广东省四校2021-2022学年高三上学期第一次联考英语试题（含解析）

这是一份广东省四校2021-2022学年高三上学期第一次联考英语试题（含解析），共21页。试卷主要包含了阅读理解，七选五，完形填空，用单词的适当形式完成短文，感谢信/祝贺信，读后续写等内容，欢迎下载使用。

广东省四校2021-2022学年高三上学期第一次联考英语试题
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________

一、阅读理解
Brooklyn Children's Museum
Founded in 1899 as the country's first museum specifically made for children, today BCM is comprehensive, with a permanent collection of 30,000 objects, including musical instruments, masks and dolls. Kids love the interactive World Brooklyn, a small cityscape（城市风光）lined by stores where children can pretend to be working grown-ups.
Children's Museum of Manhattan
Looking for interactive art that welcomes curious minds? Then head to Inside Art, the current show up at CMOM, which lets your little ones climb in and over and all around the exhibits. It's ideas like this that make the 40,000-square-foot so special. Learning about culture, history and science is a pride for kids aged six and under. CMOM also hosts classes—like Gross Biology for kids who are interested in insects-all designed with the latest child-development research in mind.
DiMenna Children's History Museum
The hands-on displays at this kid-focused arm of the New York Historical Society transport children back through 350 years of US history, with a special focus on NYC． Children are encouraged to climb around and interact with exhibits that highlight the lives of kids who grew up to become famous doctors, athletes and political figures! Little New Yorkers can get in on sing-alongs and crafts. Other family programs include cookings classes, games and story hours.
Staten Island Children's Museum
Staten Island Children's Museum nurtures（培养）creativity. It offers hands-on experiences like the Block Harbor（plenty of blocks to play with!）, larger-than-life games like Connect Four and Dominoes, and even the opportunity to climb through a human-sized anthill or play firefighter at Ladder 11, so you'll find immersive（沉浸式的）fun around every corner. Don't forget to stop by Green Living Room powered by the wind energy where the kids can learn about ways to reduce our carbon footprint.
1．Which museum provides biology classes for kids?
A．Brooklyn Children's Museum. B．Staten Island Children's Museum.
C．Children's Museum of Manhattan. D．DiMenna Children's History Museum.
2．What can kids do in DiMenna Children's History Museum?
A．Play interesting games with great firefighters. B．Know about famous people's childhood lives.
C．Run stores like adults in different small streets. D．Cook delicious local food with foreign athletes.
3．Where can kids learn how to protect the environment?
A．At Ladder 11. B．At the Block Harbor.
C．In Green Living Room. D．On a human-sized anthill.

In 1990, Hal Donaldson was 23 years old, fresh out of college and found himself in Calcutta, India, where he was asked to interview Mother Teresa.
Donaldson says about the great woman famed for feeding the hungry, “She wasn't wearing shoes and her ankles were swollen. She sat down with me and was very polite.” After the interview, Mother Teresa asked him, “What are you doing to help the poor?” Donaldson admitted that he was young and wasn't focused on helping others. With a smile on her face, Mother Teresa said, “Everyone can do something.”
Those words deeply struck Donaldson and forced him to face some hard truths about himself.
Hal Donaldson grew up in the San Francisco Bay area. When he was 12 years old, his parents were hit by a drunk driver; his father died, and his mother was seriously injured. To make ends meet, they went on welfare. Donaldson says, “I had holes in my shoes and clothes. When you're teased at school for that, you just want to escape.”
He managed to do just that. Donaldson got into college and turned his focus to making money for himself He says, “I was just trying to find my way out of insignificance. However, it's easy to overlook others along the way. I was the guy that would see a homeless person and cross the street, so I didn't have to confront (面对) him. My focus was on climbing to the top instead of helping those trying to climb with me.”
Donaldson returned home from India with a different thought. He traveled to eight cities in America and stayed on the streets and listened to stories of the homeless. “My heart broke,” he says. “I knew I could no longer just live for myself.”
Inspired by Mother Teresa's words and the stories he'd heard across America. Donaldson loaded a pick-up truck with $300 worth of groceries and handed them out to anyone who needed help. In 1994, Donaldson created the nonprofit organization, Convoy for Hope, which works with communities across America and around the world. Their work focuses on feeding children, women's empowerment, helping farmers and disaster services.
4．What did 23-year-old Hal Donaldson do in India?
A．He attended an interview for a college. B．He fed the hungry with Mother Teresa.
C．He interviewed Mother Teresa. D．He did something to help the poor.
5．What can we learn about Hal Donaldson from paragraph 4?
A．He was born with disability. B．He led a hard life as a child.
C．He was well treated at school. D．He survived as a parentless boy.
6．How does Hal Donaldson describe himself in college?
A．Self-centered. B．Sympathetic. C．Popular. D．Casual.
7．How did Hal Donaldson change after he returned home from India?
A．He preferred traveling to volunteering. B．He suddenly fell in love with journalism.
C．He turned his focus to living for himself. D．He gradually devoted himself to helping others.

