're in trouble.
15. Earthquake sites should be regarded a sad memory rather than a tool to bring in money.
16. The musician along with his band members （give）ten performances in the last three months.
1.for 2. description 3. taking 4. to/with 5. when 6. greater 7. begging 8. living
9to 10. various 11. in 12. by 13. it 14. to/towards 15. as 16. has given
考点二、重点词块选词填空
refer to, ups and downs, be based on, an increasing number of, no matter when, play an important role in, a variety of, date back to, pay attention to, by means of,
1. In his speech, he a recent trip to Canada.
2. Hospitals in the health care system.
3. Your grade will four papers and a final exam.
4. The history of hockey can thousands of years ago.
5. There are tourist attractions and historical sites in China.
6. You need to how you behave both in public and private.
7. I meet him, he is always wearing that old hat.
8. modern technology we are able to communicate with each other instantly.
9. The course of life never runs smoothly for it is full of and twists and turns.
10. Bike sharing has swept across China, with people choosing bike riding instead of driving.
1. referred to 2. play an important role in 3. be based on 4. date back to 5. a variety of
6. pay attention to 7. No matter when 8. By means of 9. ups and downs 10. an increasing number of
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics 1 are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like frequently by plane 2 （view） as important for scientists to get together and exchange information. But Cobb and others 3 （be） now questioning that idea pushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely, and 4 （change） their personal behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis. On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, 5 （rough） 200 academics - many of them climate scientists 6 （promise） to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak 7 she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of 8 time, they agreed. When the answer, was no, she, declined the 9 （invite）. That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans 10 （continue） the practice. "It has been fairly rewarding. ", she says, "a really positive change."
【答案】1．who/that 2．is viewed/has been viewed 3．are 4．changing 5．roughly 6．have promised 7．whether/if 8．the 9．invitation 10．to continue
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个由学者团体发行的实践，目的是为了减少学术飞行以应对气候变化危机。
1．考查定语从句。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。名词academics后为定语从句且在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词替代，故填that/who。
2．考查被动语态。句意：对科学家而言，旅行去参加会议、讲座、工作室之类的地方来相聚并交流信息这件事被视为是重要的。描述人们普遍认知的事情用一般现在时，此处也可以表示强调人们从过去到现在的认知，动名词作主语与主谓之间存在被动关系，故填is viewed或has been viewed。
3．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：但是现在Cobb和其他人正在质疑那个想法，推动会议提供更多远程参加的机会以及为了尽自己的能力来应对气候变化危机，他们正在改变他们的个人行为。根据句意可知，此处也应使用现在进行时，主语为复数，故填are。
4．考查时态。句意：但是现在Cobb和其他人正在质疑那个想法，推动会议提供更多远程参加的机会以及为了尽自己的能力来应对气候变化危机，他们正在改变他们的个人行为。分析句子结构可知，此处and连接并列的动词questioning和change，故填changing。
5．考查副词。句意：例如，在一个叫“无飞行科学家”的网站上，自从两年前成立以来，大约有200个学者，他们中很多人承诺尽可能少飞行。此处修饰数字用副词roughly“粗略地大约”，故填roughly。
6．考查时态。句意：例如，在一个叫“无飞行科学家”的网站上，自从两年前成立以来，大约有200个学者，他们中很多人承诺尽可能少飞行。根据时间状语“since+过去时间”可知主句应使用现在完成时，故填have promised。
7．考查宾语从句。句意：对于她的出席，Cobb开始询问邀请她的组织者是否可以远程进行。显然ask后面出现了一个宾语从句，宾语从句句意不完整，whether/if“是否”符合语境，故填whether或if。
8．考查冠词。句意：大约有四分之三的时间，他们同意了。此处特指Cobb询问的时间范围内，故填the。
9．考查名词。句意：当答案是否定的时候，她拒绝了那个邀请。此处需填入名词作动词decline的宾语，故填invitation。
10．考查动词不定式。句意：他打算继续这个实践。动词plan后面跟动词不定式，plan to do sth“计划做”，故填to continue。
阅读理解
Passage 1
（2023秋·湖南·高一长郡中学校考期中）Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂
Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂
1．What can we learn about the worms in the study?
