Unit 4 Scientists Who Changed the World 语法Grammar 过去分词做定语，状语和宾补-2022-2023学年高一英语单元复习（牛津译林版2020必修第三册）

这是一份Unit 4 Scientists Who Changed the World 语法Grammar 过去分词做定语，状语和宾补-2022-2023学年高一英语单元复习（牛津译林版2020必修第三册），共19页。试卷主要包含了本试卷分第Ⅰ卷两部分等内容，欢迎下载使用。

Unit 4 Scientists Who Changed the World单元过关测试
（考试时间：120分钟 试卷满分：150分）
注意事项：
1．本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2．回答第Ⅰ卷时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。写在本试卷上无效。
3．回答第Ⅱ卷时，将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。
4．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分 听力（共30分，略）
第二部分 阅读（共两节，满分50分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Four Books about Super Scientists
You’ll find the lives of these top minds to be as inspiring as they are exciting in the following books.
The Extraordinary Life of Alan Turing
Second World War code-breaker Alan Turing features on the Bank of England’s new £50 note as a computer pioneer. This biography follows him from his childhood as a quiet boy who loved maths to becoming one of the most important scientists in history.
100 Scientists Who Made History
Bringing together mini-biographies of 100 scientists and innovators, this book will give you an overview of the history of science. Including astronauts, biologists, chemists, coders, doctors and physicists, it features fun facts about everyone from Hippocrates and Leonardo da Vinci through to Marie Curie and Stephen Hawking.
Rosalind Franklin: A Life Story
Rosalind Franklin was the scientist whose contribution to a crucial discovery in DNA — the chemical that tells your body how to grow and develop — was not recognized until after her death. This book shines a light on the extraordinary story of her life and achievements, using timelines, illustrations and fascinating facts.
40 Inspiring Icons: Super Scientists
Each part of this colourful illustrated book introduces you to a different “super scientist” and their discoveries. This is a fun and easy way to learn about all sorts of ideas, including Louis Pasteur’s vaccinations and Ada Lovelace’s invention of mysterious codes.
1．Whose contribution was recognised after death?
A．Marie Curie’s. B．Louis Pasteur’s. C．Rosalind Franklin’s. D．Stephen Hawking’s.
2．Which book will attract readers who are interested in computer science?
A．Rosalind Franklin: A Life Story B．100 Scientists Who Made History
C．40 Inspiring Icons: Super Scientists D．The Extraordinary Life of Alan Turing
3．Where can the text probably be found?
A．In a novel. B．In a magazine. C．In a biography. D．In a diary.
B
An 89-year-old man from the American state of Rhode Island has reached a goal he spent 20 years working toward and nearly a lifetime thinking about. He earned his Ph, D．and became a physicist.
Manfred Steiner successfully passed his paper recently at Brown University in Providence. Steiner values this degree because it is what he always wanted, and because he overcame health problems that could have affected his studies to get it.
As a young person in Vienna, Austria, Steiner wanted to become a physicist after reading about Albert Einstein. But after World War I, his mother and uncle told him that studying medicine would be a better choice. He earned his medical degree in 1955 and moved to the United States soon after. In America, he had a wonderful career studying blood. Then he became a full professor and led the hematology (血液学) department at Brown’s medical school from 1985 to 1994. Steiner helped set up, a research program in hematology at the University of North Carolina. He directed that program until he retired from medicine in 2000 and returned to Rhode Island.
Steiner found medical research pleasing, but it was not quite the same as his interest in physics. At age 70, he started taking undergraduate classes. He was planning to just take a few classes that interested him. But by 2007, he had managed to join the doctoral program.
Physics professor Brad Marston was surprised when Steiner entered his class. But the professor soon realized how serious Steiner was about the subject and how hard he worked. “He has written many papers in medical science, more papers than I’ve written in physics. He already had a scientific way of thinking that younger students have to develop,” Marston said. Steiner now hopes to help the professors he befriended during his studies with their research.
4．What happened to Steiner on his way to get a Ph, D．in physics?
A．He left the United States.
B．He began to dislike medicine.
C．His physical condition was bad.
D．He was always supported by his mother.
5．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about Steiner?
A．His interesting classes.
B．His career in medicine.
C．His effort to become a physicist.
D．His childhood experiences in Austria.
6．What is Marston’s attitude to Steiner’s study of physics?
A．Opposed. B．Positive. C．Uncaring. D．Impatient.
7．Which word can best describe Steiner?
A．Odd. B．Ashamed. C．Athletic. D．Hardworking.
C
Edward O. Wilson, known as “ant man”, was born on June 10, 1929, in Birmingham, Alabama. His parents divorced when he was young, and he was moved frequently throughout his childhood. Wilson grew up exploring the forests and wildlife. One of these adventures left him partly blind, but they also set off his lifelong fascination with ants and their social structures.