If your fingers get chilly all year round—even in the peak of summer—you’re not alone. Many people get cold hands during all of the seasons, due to a number of causes, from genetic to chronic illnesses.
Common reasons include being elderly and thin. If your hands are regularly cold or numb, however, it’s a good idea to see a doctor to rule out more serious causes. Cold hands are one of the symptoms of both anemia (贫血症) and hypothyroidism (甲状腺机能减退). Diabetes, which reduces blood circulation, can also trigger it. And if your heart is weak from heart disease, your body may prioritize sending blood to your core over your limbs.
For many others, cold hands are a sign they have a largely harmless condition called Raynaud’s disease. When any of us goes out in the cold, our bodies activate the muscles in our smallest blood vessels to make them even smaller—a survival mechanism to keep blood, and thus warmer temperatures, in our core. For people with Raynaud’s, this reaction is too strong, and instead of just a bit less blood going to their fingers, far too little gets there.
Raynaud’s is more common in women, and it most often develops before the age of 30. In fact, if you develop Raynaud’s when you’re older—usually after 40—it can be a sign of another underlying issue. That could be a smaller problem—a previous incident of frostbite (冻伤) or a sign of a more serious autoimmune condition, like lupus (狼疮).
For the majority of people living with Raynaud’s, medication won’t be necessary. However, a rare, more severe form of Raynaud’s affects less than one in 1,000 people. In these cases, blood can become completely blocked, causing sores on the hands. If they go untreated, it can lead to gangrene (坏疽) and, very rarely, amputation (截肢).
8．What’s the purpose of paragraph 1?
A．introduce a topic B．present an argument
C．describe the characters D．clarify his writing purpose
9．According to the text, which of the following is not the cause of cold hands?
A．diabetes B．heart disease C．aging D．obesity
10．What do we know about Raynaud’s disease?
A．It appears when blood vessels in your body overreact to high temperatures.
B．Males never suffer from it before the age of 30.
C．In some cases, it can be a sign of some health issues.
D．For most people, it is a serious health problem.
11．What will the author talk about in the following paragraph?
A．The reasons why people have cold hands
B．Ways to treat Raynaud’s disease and prevent cold hands
C．Medical research on Raynaud’s Disease
D．Disadvantages of cold hands

Six "sacrificial pits (祭祀坑)", dating back 3,200 to 4,000 years, were newly discovered in Sanxingdui Ruins site in Guanghan, Southwest China's Sichuan province. Over 500 artifacts, including gold masks, bronze wares, ivories, jades, and textiles, were unearthed from the site.
Sanxingdui site, first found in 1929, is generally considered as one of the most important archaeological sites along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. However, large-scale excavation on the site only began in 1986, when two pits — widely believed for sacrificial ceremonies — were accidentally discovered.
Investigation in the area around No 1 and 2 pits was relaunched in October 2019, and No 3 pit was found in December 2019, according to Lei Yu, a researcher of Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute who heads the ongoing excavation. Thirty-four research universities and research institutes have cooperated in this project. He said the new discoveries will help to better understand many unexplained findings in 1986.
More excavation followed in March 2020, and five more pits were found last year. And detailed research began in October. Excavation capsules with hi-tech equipment were set up in the pits to better conserve the site.
Sanxingdui site covers an area of 12 square kilometers, and its core zone of an ancient city covers nearly 4 square kilometers. According to the National Cultural Heritage Administration, studies of Sanxingdui site will become a crucial project in an ongoing program Archaeology China, which tries to explain the origins of Chinese civilization and how diverse cultures communicate and come together.
12．What does the underlined word “excavation” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Discovery B．Dig
C．Exploration D．Expansion
13．How did archaeologists preserve the Sanxingdui site?
A．By dividing the task of excavation into several parts.
B．By cooperating with research universities and institutes.
C．By using excavation capsule armed with hi-tech equipment.
D．By conducting more investigations around the site.
14．What can we infer about the pits from the text?
A．All sacrificial sites were discovered in the meantime.
B．The excavation of Sanxingdui site only began in 1986.
C．There were altogether six sacrificial pits discovered in Sanxingdui site
D．The size of the core zone is approximately 1/3 times that of Sanxingdui site.
15．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Sacrificial pits were unearthed in Sanxingdui Site.
B．Sanxingdui Site needed to be conserved.
C．Sanxingdui discoveries cast light on ancient China.
D．Hi- tech helped to excavate Sanxingdui Site.