A．They take plastics as their everyday food.
B．They are newly evolved creatures.
C．They can consume plastics.
D．They wind up in landfills.
2．According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .
A．identify other means of the breakdown
B．find out the source of the enzyme
C．confirm the research findings
D．increase the breakdown speed
3．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A．help to raise worms
B．help make plastic bags
C．be used to clean the oceans
D．be produced in factories in future
4．What is the main purpose of the passage?
A．To explain a study method on worms.
B．To introduce the diet of a special worm.
C．To present a way to break down plastics.
D．To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C
【分析】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic.可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选C。
22．细节理解题。根据文章第四段The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂可以推断出，Bertocchini希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。
4．写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.可知，有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂可知，Bertocchini希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选C。
点睛：根据不同文体，推断目的意图。不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的，通常作者的写作目的有以下三种：1) to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑），常见于故事类的文章。2) to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点），常见于广告类的文章。3) to inform readers（告知读者某些信息），多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章。阅读时要善于根据文章的文体来学会推断作者的情感态度和目的。本题的最后一题为写作意图题。文章为说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究发现---蠕虫可以分解塑料。因此可以推着写作意图是告知、告诉读者一种新的分解塑料的方法。
Passag2 2
(河南省郑州外国语学校2022-2023学年高一上学期期中)Happiness is not a warm phone, according to a new study exploring the link between young life satisfaction and screen time. The study was led by professor of psychology Jean M. Twenge at San Diego State University (SDSU).
To research this link, Twenge, along with colleagues Gabrielle Martin at SDSU and W. Keith Campbell at the University of Georgia, dealt with data from the Monitoring the Future (MtF) study, a nationally representative survey of more than a million U. S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders. The survey asked students questions about how often they spent time on their Phones, tablets and computers, as well as questions about their face-to-face social interactions and their overall happiness.
On average found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices — playing computer games, using social media, texting and video chatting — were less happy than those who invested more time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, and face-to-face social interactions.
"The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use," Twenge said. "Aim to spend no more than two hours a day on digital media, and try to increase the amount of time you spend seeing friends face-to-face and exercising — two activities reliably linked to greater happiness."
Looking at historical trends from the same age groups since the 1990s, it's easy to find that the increase of screen devices over time happened at the same time as a general drop-off in reported happiness in U. S. teens. Specifically, young peopled life satisfaction and happiness declined sharply after 2012. That's the year when the percentage of Americans who owned a smartphone rose above 50 percent. By far the largest change in teens' lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount of time they spent on digital media, and the following decline in in-person social activities and sleep.
5．Which method did Twenge's team use for the study?
A．Calculating students' happiness.
B．Asking students certain questions.
C．Analyzing data from a survey.
D．Doing experiments on screen time.
6．How does the author develop the finding of the study in paragraph 3?
A．By making a comparison.
B．By giving an example.
C．By making an argument.
D．By introducing a concept.
7．What is the purpose of the last paragraph?
A．To draw a conclusion from the study.
B．To offer some advice to the readers.
C．To prove social activities' importance.
D．To support the researchers' finding.