Wilson earned his bachelor’s and master’s degrees from the University of Alabama. In 1955, he received his Ph.D．from Harvard and worked there until retirement.
Wilson’s early study of ants led to his first major discovery in 1959: how ants communicate through the release of chemical signals.
Later, in 1990, Wilson and German biologist Bert Hölldobler published their Pulitzer-winning The Ants. It detailed the insects’ social structure that was both valued by scholars and accessible to general readers.
Another of Wilson’s major works started in the early 1960s when he teamed up with Robert MacArthur. The pair published The Theory of Island Biogeography, where they sought to explain why different places have different numbers of species.
What many consider to be Wilson’s most important contributions to evolutionary biology came in 1975 when he published Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. The work explored the genetic roots of animal behavior and argued that genes shaped human behavior. Wilson faced accusations for these ideas but his work finally largely proved true. In 1978, his ideas on the role biology plays in human culture peaked in On Human Nature, which won him a Pulitzer in 1979.
Wilson published more than 400 scientific papers and 20 books. These achievements offered him a type of superstar status, but friends and colleagues say the polite Southerner remained down to earth. “Professor Wilson really listened and engaged with whomever he was interacting with,” said Corrie S. Moreau, who was one of Wilson’s final advisees.
8．What contributed to Wilson’s passion for ants?
A．His boyhood time spent in nature. B．The discovery he made about ants.
C．The school education he received. D．His disability.
9．What is Wilson’s first Pulitzer-winning book about?
A．The social structure of ants.
B．The distribution of different species.
C．The links between biology and human culture.
D．The role of chemical signals in communication.
10．According to the last paragraph, which word best describes Wilson?
A．Imaginative. B．Modest. C．Open-minded. D．Independent.
11．What is the best title of this text?
A．The Pioneering “Ant Man”
B．Discoveries in Evolutionary Biology
C．A Leading Figure in Popular Science
D．The Adventure of a Pulitzer Prize Winner
D
Think of somebody you really admire. You will probably find that their success didn’t come easily. As the “Father of Hybrid Rice(杂交水稻)”, Yuan Longping got over great difficulties and spent his whole life working to reduce world hunger and helping to feed the country with the largest population.
Wu Mengchao, the “Father of Chinese Hepatobiliary Surgery(肝胆外科)”, focused on saving people’s lives for nearly eighty years. He performed more than 16,000 operations during his life. Holding the surgeon’s knife for such a long time deformed his fingers, which are not in the shape of normal ones. Wu once said, “It would my greatest happiness if I could work at the operating table until my dying day.”
In 1969, in order to solve the problem of treating malaria(疟疾), Tu Youyou, the pharmacologist(药学家) took on the job as head of a research team. She and her teammates performed different kinds of experiments. However, the results were disappointing. Instead of giving up? They kept trying. Finally, in 1972, they made it! In 2015, at the age of 85, she received Nobel Prize.
Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb(灯泡) believed that every failure was a step towards success. He once said, “If I find 10,000 ways something won’t work, I haven’t failed. I am not discouraged, because every wrong try is another step forward.”
Some people only became successful after their deaths. Not like Pablo Picasso who became famous and very rich during his lifetime, the artist Vincent van Gogh only sold one painting all through his life and that was to a friend. But he kept painting and he painted more than 2,000 artworks in the following ten years. Now his paintings are very popular and they sell for millions of pounds.
One thing all these people have in common is sticking to their goals no matter what.
12．What do Yuan Longping and Wu Mengchao have in common?
A．They succeeded in solving world problems.
B．They spent all their lives serving people.
C．They achieved a lot in the medical field.
D．They are remembered for their happiness.
13．The underlined phrase deformed his fingers could be replaced by.
A．changed the shape of his fingers B．made him feel down
C．gave him too much pressure D．got his fingers cut off
14．It is clear that _____.
A．Pablo Picasso became famous after his death
B．Vincent van Gogh painted 2,001 artworks in his life
C．it took Tu Youyou’s team about 3 years to reach their goal
D．Thomas Edison tried 10,000 ways before he invented the light bulb
15．What does the writer mainly want to tell us?
A．Not everyone can be successful.
B．The more difficulties, the better.
C．Great achievements aren’t made naturally.
D．Great hopes make great men.
第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on 14 March, 1879. ___16___ Einstein was so smart that at age 16 he wrote his first paper. However, Einstein did badly at school. ___17___ He ended up at college in Switzerland. His grades meant it was difficult to get a job after college, but a friend found him work finally.
Albert had a great year in 1905, publishing (发表) four scientific papers! ____18____ One of the things he researched was that energy and mass (质量) are different forms of the same thing. This was explained by his famous equation E=mc². In 1909 Albert was finally made a professor at the University of Zurich. He continued improving his work, and in 1915 he published his theory of general relativity (广义相对论) .
In 1919, one of Albert’s theories was proved, making him the most famous scientist alive! _____19_____His work changed the way we think about time and space, and also helped with developments like the television.