二、七选五
When germs, such as bacteria or viruses, invade the body, they attack and multiply. 16 The immune system uses several tools to fight infection（感染）. Blood contains red blood cells, for carrying oxygen to tissues and organs, and white or immune cells, for fighting infection. These white cells consist primarily of macrophages（巨噬细胞）, B cells and T cells.
Macrophages swallow up and digest germs, plus dead and dying cells. They leave behind parts of the invading germs called antigens（抗原）. 17 B cells are defensive white blood cells which produce antibodies. T cells are also defensive white blood cells. They attack cells in the body that have already been infected.
The first time the body comes across a germ, it can take several days to make and use all the germ fighting tools needed to get over the infection. After the infection, the immune system remembers what is learned about how to protect the body against that disease.
18 They help develop immunity by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however, almost never causes illness, but it does cause the immune system to produce T cells and antibodies. Sometimes, after getting a vaccine （疫苗）, the imitation infection can cause minor symptoms. For instance, a fever. 19
Once the imitation infection goes away, the body is left with a supply of defensive cells that will remember how to find that disease in the future. 20 Therefore, it is possible that a person infected with the disease just before or just after vaccination could develop symptoms and get a disease, because the vaccine has not had enough time to provide protection.
A．Vaccines basically work the same way.
B．This invasion, called an infection, is what causes illness.
C．Vaccines prevent diseases that can be dangerous, or even deadly
D．Scientists take many different approaches to developing vaccines.
E．The body identifies them as dangers and excites antibodies to attack them.
F．Such minor symptoms are normal and should be expected as the body builds immunity.
G．However, it typically takes a few weeks for the body to produce those defensive cells after vaccination.


三、完形填空
Bingley, a Sayre School student from America, decided that he would devote himself to studying the environment to have a broad influence on the community.
To reduce the carbon footprint, Bingley planned to 21 enough solar energy to power the school’s science labs. Now his plan is set to happen. To fix 30 solar panels is 22 for late November.
As he began his research 23 solar energy, he discovered a useful phone app. By entering an address, he could find out how much sunlight the 24 receives each day. Based on the data, he found that his school building was the best position. At the suggestion of his science teacher, Debbie Wheeler, he first performed an energy 25 of the science lab to see how much energy a typical lab uses per day. Then, he started his research, 26 a local company of solar panels to do the job. He lacked money for starting the project, so he 27 Sayre’s head to support him after explaining the 28 of solar power for the school and community.
Since Sayre provided the 29 seed money to provide infrastructure and the purchase of one panel, the project has 30 to include a total of 30 panels. They are expected to produce enough energy to 31 all the science labs on campus.
“It feels like a dream to think that an idea I had from my AP Environmental class would have this kind of 32 ,” said Bingley, expressing gratitude for Wheeler’s help. Wheeler said the success was due to Bingley’s efforts and 33 to follow through on the project from start to finish. “I’ve had other students talk about 34 initiatives (倡议) on campus, but Bingley had the persistence and courage to make it happen,” she said.
Bingley said that he would 35 like to study environmental engineering at university.
21．A．explore B．invest C．produce D．switch
22．A．defined B．identified C．output D．scheduled
23．A．beyond B．on C．with D．through
24．A．location B．destination C．transmission D．occasion
25．A．income B．allowance C．budget D．calculation
26．A．employing B．contacting C．protecting D．urging
27．A．convinced B．demanded C．refreshed D．submitted
28．A．causes B．plots C．benefits D．origins
29．A．initial B．flexible C．optional D．sustainable
30．A．awarded B．grown C．rewarded D．sponsored
31．A．decorate B．furnish C．run D．equip
32．A．influence B．criterion C．experience D．management
33．A．caution B．encouragement C．inspiration D．willingness
34．A．cultural B．environmental C．practical D．theoretical
35．A．casually B．deliberately C．eventually D．gradually


四、用单词的适当形式完成短文
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Fifteen elephants are approaching the Chinese city of Kunming. Altogether the animals 36 (cover) 500km from their habitat in a nature reserve near the borders with Myanmar and Laos. And they are now near 37 city of 6.6 million people. They have travelled along highways 38 through farms over the past few months. And their journey has been attracting the attention of the Chinese public.
Experts are now doing all they can 39 (keep) the elephants away from Kunming city. They are setting up barriers along the way, 40 (hope) to get them to go back towards the nature reserve. No one knows 41 the animals have walked so far away from 42 (they) original habitat. One reason could be a decline in the amount of edible (可食用的) plants in their reserve, especially 43 (supply) of their favourite foods. Another reason could be a rise in numbers in the wild elephant population in the area, from 193 in the 1980s 44 around 300 today. A further 45 (possible) is that the elephants, leader could have led them astray (迷路).