8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Quitting Phones Equals Happiness
B．Screen Time Should Be Banned
C．Teens' Lives Have Changed Sharply
D．Screen-addicted Teens Are Unhappier
【答案】5．C 6．A 7．D 8．D
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。一项探索年轻人生活满意度和屏幕时间之间关系的新研究表明，幸福不是一部温暖的手机，沉迷于屏幕的青少年更不快乐。
5．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“To research this link, Twenge, along with colleagues Gabrielle Martin at SDSU and W. Keith Campbell at the University of Georgia, dealt with data from the Monitoring the Future (MtF) study, a nationally representative survey of more than a million U. S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders. (为了研究这一联系，特文奇与圣地亚哥州立大学的加布里埃尔·马丁和乔治亚大学的W. Keith Campbell一起处理了来自“监控未来”（MtF）研究的数据，该研究是一项针对超过一百万名美国8年级、10年级和12年级学生的全国代表性调查)”可知，Twenge 的团队通过分析一项调查的数据的方式来进行这项研究。故选C。
6．推理判断题。根据第三段“On average found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices — playing computer games, using social media, texting and video chatting — were less happy than those who invested more time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, and face-to-face social interactions. (研究发现，花更多时间在屏幕设备前的青少年——玩电脑游戏、使用社交媒体、发短信和视频聊天——比花更多时间在非屏幕活动（如体育运动、阅读报纸和杂志以及面对面的社会互动）的青少年更不快乐)”可知，作者是通过作比较的方式来阐述研究结果的。故选A。
7．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Looking at historical trends from the same age groups since the 1990s, it's easy to find that the increase of screen devices over time happened at the same time as a general drop-off in reported happiness in U. S. teens. Specifically, young peopled life satisfaction and happiness declined sharply after 2012. (看看自上世纪90年代以来同一年龄组的历史趋势，我们很容易发现屏幕设备随着时间的推移而增加的同时，美国青少年报告的幸福感却普遍下降。尤其是2012年后，年轻人的生活满意度和幸福感急剧下降)”可知，最后一段中的这些内容主要是为支持研究发现服务的。故选D。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Happiness is not a warm phone, according to a new study exploring the link between young life satisfaction and screen time. (一项探索年轻人生活满意度和屏幕时间之间关系的新研究表明，幸福不是一部温暖的手机)”及对研究的具体介绍可知，文章主要介绍了一项研究发现——那些沉迷于电子屏幕的青少年明显更不快乐。故选D。
Passage 3
(湖北省宜城一中、枣阳一中等六校联考2022-2023学年高一上学期期中)Do you like traveling? Many people choose backpacking (背着背包徒步旅行) because it not only helps save a lot of money, but also gives them another kind of experience. When you are planning a backpacking adventure, the first thing to do in your opinion may be the decision on the places where you will visit. However, it is not the most important thing. Great adventures will make you face great danger. So you should not only imagine the enjoyment you will have on the trip, but also think about the possible danger you might face.
Making travel insurance (保险) is the most staple. It can make sure that you stay safe on the trip. So you should buy a backpacker travel insurance policy (保险单) before you leave. Backpacker policies are specially designed to meet your needs, by offering a high level of cover for a long time of travel. You can buy a backpacker policy from one week to two years or longer time. The backpacker insurance policy covers many activities such as swim and ski, and provides protection for these activities. So buying a backpacker travel insurance policy is very important.
It is a good idea to compare a few insurance companies before you make a decision. You should always carefully check the backpacker policy and make sure the activities you want to do are all covered by the policy.
9．The passage can interest the man who ________.
A．plans to go for a backpacking.
B．runs a company selling sports clothes.
C．wants to become a tour guide in the future.
D．is too busy to have a few days off.
10．The underlined word “staple” in the second paragraph may mean “________”.
A．very reasonable. B．very difficult. C．very important. D．very interesting.
11．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Backpacking insurance policies may cover sports protection.
B．We should find a good tour guide when backpacking.
C．We should take part in some activities such as swim and ski.
D．A lot of people want to spend some time backpacking.
12．What is the author’s attitude towards backpacking insurance?
A．Negative. B．Positive. C．Indifferent. D．Objective.