_____20_____ And in 1933, Albert decided to stay in the USA forever. He became an American in 1940. Sadly, Einstein’s work with atoms (原子) led to the invention of the atomic bomb. Albert spent the rest of his life taking part in activities for world peace. He died in 1955.
A．Albert spent lots of time in America.
B．Einstein loved to use his imagination.
C．His work turned modern physics on its head.
D．Even as an adult, Einstein was disorganized.
E．As a child, he enjoyed solving math problems.
F．And he won the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics.
G．One teacher even said he’d never achieve anything!
第三部分 语言运用（共两节，满分30分）
第一节 （共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
The Nobel Prize is considered one of the most recognizable and admirable awards possible ___21___ people of the world for their outstanding achievements in different fields.
Alfred Nobel was born in 1833 to a family of engineers in. Sweden. In 1850, he met Ascanio Sobrero, the inventor of nitroglycerin (硝酸甘油) in Paris. Interested in its irregular ___22___ of exploding under pressure or heat, Nobel started to find a way to control it and make a ___23___ explosive (爆炸物). After years of ___24___, in1867, the age of 34, Nobel invented dynamite (炸药), which is much easier and safer to control than nitroglycerin.
During his lifetime, Nobel invented and patented various explosives. He ___25___ his wealth from his 355 inventions, among which dynamite was the most important.
When Alfred’s brother Ludwig died in 1888, a French newspaper ___26___ published Alfred’s obituary (讣告). Reading his own obituary,  Nobel was ___27___ to find out his public image. Then newspaper strongly ___28___ Nobel for inventing dynamite, giving him the nickname of “the merchant of death” and saying “Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became ___29___ by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday.”
To Alfred, this obituary was a(n) ____30____. He spent his lifetime alone ____31____ things and was deeply concerned with how he would be remembered. This unfortunate event inspired him to make changes in his will. so as to ____32____ his public image, and to be remembered for a good cause. In 1895, one year before his death, Nobel made the last ____33____, saying clearly that his wealth would be used to create a series of prizes for those who have made great ____34____ to mankind in physics, chemistry,physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. To widespread astonishment, Dr. Alfred Nobel ____35____ 94% of his total wealth to found the five Nobel Prizes.
21．A．.remembering B．honouring C．crediting D．negating
22．A．nature B．conduct C．flavour D．benefit
23．A．deadly B．bitter C．usable. D．mild
24．A．innovations B．efforts C．hesitation D．association
25．A．brought up B．put up C．broke up D．built up
26．A．mistakenly B．purposefully C．unintentionally D．scientifically
27．A．satisfied B．relieved C．impressed D．disappointed
28．A．praised B．blamed C．appreciated D．favoured
29．A．greedy B．essential C．rich D．sufficient
30．A．error B．warning C．threat D．consequence
31．A．destroying B．inventing C．combining D．stimulating
32．A．improve B．establish C．illustrate D．secure
33．A．request B．illustration C．will D．fortune
34．A．choices B．decisions C．profits D．contributions
35．A．gave away B．gave back C．gave off D．gave out
第二节（共10小题；每小题1. 5分, 满分15分）
阅读下面材料,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Tu Youyou is famous around the world. She is the first Chinese female scientist ____36____ (win)a Nobel Prize. She studied medicine at Peking University Health Science Centre. After her ____37____ (graduate)from university, she became a member of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. In 1969, she ____38____ (choose)to establish a team to find a cure ____39____ malaria—a disease that killed millions of people every year. It was not ____40____ easy task. They had limited resources and they did not have enough staff. Tu Youyou studied ancient Chinese medical literature and ____41____ (visit)experts in traditional Chinese medicine. Then she and her team began using modern research methods to study these Chinese herbs one by one. After hundreds of failed experiments, they ____42____ (eventual)came across a promising chemical. The medicine they discovered was artemisinin, ____43____ has now become the world’s ____44____(effective)drug for fighting malaria.
According to Tu Youyou, from their research experience in _____45_____ (discover)artemisinin, they learnt the wisdom behind both Chinese and Western medicine. And there is great potential for future advances if we integrate these two kinds of wisdom fully.
第四部分 写作（共两节, 满分40分）
第一节（满分15分）
46．假定你是李华，你校英语校刊《人物》专栏以“A Great Figure”为题征集英语短文。请你根据以下要点投稿：
(1)人物简介；
(2)人物的基本事迹或贡献；
(3)人物的荣誉称号等。
注意：(1)词数80左右;
(2)可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
A Great Figure
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
第二节（满分25分）
47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
We all could say that we have bad days to endure as we go through life, but what does it take to have a really good day?
Some would suggest that a day would be great if everything they did turned out well, or they got exactly what they needed. On the other hand , have you ever thought that what you may give someone else may be the best day you ever had especially when you put someone else's well-being or happiness first on your list?