五、感谢信/祝贺信
46．假定你是高中生李华。为了庆祝国庆七十二周年、你市举办了“中华之美”中文演讲比赛，你校交换生Ryan在本次大赛中获得了第一名。请你给他写一封邮件，内容包括：
1.表示祝贺;
2.评论与赞赏;
3.表达祝愿。
注意：1.词数80左右;
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

六、读后续写
47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
My first year living in Los Angeles, I was a birthday-party clown (小丑). I struggled a lot with my identity because, though I viewed myself as a filmmaker, everyone in my life viewed me as this ridiculous day job. To make matters more confusing, being a clown is itself an identity-masking job. You wear makeup to cover your features. Sometimes I’d have to wear a mask and completely cover my face.
For certain parties, I’d have to go as a specific character. The way that would work is someone from the company would drop off costumes for me the night before a party at an appointed spot. It was like a shameful deal.
One night, they handed me my trash bag and said, “Tomorrow you’re going to be Batman.” Now, keep in mind that at the time I had a giant moustache. I know: a clown with a moustache—that’s a huge red flag for parents. But I hadn’t wanted to change my physical appearance for that job, because that would have been me subconsciously (下意识地) admitting I was more of a clown than an artist, So for the party, I chose not to shave.
The next day, I went to the party. It was at this huge public park, and I had to leave my car parked far enough away so that the kids couldn’t see me getting off my car. So I was all the way on the edge of the park, and the only way for me to get to the party was to walk to it. Normally at these parties, all you have going for you is the element of surprise. You pop in through the front door: “Surprise! Batman’s here!” All the kids go crazy. Without the element of surprise, these visits are meaningless. So I thought, “Should I try to make an entrance (入场) for them?” Reflecting what to do next, I heard a scream, “Look, a Batman with a moustache!” Suddenly, the entire party broke out in laughter.
注意：
1.续写词数应为150左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Paragraph 1:
I was so embarrassed and wanted to run back.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2:
I stared at the cake with a clown wearing a moustache in disbelief.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考答案：
1．C 2．B 3．C

【分析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个适合孩子参观的博物馆。
1．细节理解题。根据Children's Museum of Manhattan中“CMOM also hosts classes—like Gross Biology for kids who are interested in insects-all designed with the latest child-development research in mind.(CMOM也主持一些课程，比如给那些对昆虫感兴趣的孩子们讲生物课，这些昆虫的设计都考虑到了最新的儿童发展研究)”可知，Children's Museum of Manhattan会为孩子们提供生物课。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据DiMenna Children's History Museum中“Children are encouraged to climb around and interact with exhibits that highlight the lives of kids who grew up to become famous doctors，athletes and political figures!(孩子们被鼓励到处攀爬，与突出了那些长大后成为著名医生，运动员，政治家的孩子们的生活的展品互动)”可知，孩子们在DiMenna Children's History Museum可以了解著名人物的童年生活。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据Staten Island Children's Museum中“Don't forget to stop by Green Living Room powered by the wind energy，where the kids can learn about ways to reduce our carbon footprint.(别忘了去绿色客厅，那里有风能供电，在这里孩子们可以了解减少低碳排放的方法)”可知，孩子们在Green Living Room可以学习保护环境的方法。故选C。
4．C 5．B 6．A 7．D

【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了从小生活艰苦的Hal Donaldson在努力改善生活条件的时候忽视了身边的人，而他与Mother Teresa的一次交流触动了他，他开始关注那些需要帮助的人并逐渐致力于帮助他人。
4．细节理解题。根据第一段“In 1990, Hal Donaldson was 23 years old, fresh out of college and found himself in Calcutta, India, where he was asked to interview Mother Teresa.(1990年，23岁的Hal Donaldson，刚从大学毕业，来到印度加尔各答，在那里他被要求采访Mother Teresa)”可知，23岁的Hal Donaldson在印度采访了Mother Teresa。故选C。
5．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“When he was 12 years old, his parents were hit by a drunk driver; his father died, and his mother was seriously injured. To make ends meet, they went on welfare.(12岁时，他的父母被酒后驾车的司机撞了；他的父亲去世了，他的母亲受了重伤。为了收支相抵，他们靠救济生活)”可推断，童年时期的Hal Donaldson过着艰难的生活。故选B。
6．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“I was just trying to find my way out of insignificance. However, it's easy to overlook others along the way. I was the guy that would see a homeless person and cross the street, so I didn't have to confront (面对) him. My focus was on climbing to the top instead of helping those trying to climb with me.(我只是想摆脱自己的卑微。然而，在这个过程中很容易忽略其他人。我是那种看到无家可归的人就会过马路的人，所以我不用去面对他。我的注意力集中在攀登顶峰上，而不是帮助那些试图和我一起攀登的人)”可推断，大学时期的Hal Donaldson只关注如何改善自己的生活，是一个以自我为中心的人。故选A。
7．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Donaldson returned home from India with a different thought. He traveled to eight cities in America and stayed on the streets and listened to stories of the homeless.(Donaldson从印度回到家后，想法转变了。他在美国去八个城市旅行了，待在街道上，倾听那些无家可归人们的故事)”和最后一段“Inspired by Mother Teresa's words and the stories he'd heard across America. Donaldson loaded a pick-up truck with $300 worth of groceries and handed them out to anyone who needed help. In 1994, Donaldson created the nonprofit organization, Convoy for Hope, which works with communities across America and around the world.( Mother Teresa的话语和他在美国各地听到的故事激励了他。Donaldson把价值300美元的食品杂货装上一辆小货车，分发给任何需要帮助的人。1994年，Donaldson创立了非营利组织“希望车队”，与美国和世界各地的社区合作)”可推断，Hal Donaldson从印度回家以后开始关注别人的生活并逐渐致力于帮助别人。故选D。
8．A 9．D 10．C 11．B