【答案】9．A 10．C 11．A 12．D
【导语】本文是议论文。文章主要讲述作者对购买背包客旅行保险单的看法。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段“Do you like traveling? Many people choose backpacking (背着背包徒步旅行) because it not only helps save a lot of money, but also gives them another kind of experience. (你喜欢旅行吗？许多人选择背着背包徒步旅行，因为这不仅有助于节省大量资金，而且还为他们提供了另一种体验。)”可知，这篇文章会让打算背着背包徒步旅行的人感兴趣。故选A。
10．词句猜测题。根据第二段“So buying a backpacker travel insurance policy is very important. (因此，购买背包客旅行保险非常重要。)”可知，这一段讲述购买背包客旅行保险非常重要。staple的意思应该是“重要的”，和选项C意思一致。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据第二段“The backpacker insurance policy covers many activities such as swim and ski, and provides protection for these activities. (背包客保险单涵盖游泳和滑雪等许多活动，并为这些活动提供保护。)”可知，背包保险单包含运动保护。故选A。
12．推理判断题。根据第二段“So buying a backpacker travel insurance policy is very important. (因此，购买背包客旅行保险非常重要。)”和最后一段“It is a good idea to compare a few insurance companies before you make a decision. You should always carefully check the backpacker policy and make sure the activities you want to do are all covered by the policy. (在做出决定之前，比较几家保险公司是个好主意。你应该经常仔细检查背包客政策，确保你想做的活动都在政策范围内。)”可知，作者对待背包客旅行保险的态度是客观的。故选D。
第13讲 Unit 5 Languages Around the World
目标 1
掌握重点单词和词块的用法。
目标 2
认识并运用重点句型。
一、 核心单词讲解
1．native adj.本国的；本地的 n．本地人；本国人
用法：be native to 原产于
one's native country/land/language 某人的祖国/故乡/母语
be a native of... ……的人；原产于……的动物或植物
翻译：以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以相互理解。
Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English.
2.attitude n．态度； 看法； 姿态
用法：attitude to/towards... 对……的态度/看法
have/take a(n)．..attitude to/towards... 对……持……的态度/采取……的态度
翻译：我们每个人都应该培养积极的人生态度。
We each should develop a positive attitude to life.
3.demand n．要求；需求 vt.强烈要求；需要 vi.查问
用法：be in (great) demand (迫切)需求
meet one's demands 满足某人的需求
demand to do sth. 要求做某事
demand that...(should) do... 要求……
翻译：经理尽最大的努力满足客户的需求。
The manager tries to meet their customers' demands.
4.based adj.以(某事)为基础的；以……为重要部分(或特征)的 basic adj. 基础的
用法： be based on/upon 以……为基础/依据
base...on... 以……为基础
翻译：在我的日记里，我记下了一系列有事实根据的事情。
In my diary, I set down a series of things that are all based on facts.
5.variety n．(植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化 vary vt.&vi. 改变；变化
用法： a variety of＝varieties of 种类繁多的
vary from... to... 从……到……不等；在……到……之间变动
翻译：在业余时间，我喜欢参加各种球类运动。
In my free time, I'd like to take part in a variety of ball games.
6.description n．描写(文字)；形容 describe vt. 描述；形容；描绘
用法：beyond description无法形容；难以描述
翻译：很难形容我现在的感受。
It is difficult to describe how I feel now.
7.means n．方式；方法；途径
用法： by this means 通过这种方法
by means of 用……办法；借助……
by no means 决不，一点也不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装)
翻译：处境困难时绝对不能放弃。
By no means can you give up when you are in trouble.
8.regard n．尊重；关注 vt.把……视为；看待
用法：regard/consider... as... 认为……是……
with/in regard to sth. 关于某事
翻译：我认为Tom是我最好的朋友。
I regard Tom as my best friends.
关于你的建议，我们将充分讨论。
In regard to his suggestions, we shall discuss them fully.
9.appreciate vt.欣赏；重视；感激；领会 vi.增值 appreciation n. 欣赏； 感激
用法：appreciate＋n./pron./v.ing 重视/感激……
I would appreciate it if... 假如……，我将不胜感激
翻译：如果你考虑我的建议我将感激不尽。
I'd appreciate it if you could take my suggestions into consideration.
10．struggle n．& vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗
用法： struggle for努力争取……；为……而斗争
struggle against/with 与……作斗争
struggle to do sth. 努力做某事
翻译：为了更好的提升自我，我必须和各种各样的困难作斗争。
I have to struggle with all kinds of difficulties to better improve myself.
11.equal n．同等的人；相等物； adj.相同的；同样的 equally adv. 同样地；平等地
用法： be equal to 等于
be equal to sth./doing sth. 胜任(做)某事
without equal 无人可比，无敌
翻译： 我知道，这会帮我们实现黑人和白人平等的梦想。
I knew it would help us achieve our dream of making black and white people equal.