There is special warmth available to you and that warmth can come from a helping hand, doing a small favor for a total stranger , or even a smile.
I recall a day recently when I had to go to the hospital for an appointment because I wasn't feeling well and my doctor sent me to a specialist to try and determine the cause.
As I drove to the hospital, I admittedly was feeling gloomy and certainly wasn't on top of my game. As I approached the hospital, I began my search for a parking spot, a spot that was hard to come with everyone else trying to do the same thing. I finally found a spot not too far from the entrance to the hospital.
As I got out and brought my change out of my pocket, I noticed a man looking somewhat upset standing in front of a parking meter two cars away. He seemed to be searching his pockets for what I supposed was change for the meter.
Although, I really didn't feel that great, I thought that I should at least go over to him and find out if I could help him. As I approached him, he turned to look at me, feeling at a loss not knowing what to do. I asked him if he had a problem I could help with, and he said, without hesitation, that he had no change at all because he left it in his house only thinking about visiting his sick wife.
注意：1. 续写词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式作答。
Faced with such a situation, I reached into my pocket.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The funny thing was that I felt a lot brighter, and a small smile came to my face.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

答案：
1．C    2．D    3．B
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四本与顶级科学家相关的书籍。
1．细节理解题。根据标题“Rosalind Franklin: A Life Story”项下内容“Rosalind Franklin was the scientist whose contribution to a crucial discovery in DNA — the chemical that tells your body how to grow and develop — was not recognized until after her death. (Rosalind Franklin是一位科学家，她对DNA的重要发现作出了贡献——告诉你的身体如何生长和发育的化学物质——但直到她去世后才被承认。)”可知Rosalind Franklin的贡献在她去世后才被承认；故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据标题“The Extraordinary Life of Alan Turing”项下内容“Second World War code-breaker Alan Turing features on the Bank of England’s new £50 note as a computer pioneer. This biography follows him from his childhood as a quiet boy who loved maths to becoming one of the most important scientists in history. (第二次世界大战的密码破译员Alan Turing是英格兰银行新发行的50英镑钞票上的一位计算机先驱。这本传记记录了他从一个喜欢数学的安静的小男孩到成为历史上最重要的科学家之一的经历。)”可知这本书是讲述一个历史上伟大的计算机科学家Alan Turing的事迹，故推知这本书会吸引对计算机科学感兴趣的读者；故选D项。
3．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了四本与顶级科学家相关的书籍，让读者大致了解了每本书的主要内容和书中所记载的那些科学家及他们的发明；故推知本文可能出自于一篇杂志；故选B项。
4．C    5．B    6．B    7．D

【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了物理学家Manfred Steiner的奋斗历程。
4．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Steiner values this degree because it is what he always wanted, and because he overcame health problems that could have affected his studies to get it.(Steiner之所以重视这个学位，是因为这是他一直想要的，也是因为他克服了可能影响学业的健康问题)”可知，Steiner克服了健康问题获得了物理博士学位，可知他在获得物理学博士学位的路上他的身体状况曾很差。故选C。
5．主旨大意题。根据第三段“But after World War I, his mother and uncle told him that studying medicine would be a better choice. He earned his medical degree in 1955 and moved to the United States soon after. In America, he had a wonderful career studying blood. Then he became a full professor and led the hematology (血液学) department at Brown’s medical school from 1985 to 1994. Steiner helped set up, a research program in hematology at the University of North Carolina. He directed that program until he retired from medicine in 2000 and returned to Rhode Island.(但在第一次世界大战后，他的母亲和叔叔告诉他，学习医学会是一个更好的选择。他于1955年获得医学学位，不久后移居美国。在美国，他在研究血液方面有着美好的职业生涯。然后他成为了一名正教授，并在1985年至1994年领导了血液学。Steiner帮助建立了北卡罗来纳大学血液学研究项目。他执导该节目，直到2000年从医学界退休，回到罗德岛)”可知，该段主要讲述了Steiner的医学生涯。故选B。