【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了，如果你的手指一年四季都在发冷，可能是得了雷诺氏病，解释了它的原因、症状、发病群体。
8．推理判断题。由第一段“If your fingers get chilly all year round—even in the peak of summer—you’re not alone. Many people get cold hands during all of the seasons, due to a number of causes, from genetic to chronic illnesses.”（如果你的手指一年四季都在发冷，即使是在盛夏时节，你也不孤单。许多人在整个季节都会手感冰冷，原因有很多，从遗传病到慢性病。），可推断出第一段的内容是为下文做铺垫，为了介绍一个疾病话题。故选A项。
9．细节理解题。由第二段中的“Common reasons include being elderly and thin.”（常见的原因包括年老体瘦。）和“Cold hands are one of the symptoms of both anemia (贫血症) and hypothyroidism (甲状腺机能减退). Diabetes, which reduces blood circulation, can also trigger it. And if your heart is weak from heart disease, your body may prioritize sending blood to your core over your limbs.”（手冰冷是贫血和甲状腺功能减退的症状之一。糖尿病会减少血液循环，也会引发手冰冷。如果你的心脏因为心脏病而虚弱，你的身体可能会优先把血液输送到你的心脏而不是四肢。），可知年纪大、偏瘦、糖尿病和心脏病是导致双手冰冷的原因，文章并未提及肥胖导致双手冰冷。故选D项。
10．细节理解题。由第四段中的“Raynaud’s is more common in women, and it most often develops before the age of 30. In fact, if you develop Raynaud’s when you’re older—usually after 40—it can be a sign of another underlying issue.”（雷诺氏病在女性中更为常见，最常在30岁之前发病。事实上，如果你在40岁以后得雷诺氏病的话，这可能是另一个潜在问题的征兆。），可知在某些情况下，雷诺氏病可能是一些健康问题的征兆。故选C项。
11．推理判断题。由最后一段“For the majority of people living with Raynaud’s, medication won’t be necessary. However, a rare, more severe form of Raynaud’s affects less than one in 1,000 people. In these cases, blood can become completely blocked, causing sores on the hands. If they go untreated, it can lead to gangrene (坏疽) and, very rarely, amputation (截肢).”（对于大多数雷诺氏病患者来说，药物治疗是不必要的。然而，一种罕见的，更严重的雷诺氏病影响不到千分之一的人。在这种情况下，血液会完全阻塞，导致手部疼痛。如果他们得不到治疗，可能会导致坏疽和截肢。），可知本段主要讲不同雷诺氏病患者，有的不需要治疗，有的不治疗，后果严重，可推断出在下一段中，作者可能会谈论雷诺氏病的治疗及预防手部冰冷的方法。故选B项。
12．B 13．C 14．D 15．A

【分析】本文是说明文。文章按照时间顺序着重介绍了三星堆遗址中祭祀坑的发现、发掘工作及意义。
【详解】1. 猜测词义题。该词所在句子“However, large-scale excavation on the site only began in 1986, when two pits — widely believed for sacrificial ceremonies — were accidentally discovered”（当两个祭祀坑被意外发现，三星堆大规模的挖掘工作1986年才真正开始。）再结合第一自然段最后一句话里的unearth可推测该划线词的意思是“挖掘、发掘”。A选项“发现”；B选项“挖掘；发掘”；C选项“探索；发现”；D选项“扩大；扩张”。故选B。
2. 细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句话“Excavation capsules with hi-tech equipment were set up in the pits to better conserve the site.”（在坑内设置了装有高科技设备的挖掘胶囊，以更好地保存该址）可知，考古学家采用配备高科技设备的挖掘胶囊保护了三星堆遗址。故选C。
3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Sanxingdui site covers an area of 12 square kilometers, and its core zone of an ancient city covers 3.6 square kilometers. ”（三星堆面积12平方公里，核心区域占地大约4平方公里，大约三分之一。）可知，核心区面积约为三星堆遗址的1/3。故选D。
4. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，全文按照时间顺序着重介绍了三星堆遗址中祭祀坑的发现、发掘工作，可以确定全文关键信息为Sarificial pits, discovered ,Sangxingdui Site.   A选项关键词为Sacrificial pits+unearthed; B选项关键词为Sanxingdui Site+ needed to be conserved;  C选项为discoveries+cast light on; D选项为Hi-tech+helped to excavate….。综上所述，A选项能高度概括全文，故选A。
16．B 17．E 18．A 19．F 20．G