二、 重点词块速记
1 billions of 数以十计的；大量的
2 be native to 源于...的；原产于
3 develop a good attitude to life 树立良好的生活态度
4 make reference 参考，提及
5 refer to谈到，提到；查阅，参考
6 the education system 教育制度
7 ups and downs 好运和坏运的交替；盛衰
8 the key/major factor关键/重要因素
9 base...on...以...为基础
10 date back to 追溯到；远在...年代
11 Red is a symbol of good luck. 红色是好运的象征。
12 different varieties of 各类；多种多样
13 a major course 主修课程
14by no means 决不；一点儿也不
15 a classic mistake 典型错误
16 with/in regard to sth. 关于某事
17 cartoon characters 卡通人物
18 a global village 地球村
19 international affairs 国际事务
20 appreciate the significance of sth. 理解某事的意义
21 I;d appreciate it if... 不胜感激
22 appreciative applause 赞赏的掌声
23 a specific goal 明确的目标
24 struggle for/to do sth. 努力做某事
25 bite one’s tongue 保持缄默；忍住不说
26 point of view 观点；看法
27 the fall semester 秋季学期
28 narrow the gap 缩小差距
29 meet/satisfy the demand 满足需求
30 demanding 要求高的；要求严格的
31 enlarge/expand one’s vocabulary 扩大词汇量
32 beyond description 难以描述；难以形容
三、 重点句型剖析
1．while 作并列连词
Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads, which aren't sweet, are meat.
蜜饯是糖果，而胰脏不是甜的，是肉。
2．the reason why...
There are many reasons why this has been possible, but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.(P62)
有许多原因使之成为可能，但其中一个主要因素就是汉字书写体系。
3．It/This/That is/was a time when...
Over the years, the system developed into different forms, as it was a time when people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.
历经时代发展，这个体系发展成了不同的形式，因为当时人们因地势而分散，从而形成了许多不同的方言和文字。
4．be of＋抽象名词
That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.
这一书写体系对于团结中华民族和中华文化具有重要意义。
5．“no matter＋特殊疑问词”引导让步状语从句
Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can all still communicate in writing.
即使在今天，不管住在哪里，也不管说着何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。
6．现在完成进行时
I've been studying English since primary school.
我从小学就在学英语了。
考点一、核心单词语法填空
1. There's an increased demand organic produce these days.
2. This report offered the most specific and accurate （describe）of the problems.
3. By the way, would you mind （take）the parcel to the post office for me now?
4. Standards in health care have improved enormously compared 40 years ago.
5. We lived in an age the development of since and technology is faster than ever before.
6. The more air there is inside the tyre, the （great） pressure there is in it.
7. London is full of homeless people （beg） in the streets.
8. I didn’t think I could ever get used to （ live）in a big city after living in the country.
9. You can tell from his blue eyes that he isn't native China.
10. The artist has painted the scene from （variety）viewpoints.
11. I want to major biology because I have long wondered about the origin of life.
12. The whole world is connected computers and it is becoming smaller and smaller.
13. I'd appreciate if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.
15. Holding a positive attitude life can give you strength when you're in trouble.
15. Earthquake sites should be regarded a sad memory rather than a tool to bring in money.
16. The musician along with his band members （give）ten performances in the last three months.
1.for 2. description 3. taking 4. to/with 5. when 6. greater 7. begging 8. living
9to 10. various 11. in 12. by 13. it 14. to/towards 15. as 16. has given
考点二、重点词块选词填空
refer to, ups and downs, be based on, an increasing number of, no matter when, play an important role in, a variety of, date back to, pay attention to, by means of,
1. In his speech, he a recent trip to Canada.
2. Hospitals in the health care system.
3. Your grade will four papers and a final exam.
4. The history of hockey can thousands of years ago.
5. There are tourist attractions and historical sites in China.
6. You need to how you behave both in public and private.
7. I meet him, he is always wearing that old hat.
8. modern technology we are able to communicate with each other instantly.
