定语从句相关知识点复习 2023年中考英语复习

定语从句知识复习相关要点

要点一：定语从句的概念

在句子中起定语作用、修饰句中的名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。当关系代词作定语从句主语时，其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。

定语从句一般位于先行词的后面，定语从句由关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that，as和关系副词when，where，why等引导。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任一个成分。

要点二：关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.　 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.　请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）

要点三：关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.　任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.　北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?　这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？

2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

要点四：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

定语从句可分为限制性和非限制性两种：
1．限制性定语从句(Restrictive attributive clauses)：
限制性定语从句，使所修饰的词表示一个特定的人或东西，如果去掉它，那个词就失去意义，句子就不能成立或不完整：
Any one who leaves litter in these woods will be prosecuted．
谁要是在林中乱扔垃圾将受到指控。
这句话如把who引起的定语从句去掉，句子就不能成立。上节例子中的定语从句大部分都是限制性定语从句。只有在这种定语从句中，关系代词才有可能省略。
2．非限制性定语从句(Non—Restrictive Attributive Clauses)：
有些定语从句只对某个词作进一步的说明，例如：
She was married to Tony, who was also a student．
这里who引起的就是一个非限定性定语从句，拿掉之后句子还能成立。在一般情况下，非限制性定语从句都由一个逗号把它和句予的其它部分分开，在译成汉语时多译成一个并列句。下面例句中部包含有非限制性定语从句：
The note was left by Jim,who was here a moment ago．
这个条子是吉姆留的，他刚才来过。
She introduced me to her husband，whom I hadn’t met before．
她把我介绍给她丈夫，这人我以前没见过。
This is George，whose class you will be taking．
这是乔治，你将接他的班。
I have many friends,some of whom were painters．
我有许多朋友，其中有些是画家。
She was very fond of speaking French,which indeed she spoke well．
她很喜欢讲法语，而且讲得确实很好。
非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词是不能省略的，也不能使用关系代词that引导。指物时which用得比较多，有时还可代表更广泛的意思，指人时用who(whom)。

要点五：判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where　B. thatC. on whichD. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where　　B. thatC. on which　　D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。

要点六：as, which 非限定性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.　　

典型例题　
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it　 B. that　 C. which　　D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what　B. which　C. that　D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。

3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that　B. which　　C. as　 D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
  As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。

要点七：由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

1. 由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句主要用于正式文体，在非正式文体中通常将介词放至句末。如：This is the man to whom I referred. 我指的就是这个人。This is the man (whom) I referred to. 我指的就是这个人。

2. 直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词which不能换成that，直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词whom不能换成who。但若介词用于句末，则用作宾语的which, whom也可换成that, who，或者省略不同。如：这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。This is a subject about which we have talked a lot.(which不能换成that，也不能省略)This is a subject which we have talked about a lot. 这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。(which可以换成that，也可以省略)

3. 关系副词when, where, why根据情况有时可换成“介词+关系代词which”。如： That is the day when [=on which] he was born. 那就是他出生的日子。That is the house where [=in which] he lived. 那就是他住过的房子。That is the reason why [=for which] he must apologize. 那就是他必须道歉的原因。

4. 在很正式的文体中，“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句可紧缩成“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构。如：在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。正：There the children had a garden in which to play. (很正式)正：There the children had a garden in which they could play. (较正式)正：There the children had a garden to play in. (较口语化)注：这类“介词+关系代词++不定式”结构中的介词不能没有，也不能放在句末。如不能说There the children had a garden which to play in.

要点八：关系代词that 的用法

1）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错)　The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)　在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b)　在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c)　先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d)　先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e)　先行词既有人，又有物时。

举例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.　那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

要点九：It is time 后的定语从句用虚拟语气

从句谓语通常用过去式表示现在或将来，有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形”(较少见，且should不能省略)，其意为“(早)该干某事了”。如：

I think it's time you went to bed. 我想你该睡觉了。

It's time we went [were going, should go]. 我们该走了。

I think it's time they were taught a lesson. 我想现在该给他们一点教训了。

注：time前有时有about和high修饰：

I think it's high time that she made up her mind. 我想她该拿定主意了。

与其他的虚拟结构不同，该结构不能在该用 was 时而用 were。如：

It's time I was in bed. 我该上床睡了。(不用were)

要点十：使用定语从句应该注意的问题

定语从句是英语中一个非常重要的句式，同学们应该认真学习，同时在使用过程中也有一些需要注意的问题，小编总结了主要有以下几点：

1、关系代词在句中中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决定

The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.

住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利

The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.

3年纪的学生明天去爬山

2、定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开

There is an expression in his eyes that I can't understand.

在他的眼睛里有一种我不明白的神情

3、引导定语从句的关系副词可以用“介词+which”来代替

This is the room in which （=where） Lu Xun once lived.

这是鲁迅曾经过的房间

4、当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定的部分不要拆开

The dictionary which you are looking for is on the desk.

你去寻找的那本词典在桌子上

5、注意介词与关系代词的位置：介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在词尾，关系代词可用which，that，whom，口语中也可用who，且可省略

The man （whom/who/that） you were talking about has come to school.

你们刚才在谈论的那个人已经来到我们学校

Who‘s the comrade whom you just shook hands with？（或：Who is the comrade with whom you just shook hands？）

刚才与你握手的那个人是谁？

6、关系代词和关系副词在从句中充当一个成分，因此，使用时要注意在从句中避免句子成分的重复出现，试比较：

Let me have a look at the dictionary that you bought it yesterday （误）

Let me have a look at the dictionary that you bought yesterday （正）

请给我看一看你昨天买的那本词典

This is the house where I lived in two years ago. （误）

This is the house where I lived two years ago （正）

这是我两年前住过的房子