【分析】本文是说明文。介绍了人体免疫系统和疫苗是如何工作的。
16．根据前一句“When germs, such as bacteria or viruses, invade the body, they attack and multiply.（当细菌或病毒等细菌侵入人体时，它们就会攻击并繁殖。）”和空后“The immune system uses several tools to fight infection（感染）（免疫系统使用几种工具来对抗感染。）”可知，空处承接上一句讲述细菌的入侵；根据选项可知，选项B. This invasion, called an infection, is what causes illness.( 这种入侵被称为感染，是导致疾病的原因。)承上启下，符合题意，此处infection与下文“fight infection”呼应。故选B。
17．根据空前“Macrophages swallow up and digest germs, plus dead and dying cells. They leave behind parts of the invading germs called antigens（抗原）.（巨噬细胞吞噬和消化细菌，以及死亡和垂死的细胞。它们留下了被称为抗原的入侵细菌的部分。）和后文描述可知，本段介绍巨噬细胞、B细胞和T细胞的作用，前三句介绍的是巨噬细胞。E选项The body identifies them as dangers and excites antibodies to attack them.( 身体将它们视为危险，并激发抗体来攻击它们。)中的them指的是上文提到的antigens抗原，符合题意。故选E。
18．根据文章结构可知，上文讲的是免疫系统如何工作，下文讲疫苗工作原理，故A选项为此处的最佳衔接。“They help develop immunity by imitating an infection.（它们通过模仿感染来帮助培养免疫力。）”中的“They”指的是Vaccines疫苗。故选A。
19．根据空前“Sometimes, after getting a vaccine （疫苗）, the imitation infection can cause minor symptoms. （有时，接种疫苗后，模仿感染会引起轻微的症状。）“可知，空处进一步阐述疫苗可能引发的轻微症状，结合选项可知，选项F. Such minor symptoms are normal and should be expected as the body builds immunity.(这种轻微的症状是正常的，应该在身体建立免疫力的时候出现。)承接前一句，符合题意。minor symptoms.对应Such minor symptoms。故选F。
20．根据空后“Therefore, it is possible that a person infected with the disease just before or just after vaccination could develop symptoms and get a disease, because the vaccine has not had enough time to provide protection.（因此，由于疫苗没有足够的时间提供保护，在接种疫苗之前或之后感染疾病的人可能会出现症状并患病。）“可知，空处与后文形成因果关系，结合选项可知，选项G. However, it typically takes a few weeks for the body to produce those defensive cells after vaccination.( 然而，接种疫苗后，身体通常需要几周的时间才能产生这些防御细胞。)符合题意。故选G。