9. The course of life never runs smoothly for it is full of and twists and turns.
10. Bike sharing has swept across China, with people choosing bike riding instead of driving.
1. referred to 2. play an important role in 3. be based on 4. date back to 5. a variety of
6. pay attention to 7. No matter when 8. By means of 9. ups and downs 10. an increasing number of
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics 1 are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like frequently by plane 2 （view） as important for scientists to get together and exchange information. But Cobb and others 3 （be） now questioning that idea pushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely, and 4 （change） their personal behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis. On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, 5 （rough） 200 academics - many of them climate scientists 6 （promise） to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak 7 she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of 8 time, they agreed. When the answer, was no, she, declined the 9 （invite）. That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans 10 （continue） the practice. "It has been fairly rewarding. ", she says, "a really positive change."
【答案】1．who/that 2．is viewed/has been viewed 3．are 4．changing 5．roughly 6．have promised 7．whether/if 8．the 9．invitation 10．to continue
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个由学者团体发行的实践，目的是为了减少学术飞行以应对气候变化危机。
1．考查定语从句。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。名词academics后为定语从句且在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词替代，故填that/who。
2．考查被动语态。句意：对科学家而言，旅行去参加会议、讲座、工作室之类的地方来相聚并交流信息这件事被视为是重要的。描述人们普遍认知的事情用一般现在时，此处也可以表示强调人们从过去到现在的认知，动名词作主语与主谓之间存在被动关系，故填is viewed或has been viewed。
3．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：但是现在Cobb和其他人正在质疑那个想法，推动会议提供更多远程参加的机会以及为了尽自己的能力来应对气候变化危机，他们正在改变他们的个人行为。根据句意可知，此处也应使用现在进行时，主语为复数，故填are。
4．考查时态。句意：但是现在Cobb和其他人正在质疑那个想法，推动会议提供更多远程参加的机会以及为了尽自己的能力来应对气候变化危机，他们正在改变他们的个人行为。分析句子结构可知，此处and连接并列的动词questioning和change，故填changing。
5．考查副词。句意：例如，在一个叫“无飞行科学家”的网站上，自从两年前成立以来，大约有200个学者，他们中很多人承诺尽可能少飞行。此处修饰数字用副词roughly“粗略地大约”，故填roughly。
6．考查时态。句意：例如，在一个叫“无飞行科学家”的网站上，自从两年前成立以来，大约有200个学者，他们中很多人承诺尽可能少飞行。根据时间状语“since+过去时间”可知主句应使用现在完成时，故填have promised。
7．考查宾语从句。句意：对于她的出席，Cobb开始询问邀请她的组织者是否可以远程进行。显然ask后面出现了一个宾语从句，宾语从句句意不完整，whether/if“是否”符合语境，故填whether或if。
8．考查冠词。句意：大约有四分之三的时间，他们同意了。此处特指Cobb询问的时间范围内，故填the。
9．考查名词。句意：当答案是否定的时候，她拒绝了那个邀请。此处需填入名词作动词decline的宾语，故填invitation。
10．考查动词不定式。句意：他打算继续这个实践。动词plan后面跟动词不定式，plan to do sth“计划做”，故填to continue。
阅读理解
Passage 1
（2023秋·湖南·高一长郡中学校考期中）Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂
Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂
1．What can we learn about the worms in the study?
A．They take plastics as their everyday food.
B．They are newly evolved creatures.
C．They can consume plastics.
D．They wind up in landfills.
2．According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .
A．identify other means of the breakdown
B．find out the source of the enzyme
C．confirm the research findings
D．increase the breakdown speed
3．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A．help to raise worms
B．help make plastic bags
C．be used to clean the oceans
D．be produced in factories in future
4．What is the main purpose of the passage?
A．To explain a study method on worms.
B．To introduce the diet of a special worm.
C．To present a way to break down plastics.