6．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Marston说的话“He has written many papers in medical science, more papers than I’ve written in physics. He already had a scientific way of thinking that younger students have to develop(他写了很多医学论文，比我写的物理学论文还多。他已经有了一种科学的思维方式，年轻的学生必须培养这种思维方式)”推知，他对Steiner从事物理研究持肯定的态度。故选B。
7．推理判断题。本文讲述了Steiner的奋斗历程，结合第一段的“An 89-year-old man from the American state of Rhode Island has reached a goal he spent 20 years working toward and nearly a lifetime thinking about.(来自美国罗德岛州的一位89岁的老人已经实现了一个目标，他花了20年的时间致力于这个目标，几乎一生都朝着该目标奋斗)”和最后一段的“But the professor soon realized how serious Steiner was about the subject and how hard he worked.(但教授很快意识到Steiner对这个问题有多么认真，工作有多么努力)”推知，Steiner是一个勤奋努力的人。故选D。
8．A    9．C    10．B    11．A

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了被称为“蚁人”的Edward O. Wilson的个人经历以及所取得的成就。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Wilson grew up exploring the forests and wildlife. One of these adventures left him partly blind, but they also set off his lifelong fascination with ants and their social structures.(威尔逊在探索森林和野生动物的过程中长大。 其中一次冒险让他某种程度上失明，但也激发了他对蚂蚁及其社会结构的毕生迷恋)”可知，威尔逊的童年是在大自然中度过的，这使得他对蚂蚁产生了兴趣。故选A。
9．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“In 1978, his ideas on the role biology plays in human culture peaked in On Human Nature, which won him a Pulitzer in 1979.(1978年，他关于生物学在人类文化中所扮演角色的观点在《论人性》一书中达到顶峰，并在1979年获得普利策奖)”可知，威尔逊的第一本获得普利策奖的书是关于生物学和人类文化之间的联系。故选C。
10．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“These accomplishments offered him a type of superstar status, but friends and colleagues say the polite Southerner remained down to earth. “Professor Wilson really listened and engaged with whomever he was interacting with,” said Corrie S. Moreau, who was one of Wilson’s final advisees.(这些成就给他带来了一种超级明星的地位，但朋友和同事们说，这位礼貌的南方人仍然脚踏实地。“威尔逊教授真的很认真地倾听和参与他所接触的人”，威尔逊最后的学生之一Corrie S. Moreau说。)”推知，Wilson很谦虚。故选B。
11．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Edward O. Wilson, known as “ant man”, was born on June 10, 1929, in Birmingham, Alabama.( Edward O. Wilson，人称“蚁人”，1929年6月10日出生于阿拉巴马州的伯明翰)”和最后一段“Wilson published more than 400 scientific papers and 20 books. These achievements offered him a type of superstar status (威尔逊发表了400多篇科学论文和20多本书。这些成就为他提供了一种超级巨星的地位)”再结合文章主要介绍了被称为“蚁人”的Edward O. Wilson的个人经历以及所取得的成就。可知，A选项“开拓先驱‘蚁人’”最符合文章标题。故选A。
12．B    13．A    14．C    15．C

【导语】这是一篇议论文。本文主要介绍伟人的事迹，告诉我们伟大的成就不是天生的，所有这些伟人的共同点就是无论发生什么都坚持自己的目标。
12．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Yuan Longping got over great difficulties and spent his whole life working to reduce world hunger and helping to feed the country with the largest population.(作为“杂交水稻之父”，袁隆平克服重重困难，终其一生致力于减少世界饥饿，帮助养活世界上人口最多的国家。)”以及文章第二段“Wu Mengchao, the “Father of Chinese Hepatobiliary Surgery”, focused on saving people’s lives for nearly eighty years.(吴孟超，“中国肝胆外科之父”，近八十年来专注于挽救生命。) ”可知，袁隆平和吴孟超一生都在为人民服务。故选B项。
13．词义猜测题。根据下文which引导定语从句“which are not in the shape of normal ones.(它们不是正常的形状。）分析可知，which指代上文“Holding the surgeon’s knife for such a long time”，因此推断，长时间握手术刀导致对他的手指造成了一定的影响，他的手指变形了，这不是正常的形状。所以划线词意为“使手指变形”。与A项“使他的手指变形了”意思相近。故选A项。
14．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“In 1969, in order to solve the problem of treating malaria, Tu Youyou, the pharmacologist took on the job as head of a research team.(1969年，为了解决治疗疟疾的问题，药理学家屠呦呦担任了一个研究小组的负责人。)”以及“Finally, in 1972, they made it!(最终，在1972年，他们成功了！)”可知，1969年开始研究，1972年成功，一共花了屠呦呦三年时间达成目标。故选C项。
15．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Think of somebody you really admire. You will probably find that their success didn’t come easily.(想想你真正崇拜的人。你可能会发现他们的成功来之不易。)”以及最后一段“One thing all these people have in common is sticking to their goals no matter what.(这些人都有一个共同点，那就是无论如何都要坚持自己的目标。)”可知，本文主要通过介绍伟人的事迹，告诉我们伟大的成就不是天生的。故选C项。