21．C 22．D 23．B 24．A 25．D 26．B 27．A 28．C 29．A 30．B 31．C 32．A 33．D 34．B 35．C

【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了学生Bingley为了减少碳足迹，进行科学研究，在学校的资助下联系太阳能板公司安装太阳能给学校科学实验室提供能量的故事。
21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了减少碳足迹，Bingley计划生产足够的太阳能来给学校的科学实验室提供能量。A. explore探索；B. invest投资；C. produce生产；D. switch转变。由下文“to power the school’s science labs”（给学校的科学实验室提供能量）可知，要“生产”足够的太阳能来实现该目标，第四段的“They are expected to produce enough energy.（它们预计生产足够的能量来使学校的所有的实验室运行。）”也是提示，故选C。
22．考查动词词义辨析。句意：计划在11月下旬安装30块太阳能电池板。A. defined定义；B. identified辨认出；C. output输出；D. scheduled安排。由上文的“Now his plan is set to happen. （现在他的计划就要实现了。）”可知，安装30个太阳能板是按照计划进行安排的，故选D。
23．考查介词词义辨析。句意：当他开始关于太阳能的研究时，他发现了一个有用的手机应用软件。A. beyond超过；B. on关于；C. with和；D. through通过。由上文的“Bingley planned to produce enough solar energy to power the school’s science labs.（Bingley计划生产足够的太阳能来给学校的科学实验室提供能量。）”可知，他要进行关于太阳能的研究，故选B。
24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过输入一个地址，他能发现这个地方一天能照到多少太阳。A. location位置，地点；B. destination目的地；C. transmission传递，发送；D. occasion场合。由上文的“entering an address（输入一个地址）和下文的“his school building was the best position（他的校舍是最好的位置）”可知，他在比较每个“位置”能得到多少太阳照射，故选A。
25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在他科学老师Debbie Wheeler的建议下，他第一次计算了科学实验室的能量来看一下一个平常的实验室每天能用多少太阳能。A.income收入；B. allowance津贴；C. budget预算；D. calculation计算。由下文“to see how much energy a typical lab uses per day.”（来看一下一个平常的实验室每天能用多少太阳能）可知，为了看实验室要用多少能量，他是需要计算的，故选D。
26．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后，他开始他的研究，他联系当地一个太阳能板公司来做这项工作。A. employing雇佣；B. contacting联系；C. protecting保护；D. urging催促。由下文的“a local company of solar panels to do the job”（当地一个太阳能板公司来做这项工作）可知，他与一家太阳能板公司“联系”后由公司来完成能量的测算工作，与下文的“He lacked money for starting the project, so he ..（他缺乏启动这个项目的资金，因此他……）”衔接通顺，看得出计划在正常推进，故选B。
27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他缺乏启动这个项目的资金，因此他解释了太阳能对于学校和社区有好处以此来说服Sayre的上司来支持他。A. convinced说服，使相信；B. demanded要求；C. refreshed使恢复精力；D. submitted上交。由上文的“He lacked money for starting the project（他缺乏启动这个项目的资金）”可知，他需要说服Sayre学校的上司来支持他，故选A。
28．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他缺乏启动这个项目的资金，因此他解释了太阳能对于学校和社区有好处以此来说服Sayre的上司来支持他。A. causes原因；B. plots情节；C. benefits好处；D. origins起源。由上文的“ he 7 Sayre’s head to support him（他说服Sayre学校的上司来支持他）”可知，他想要得到支持就需要向上司解释清楚太阳能对学校和社区的好处，故选C。
29．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：自从Sayre提供给他的第一笔种子基金来提供基础设施和购买一个太阳能板，这个项目已经扩大，总共包括30个太阳能板。A. initial最初的；第一的；B. flexible灵活的；C. optional选择的；D. sustainable持续的。由下文的“seed money”（种子基金）可知，这是他得到的第一笔资金支持，故选A。
30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：自从Sayre提供给他第一笔种子基金来提供基础设施和购买一个太阳能板，这个项目已经扩大，总共包括30个太阳能板。A. awarded授予；B. grown成长，逐渐成为；C. rewarded酬谢；奖赏；D. sponsored赞助。由上下文的“the purchase of one panel（购买一个太阳能板）”和“include a total of 30 panels（总共包括30个太阳能板）可知，该项目已经逐渐实现最初的计划，grow为“成长，逐渐变得，逐渐成为”，表示该项目从最初购进一个太阳能板成长壮大，逐步成为拥有30个太阳能板的目标，故选B。
31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它们预计生产足够的能量来使学校的所有的实验室运行。A. decorate装饰；B. furnish提供，供应；C. run运行；D. equip装备，配备。由上文第二段的“To reduce the carbon footprint, Bingley planned to produce enough solar energy to power the school’s science labs. ”（Bingley计划生产足够的太阳能来给学校的科学实验室提供能量。）可知，太阳能板生产足够的能量，是要使学校实验室能够运行下去，故选C。
32．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Bingley表达了对Wheeler的感谢，他说，我从AP环境课上想出的主意有这种影响，这就像一个梦。A. influence影响；B. criterion标准；C. experience经验；经历；D. management管理。由上文的“produce enough energy to run all the science labs on campus”（生产足够的能量来运行学校的实验室）可知，Bingley上课时产生的主意产生了现实的影响，故选A。
33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Wheeler说成功是由于Bingley在进行这项项目时，从始至终都是努力的且乐于坚持做这个项目。A. caution小心，谨慎；B. encouragement鼓励；C. inspiration灵感，鼓舞；D. willingness乐意。由下文“to follow through on the project from start to finish（自始至终都坚持做这个项目）”可知，Bingley是“乐意”坚持才获得成功的，故选D。
34．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我已经让其他学生在校园谈论环境倡议，但是Bingley用坚持和勇气来使这件事发生。A. cultural文化的；B. environmental环境的；C. practical实际的，实用的；D. theoretical理论的。由第一段的“he would devote himself to studying the environment to have a broad influence on the community”（他会致力于研究环境以此来对社区产生广泛影响）”可知，说明老师在此之前发出的倡议是有关环境的，故选B。
35．考查副词词义辨析。句意：Bingley说他最终想要在大学学习环境工程。A. casually随便地；B. deliberately故意地；C. eventually最后；D. gradually逐渐。由下文的“like to study environmental engineering at university”（他想要在大学学习环境工程）和第一段的“Bingley, a Sayre School student from America（Bingley，来自美国Sayre学校的学生）”可知，宾利最终想要到大学去学习环境工程，故选C。

36．have covered 37．the 38．and 39．to keep 40．hoping 41．why 42．their 43．supplies 44．to 45．possibility