D．To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C
【分析】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic.可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选C。
22．细节理解题。根据文章第四段The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂可以推断出，Bertocchini希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。
4．写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.可知，有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂可知，Bertocchini希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选C。
点睛：根据不同文体，推断目的意图。不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的，通常作者的写作目的有以下三种：1) to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑），常见于故事类的文章。2) to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点），常见于广告类的文章。3) to inform readers（告知读者某些信息），多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章。阅读时要善于根据文章的文体来学会推断作者的情感态度和目的。本题的最后一题为写作意图题。文章为说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究发现---蠕虫可以分解塑料。因此可以推着写作意图是告知、告诉读者一种新的分解塑料的方法。
Passag2 2
(河南省郑州外国语学校2022-2023学年高一上学期期中)Happiness is not a warm phone, according to a new study exploring the link between young life satisfaction and screen time. The study was led by professor of psychology Jean M. Twenge at San Diego State University (SDSU).
To research this link, Twenge, along with colleagues Gabrielle Martin at SDSU and W. Keith Campbell at the University of Georgia, dealt with data from the Monitoring the Future (MtF) study, a nationally representative survey of more than a million U. S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders. The survey asked students questions about how often they spent time on their Phones, tablets and computers, as well as questions about their face-to-face social interactions and their overall happiness.
On average found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices — playing computer games, using social media, texting and video chatting — were less happy than those who invested more time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, and face-to-face social interactions.
"The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use," Twenge said. "Aim to spend no more than two hours a day on digital media, and try to increase the amount of time you spend seeing friends face-to-face and exercising — two activities reliably linked to greater happiness."
Looking at historical trends from the same age groups since the 1990s, it's easy to find that the increase of screen devices over time happened at the same time as a general drop-off in reported happiness in U. S. teens. Specifically, young peopled life satisfaction and happiness declined sharply after 2012. That's the year when the percentage of Americans who owned a smartphone rose above 50 percent. By far the largest change in teens' lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount of time they spent on digital media, and the following decline in in-person social activities and sleep.
5．Which method did Twenge's team use for the study?
A．Calculating students' happiness.
B．Asking students certain questions.
C．Analyzing data from a survey.
D．Doing experiments on screen time.
6．How does the author develop the finding of the study in paragraph 3?
A．By making a comparison.
B．By giving an example.
C．By making an argument.
D．By introducing a concept.
7．What is the purpose of the last paragraph?
A．To draw a conclusion from the study.
B．To offer some advice to the readers.
C．To prove social activities' importance.
D．To support the researchers' finding.
8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Quitting Phones Equals Happiness
B．Screen Time Should Be Banned
C．Teens' Lives Have Changed Sharply
D．Screen-addicted Teens Are Unhappier
【答案】5．C 6．A 7．D 8．D
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。一项探索年轻人生活满意度和屏幕时间之间关系的新研究表明，幸福不是一部温暖的手机，沉迷于屏幕的青少年更不快乐。
5．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“To research this link, Twenge, along with colleagues Gabrielle Martin at SDSU and W. Keith Campbell at the University of Georgia, dealt with data from the Monitoring the Future (MtF) study, a nationally representative survey of more than a million U. S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders. (为了研究这一联系，特文奇与圣地亚哥州立大学的加布里埃尔·马丁和乔治亚大学的W. Keith Campbell一起处理了来自“监控未来”（MtF）研究的数据，该研究是一项针对超过一百万名美国8年级、10年级和12年级学生的全国代表性调查)”可知，Twenge 的团队通过分析一项调查的数据的方式来进行这项研究。故选C。