16．E    17．G    18．C    19．F    20．A

【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，文章介绍了Albert Einstein的生平。
16．上文“Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on 14 March, 1879.( Albert Einstein于1879年3月14日出生于德国乌尔姆) ”介绍Einstein出生日期和出生地；下文“Einstein was so smart that at age 16 he wrote his first paper.( Einstein非常聪明，16岁时就写了他的第一篇论文) ”介绍了Einstein16岁时的成就；结合全文内容可知文章按照时间顺序展开，由此可知，E选项“As a child, he enjoyed solving math problems(小时候，他喜欢解决数学问题)”介绍Einstein孩童时期的情况，符合语境。故选E。
17．由上文“However, Einstein did badly at school. (然而，爱因斯坦在学校表现很差)”可知Einstein在学校的成绩不好；下文“He ended up at college in Switzerland. His grades meant it was difficult to get a job after college, but a friend found him work finally.(他最后在瑞士上了大学。他的成绩意味着毕业后很难找到工作，但一个朋友最终为他找到了工作)”说明虽然他最终上了大学，但成绩不好；G选项“One teacher even said he’d never achieve anything!(一位老师甚至说他永远不会取得任何成就！)”承接上文进一步说明Einstein在学校成绩不好，与上下文表达的意思一致；句中的“One teacher”与上文的“at school”相呼应。故选G。
18．上文“Albert had a great year in 1905, publishing(发表) four scientific papers! (Albert在1905年度过了伟大的一年，发表了四篇科学论文！)”介绍了Einstein在1905年所取得的研究成就；由此推知，空处陈述他的研究的意义。C选项“His work turned modern physics on its head.(他的研究成果彻底改变了现代物理学)”符合题意。故选C。
19．上文“In 1919, one of Albert’s theories was proved, making him the most famous scientist alive!(1919年，Albert的一个理论被证明，使他成为当时世界上最著名的科学家！)”提到 Einstein的某个理论于1919年被证实，他成为了当时世界上最著名的科学家，下文“His work changed the way we think about time and space, and also helped with developments like the television.(他的理论改变了我们对时间和空间的看法，也促进了电视等的发展)”阐述了Einstein研究成果的重大意义；F选项“And he won the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics.(他还获得了1921年的诺贝尔物理学奖)”符合文章的时间顺序，承接上文说明“one of Albert’s theories was proved”后Einstein所取得的奖项，符合语境。故选F。
20．下文“And in 1933, Albert decided to stay in the USA forever. (1933年，Albert决定永远留在美国)”说明Albert Einstein于1933年决定定居美国。A选项“Albert spent lots of time in America.(Albert许多时间是在美国度过的)”符合语境，选项中的“spent lots of time in America”与下文“decided to stay in the USA forever”相呼应。故选A。

21．B    22．A    23．C    24．B    25．D    26．A    27．D    28．B    29．C    30．B    31．B    32．A    33．C    34．D    35．A

【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要叙述了诺贝尔一生发明了无数的爆炸物品，却因此受到了人们的诟病，为了提升自己的公众形象，他将自己一生的大部分财产捐献了出去成立了诺贝尔奖用来奖励在物理、化学、医学等方面做出突出贡献的人。
21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：诺贝尔奖被认为是最有辨识度和最令人钦佩的奖项之一，表彰了世界各地在不同领域取得的杰出成就的人们。A. remembering记得；B. honouring尊敬、表彰；C. crediting相信；D. negating否认。根据最后一段“In 1895, one year before his death, Nobel made the last ___13___, saying clearly that his wealth would be used to create a series of prizes for those who have made great ___14___ to mankind in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace.”可知，诺贝尔奖是用来表彰这些杰出的人。故选B。
22．考查名词词义辨析。句意：诺贝尔对其在压力或热量下爆炸的不规则性质很感兴趣，他开始寻找一种方法来控制它，并制造一种可用的炸药。A. nature自然、性质；B. conduct行为、举动；C. flavour味道；D. benefit利益。根据空后的“exploding under pressure or heat”可知，这是硝酸甘油的性质。故选A。
23．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：诺贝尔对其在压力或热量下爆炸的不规则性质很感兴趣，他开始寻找一种方法来控制它，并制造一种可用的炸药。A. deadly致命的；B. bitter苦涩的；C. usable可用的；D. mild温和的。根据下文的“in1867, the age of 34, Nobel invented dynamite (炸药), which is much easier and safer to control than nitroglycerin.”可知，诺贝尔想发明一种可使用的炸药。故选C。
24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：经过多年的努力，1867年，34岁的诺贝尔发明了比硝化甘油更易控制、更安全的炸药。A. innovations创新；B. efforts努力；C. hesitation犹豫；D. association协会。根据上文“Nobel started to find a way to control it and make a ___3___ explosive (爆炸物).”可知，诺贝尔是开始寻找一种方法来控制它，并制造一种可用的炸药。所以他是在为制造炸药而努力。故选B。
25．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：他通过355项发明积累了财富，其中炸药是最重要的。A. brought up抚养长大；B. put up张贴、提供食宿；C. broke up结束、关系破裂；D. built up建立、积累。根据空后的“his wealth”可知，空处指的是积累财富。故选D。
26．考查副词词义辨析。句意：1888年阿尔弗雷德的弟弟路德维希去世时，一家法国报纸错误地刊登了阿尔弗雷德的讣告。A. mistakenly错误地；B. purposefully故意地；C. unintentionally无意地；D. scientifically科学地。根据上文“When Alfred’s brother Ludwig died in 1888”可知，是诺贝尔的弟弟过世而不是诺贝尔过世，所以报纸是刊登错了。故选A。