【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要说明了十五只大象正在接近中国城市昆明。在过去的几个月里，它们沿着公路和农场旅行。它们的旅程吸引了中国公众的注意。
36．考查时态和语态。句意：在缅甸和老挝边境附近的一个自然保护区，这些动物的栖息地距离它们总共有500公里。表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响，应用现在完成时，主语为animals，助动词用have。故填have covered。
37．考查冠词。句意：它们现在离这座660万人口的城市很近。这里特指昆明这座城市应用定冠词the。故填the。
38．考查连词。句意：在过去的几个月里，它们沿着公路和农场旅行。此处along highways与through farms是并列关系，应用连词and。故填and。
39．考查非谓语动词。句意：专家们正在尽他们所能让大象远离昆明市。结合句意表示“尽一切可能做某事”可知短语为do all one can to do sth.。故填to keep。
40．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们在沿途设置了屏障，希望能让它们回到自然保护区。分析句子结构可知hope在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语they之间是主动关系，用现在分词作状语。故填hoping。
41．考查宾语从句。句意：没有人知道为什么这些动物离开了它们原来的栖息地那么远。此处为宾语从句，从句中缺少原因状语，用why引导。故填why。
42．考查代词。句意：没有人知道为什么这些动物离开了它们原来的栖息地那么远。修饰名词habitat应用形容词性物主代词their。故填their。
43．考查名词的数。句意：其中一个原因可能是它们储备的可食用植物数量减少了，尤其是它们最喜欢的食物的供应。supply为可数名词，前面没有冠词修饰，表示数量大于一应用其复数形式。故填supplies。
44．考查介词。句意：另一个原因可能是该地区野生大象数量的增加，从20世纪80年代的193头增加到现在的300头左右。结合句意表示“从……到……”可知短语为from...to…。故填to。
45．考查名词。句意：另一种可能性是，大象的首领可能把它们引入歧途。空处作主语，表示“可能性”应用名词possibility。故填possibility。
46．Dear Ryan,
How is everything going? I’m writing to express my congratulations to you for winning the first prize in the Chinese speech contest of the 72nd anniversary of National Day.
Your performance is perfect, especially your excellent spoken Chinese, which gives all the teachers and students a deep impression. Besides, what surprises us most is that you are confident and brave on the stage when facing plenty of audience. To be honest, you are a superstar in my heart, and I would like to take this chance to learn from you.
Looking forward to your earliest reply. Best wishes!
Yours truly,
Li Hua
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给交换生Ryan写一封邮件，祝贺其在国庆七十二周年“中华之美”中文演讲比赛中获得了第一名，内容包括：1.表示祝贺；2.评论与赞赏；3.表达祝愿。
【详解】1.词汇积累
表达：express → convey
勇敢的：brave → courageous
说实话：to be honest → honestly speaking
机会：chance → opportunity
2.句式拓展
同义句转换
原句：Besides, what surprises us most is that you are confident and brave on the stage when facing plenty of audience.
拓展句：Besides, it surprises us most that you are confident and brave on the stage when facing plenty of audience.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Your performance is perfect, especially your excellent spoken Chinese, which gives all the teachers and students a deep impression. （运用了关系代词which引导的非限定性定语从句）
[高分句型2] Besides, what surprises us most is that you are confident and brave on the stage when facing plenty of audience.  （运用了what引导的主语从句和that引导的表语从句以及when引导的时间状语从句的省略句）
47．I was so embarrassed and wanted to run back. But I had to complete my ridiculous task. After I ran into the party, they were embarrassing me. I saw the birthday boy with his dad, who was laughing, and he said, “you see, I told you, son. Batman has a moustache.” He took me to the huge birthday cake with a Batman drawn on it, and the Batman had a moustache.
    I stared at the cake with a clown wearing a moustache in disbelief. When initially bringing the cake out, instead of just admitting that it was messed up, the parents tried to save face and said to the boy, “Batman always has a moustache. He just shaves moustache it for movies.” In a surprising twist of fate, my moustache confirmed what the parents had said and convinced the kids that I was actually Batman. Not shaving the moustache was a correct thing. I was the hero that they needed.
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。本文以作者作为生日派对小丑的经历为线索展开，有人看到作者在扮演蝙蝠侠的时候自己是“有胡子”的，在十分尴尬的情况之下，过生日的男孩的父母却“将错就错”地向自己的孩子展示了一个被留着胡子的蝙蝠侠装饰的生日蛋糕，作者意外地成为了这次派对的“英雄”。
【详解】1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“我很尴尬，想跑回去。”可知，第一段可描写作者作为“有胡子”的蝙蝠侠在生日派对上的尴尬，讲述过生日男孩的父亲做出的举动，向孩子证明生日蛋糕上的“有胡子”的蝙蝠侠是没错的。  
②由第二段首句内容“我难以置信地看着蛋糕上一个留着小胡子的小丑。”可知，第二段可描写作者的难以置信以及男孩的父亲为了在孩子面前挽回面子将错就错，使孩子相信蝙蝠侠是有胡子的，作者则成为他们所需要的“英雄”。
2.续写线索：作者的初次尴尬——父亲的回应——作者的二次尴尬——父亲将错就错的解释——作者的感悟
3.词汇激活
行为类
①完成：complete/finish
②承认：admit/acknowledge
③大笑：laugh/ burst into laughter
情绪类
①尴尬的：embarrassed/awkward
②难以置信地： in disbelief/unbelievably
【点睛】[高分句型1] I saw the birthday boy with his dad, who was laughing, and he said, “you see, I told you, son. Batman has a moustache.” （关系代词who引导非限制性定语从句）
[高分句型2] In a surprising twist of fate, my moustache confirmed what the parents had said and convinced the kids that I was actually Batman.（confirmed后面由what引导宾语从句，convinced 后面由that引导宾语从句）