6．推理判断题。根据第三段“On average found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices — playing computer games, using social media, texting and video chatting — were less happy than those who invested more time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, and face-to-face social interactions. (研究发现，花更多时间在屏幕设备前的青少年——玩电脑游戏、使用社交媒体、发短信和视频聊天——比花更多时间在非屏幕活动（如体育运动、阅读报纸和杂志以及面对面的社会互动）的青少年更不快乐)”可知，作者是通过作比较的方式来阐述研究结果的。故选A。
7．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Looking at historical trends from the same age groups since the 1990s, it's easy to find that the increase of screen devices over time happened at the same time as a general drop-off in reported happiness in U. S. teens. Specifically, young peopled life satisfaction and happiness declined sharply after 2012. (看看自上世纪90年代以来同一年龄组的历史趋势，我们很容易发现屏幕设备随着时间的推移而增加的同时，美国青少年报告的幸福感却普遍下降。尤其是2012年后，年轻人的生活满意度和幸福感急剧下降)”可知，最后一段中的这些内容主要是为支持研究发现服务的。故选D。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Happiness is not a warm phone, according to a new study exploring the link between young life satisfaction and screen time. (一项探索年轻人生活满意度和屏幕时间之间关系的新研究表明，幸福不是一部温暖的手机)”及对研究的具体介绍可知，文章主要介绍了一项研究发现——那些沉迷于电子屏幕的青少年明显更不快乐。故选D。
Passage 3
(湖北省宜城一中、枣阳一中等六校联考2022-2023学年高一上学期期中)Do you like traveling? Many people choose backpacking (背着背包徒步旅行) because it not only helps save a lot of money, but also gives them another kind of experience. When you are planning a backpacking adventure, the first thing to do in your opinion may be the decision on the places where you will visit. However, it is not the most important thing. Great adventures will make you face great danger. So you should not only imagine the enjoyment you will have on the trip, but also think about the possible danger you might face.
Making travel insurance (保险) is the most staple. It can make sure that you stay safe on the trip. So you should buy a backpacker travel insurance policy (保险单) before you leave. Backpacker policies are specially designed to meet your needs, by offering a high level of cover for a long time of travel. You can buy a backpacker policy from one week to two years or longer time. The backpacker insurance policy covers many activities such as swim and ski, and provides protection for these activities. So buying a backpacker travel insurance policy is very important.
It is a good idea to compare a few insurance companies before you make a decision. You should always carefully check the backpacker policy and make sure the activities you want to do are all covered by the policy.
9．The passage can interest the man who ________.
A．plans to go for a backpacking.
B．runs a company selling sports clothes.
C．wants to become a tour guide in the future.
D．is too busy to have a few days off.
10．The underlined word “staple” in the second paragraph may mean “________”.
A．very reasonable. B．very difficult. C．very important. D．very interesting.
11．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Backpacking insurance policies may cover sports protection.
B．We should find a good tour guide when backpacking.
C．We should take part in some activities such as swim and ski.
D．A lot of people want to spend some time backpacking.
12．What is the author’s attitude towards backpacking insurance?
A．Negative. B．Positive. C．Indifferent. D．Objective.
【答案】9．A 10．C 11．A 12．D
【导语】本文是议论文。文章主要讲述作者对购买背包客旅行保险单的看法。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段“Do you like traveling? Many people choose backpacking (背着背包徒步旅行) because it not only helps save a lot of money, but also gives them another kind of experience. (你喜欢旅行吗？许多人选择背着背包徒步旅行，因为这不仅有助于节省大量资金，而且还为他们提供了另一种体验。)”可知，这篇文章会让打算背着背包徒步旅行的人感兴趣。故选A。
10．词句猜测题。根据第二段“So buying a backpacker travel insurance policy is very important. (因此，购买背包客旅行保险非常重要。)”可知，这一段讲述购买背包客旅行保险非常重要。staple的意思应该是“重要的”，和选项C意思一致。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据第二段“The backpacker insurance policy covers many activities such as swim and ski, and provides protection for these activities. (背包客保险单涵盖游泳和滑雪等许多活动，并为这些活动提供保护。)”可知，背包保险单包含运动保护。故选A。
12．推理判断题。根据第二段“So buying a backpacker travel insurance policy is very important. (因此，购买背包客旅行保险非常重要。)”和最后一段“It is a good idea to compare a few insurance companies before you make a decision. You should always carefully check the backpacker policy and make sure the activities you want to do are all covered by the policy. (在做出决定之前，比较几家保险公司是个好主意。你应该经常仔细检查背包客政策，确保你想做的活动都在政策范围内。)”可知，作者对待背包客旅行保险的态度是客观的。故选D。
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