27．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：读着自己的讣告，诺贝尔对自己的公众形象感到失望。A. satisfied满意的；B. relieved宽慰的；C. impressed有印象的；D. disappointed失望的。通过下文“Then newspaper strongly ___8___ Nobel for inventing dynamite, giving him the nickname of “the merchant of death” and saying “Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became ___9___ by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday.””可知，媒体对诺贝尔的评价很糟糕，所以诺贝尔读着自己的讣告时，是感到失望。故选D。
28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当时的报纸对发明炸药的诺贝尔进行了强烈的谴责，称他为“死亡商人”，并说:“通过寻找比以往更快地杀死更多人的方法致富的阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔博士昨天去世了。”A. praised表扬；B. blamed责备；C. appreciated欣赏、感激；D. favoured偏爱。根据下文“giving him the nickname of “the merchant of death””可知，报纸是谴责诺贝尔的发明。故选B。
29．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当时的报纸对发明炸药的诺贝尔进行了强烈的谴责，称他为“死亡商人”，并说:“通过寻找比以往更快地杀死更多人的方法致富的阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔博士昨天去世了。”A. greedy贪婪的；B. essential必要的；C. rich富裕的；D. sufficient充分的。根据上文“He ___5___ his wealth from his 355 inventions, among which dynamite was the most important.”可知，诺贝尔通过发明炸药而变得富有。故选C。
30．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对阿尔弗雷德来说，这篇讣告是一个警告。A. error错误；B. warning警告；C. threat威胁；D. consequence结果 。根据下文“He spent his lifetime alone ___11___ things and was deeply concerned with how he would be remembered.”可知，诺贝尔很关心自己的公众形象，所以对他而言这次讣告是个警告。故选B。
31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他一生都在独自发明东西，他非常关心自己将如何被人们记住。A. destroying破坏；B. inventing发明；C. combining结合；D. stimulating刺激。根据上文“During his lifetime, Nobel invented and patented various explosives.”可知，他一生都在发明东西。故选B。
32．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这一不幸事件促使他修改遗嘱。以改善他的公众形象，并因一项美好的事业而被铭记。A. improve提升；B. establish建立；C. illustrate说明；D. secure安全的。根据上文“He spent his lifetime alone ___11___ things and was deeply concerned with how he would be remembered.”可知，他很在意自己的形象，所以当他看到报纸对他的指责时，他想做的是提升自己的公众形象。故选A。
33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：1895年，也就是诺贝尔去世的前一年，他立了最后一份遗嘱，明确表示他的财富将用于设立一系列奖项，奖励那些在物理、化学方面对人类做出重大贡献的人。A. request请求；B. illustration说明、阐述；C. will意志、遗嘱；D. fortune命运、财富。根据下文“saying clearly that his wealth would be used to create a series of prizes for those who have made great ___14___ to mankind in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace.”可知，他在去世前一年应该是立了遗嘱。故选C。
34．考查名词词义辨析。句意：1895年，也就是诺贝尔去世的前一年，他立了最后一份遗嘱，明确表示他的财富将用于设立一系列奖项，奖励那些在物理、化学方面对人类做出重大贡献的人。A. choices选择；B. decisions决定；C. profits利润；D. contributions贡献。根据第一段“The Nobel Prize is considered one of the most recognizable and admirable awards possible ___1___ people of the world for their outstanding achievements in different fields.”可知，表彰的是那些有突出贡献的人。故选D。
35．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：让众人惊讶的是，阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔博士捐出了他总财富的94%来创立五项诺贝尔奖。A. gave away赠送、背叛；B. gave back归还；C. gave off散发；D. gave out分发、公布。根据上文“saying clearly that his wealth would be used to create a series of prizes for those who have made great ___14___ to mankind in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace.”可知，诺贝尔捐赠了大多数财产。故选A。

36．to win    37．graduation    38．was chosen    39．for    40．an    41．visited    42．eventually    43．which    44．most effective    45．discovering

【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了第一位获得诺贝尔奖的中国女科学家屠呦呦的重大医学贡献以及发现青蒿素的过程。
36．考查不定式。句意：她是第一位获得诺贝尔奖的中国女科学家。the first (one) to do为固定句型，表示“第一个做......的（人）”，所以空处应填不定式to win，表示“赢得”，作名词scientist的后置定语。故填to win。
37．考查名词。句意：大学毕业后，她成为中国中医科学院院士。空处由形容词性物主代词作定语修饰，应填不可数名词graduation，表示“毕业”。故填graduation。
38．考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：1969年，她被选中成立了一个团队，寻找疟疾的治疗方法——疟疾是一种每年夺去数百万人生命的疾病。由时间状语In 1969可知，本句应用一般过去时，空处谓语动词与主语She之间为被动关系，且要与其保持主谓一致，用单数，所以空处应填一般过去时的被动形式was chosen，表示“被选择”。故填was chosen。
39．考查介词。句意：1969年，她被选中成立了一个团队，寻找疟疾的治疗方法——疟疾是一种每年夺去数百万人生命的疾病。a cure for为固定搭配，表示“一种治疗……的方法”。故填for。
40．考查不定冠词。句意：这不是一件容易的事。分析句子可知，空处修饰可数名词单数task，表泛指，且easy的发音是元音音素开头，应填不定冠词an。故填an。
41．考查一般过去时。句意：屠呦呦研究了中国古代医学文献，并拜会了中医专家。分析句子可知，空处应填谓语动词的一般过去时形式visited，表示“拜访”，与谓语动词studied并列，由连词and连接。故填visited。
42．考查副词。句意：经过数百次失败的实验，他们最终发现了一种很有前途的化学物质。分析句子可知，空处修饰谓语动词短语came across，应填副词eventually，表示“最终”，作状语。故填eventually。
43．考查非限制性定语从句。句意：他们发现的药物是青蒿素，它现在已经成为世界上最有效的抗疟疾药物。分析句子可知，空处引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，代替先行词artemisinin，指物，从句缺少主语，所以应填关系代词which。故填which。
44．考查形容词最高级。句意：他们发现的药物是青蒿素，它现在已经成为世界上最有效的抗疟疾药物。分析句子可知，空处修饰名词drug 作作定语，应用形容词形式，又根据句意和空前的定冠词the可知，此处应填形容词最高级most effective，表示“最有效的”。故填most effective。
45．考查动名词。句意：屠呦呦说，从他们发现青蒿素的研究经验中，他们学到了中西医背后的智慧。分析句子可知，空处作介词in的宾语，应用其动名词形式discovering，表示“发现”。故填discovering。
46．One possible version:
A Great Figure
Yuan Longping is the admirable pioneer of the research and development of hybrid rice in China.
Developing hybrid rice for the benefit of the world was his lifelong pursuit and career. For the cause of hybrid rice, he committed all his life. In spite of his old age, Yuan Longping always stuck to the front line of scientific research.
He created great wealth and won a great reputation for the country, society and even the world. He was awarded the “Father of Hybrid Rice”, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and winner of the Medal of the Republic.
【导语】本文是一篇开放性作文，要求考生以“A Great Figure”为题写一篇英语短文给学校英语校刊《人物》专栏投稿。
【详解】1.词汇积累
值得赞赏的：admirable→ praiseworthy
尽管：in spite of→ despite
奉献：commit→ devote
坚持：stick to→ persist in
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：In spite of his old age, Yuan Longping always stuck to the front line of scientific research.
拓展句：Though he was very old, Yuan Longping always stuck to the front line of scientific research.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Developing hybrid rice for the benefit of the world was his lifelong pursuit and career.（运用了动名词做主语）
【高分句型2】In spite of his old age, Yuan Longping always stuck to the front line of scientific research.（运用介词短语作状语）
47．Para. 1:
Faced with such a situation, I reached into my pocket. Soon I pulled out some change and gave it to him without hesitation. I went on towards completing my own business. As you know,I had an appointment. I turned on my heel and said to him as I was walking away, “Have a good day.”
Para. 2:
The funny thing was that I felt a lot brighter , and a small smile came to my face. And I seemed to walk just a little quicker. I was walking away when he called out “thank you so much” far behind. Honestly ,I didn't even expect him to say anything. It was satisfying enough to know that I had made a simple gesture to help someone else who needed a little hand , a little help. However, it brought to my face a smile. It doesn't take much to lend those in need a helping hand; a big payoff is what you get in return. More importantly , with such warmth catching on , our society will become more and more harmonious and comfortable.
【分析】本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者在医院找停车位时帮助了一个没带零钱的男人，这让作者感到很开心，意识到向那些需要帮助的人伸出援助之手并不难，大的回报就是你得到的回报。
【详解】1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“面对这样的情况，我把手伸进口袋。”可知，第一段可描写作者从口袋里拿出零钱帮助了这个男人。
②由第二段首句内容“有趣的是，我感到更开心了，脸上浮现出一丝微笑。”可知，第二段可描写作者帮助男人之后的内心活动以及感悟。
2.续写线索：作者拿零钱——作者给男人零钱——作者开心——男人感谢作者——作者感悟
3.词汇激活
行为类
拿出：pull out/ take out
完成：complete/ finish
帮助某人：help sb./ lend sb. in need a helping hand/ do sb. a favor
情绪类
有趣：funny / interesting
简单：simple /easy
【点睛】[高分句型1] It was satisfying enough to know that I had made a simple gesture to help someone else who needed a little hand, a little help. (运用了who引导定语从句)
[高分句型2] It doesn't take much to lend those in need a helping hand; a big payoff is what you get in return. (运用了what引导表语从句)