高考英语阅读精品套装（一讲双练） 考点14--推理判断之推断文章结构（练模拟）

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高考英语二轮复习策略建议
一轮复习在紧张的学习与考试中度过，如何有效地进二轮复习，如何在高考最关键时刻，梳理重点知识，如何回归课本、回归基础，是摆在我们面前很值得深思与探讨的问题给大家整理了高考英语二轮复习方法，供大家参阅!
一、在复习语言点的时候，要依据语言的横向组合和纵向聚合，按照“点—线—面”顺序，构建知识网络环境。
二、多做高考题，少扣模拟题
1、时间的把控。 2、总结一下各部分的得分情况，了解自己的强弱项。
3、留意出题点，揣摩不同内容出题人的着眼点在哪里，做到知己知彼。
三、多攻词汇表，少记课外词
词汇背诵是高考备考非常重要的一环，同学们要及早动手。在第一轮复习的时候，至少要过词意关。
四、写作。研究高考写作命题话题范围，根据测试的频度和交际场景的生活化程度进行分类。

考点14--推理判断之推断文章结构--练模拟--熟能生巧
1.【广东省名校2022届高三年级下学期联合测试】
Integrity is the quality of being honest and strong about what you believe to be right. The concept of integrity has played a key role in moral philosophy throughout history and is promoted in all societies because of its importance to social relations. Individual integrity is vital to society, one that enables people to make use of their capacity for critical reflection, does not force people to take up particular roles and does not encourage individuals to betray each other. Besides, societies can be favorable to the development of individual integrity.
Individual integrity can lift up the spirits of the entire society. It can shape the lives of people living in a particular society, the lives of all fellow people and, in its broadest sense, even the destiny of a nation. By contrast, if those living in the society are corrupt, it could have bad effects, jeopardizing the healthy morality of the society.
On the other hand, a society can be favorable to the development of individual integrity. Society expects and requires integrity. A society consisting of people of integrity, and people who never compromise on their principles, could have a positive mark on the personal development on its members. Being a part of such a morally lively community could serve as a basis for absorbing traits of good character. This could be of a distinct advantage to any individuals in the society.
Nonetheless, some social structures are of the wrong sort for some individuals to pursue integrity. If that is the case, we have to ask questions about the moral nature of society first before raising questions about individual integrity. Questions about integrity may turn out to be about what kind of society it is, rather than about the relationship between individual interests and characteristics of a society. The pursuit of adequate individual integrity often depends, not so much on understanding who one is and what one believes and is committed to, but rather understanding what one’s society is and imagining what it could be.
Under no circumstances can we underestimate the importance of human integrity in a society. People, who are honest, trustworthy, compassionate and caring, are the factors decisive in the growth of individuals as well as the development of a society.
12．Individual integrity has been valued in society because ______.
A．it helps develop philosophy B．it is crucial to social relations
C．it is the basis of critical thinking D．it ensures people’s particular roles
13．The underlined word “jeopardizing” in Paragraph 2 probably means “______”.
A．strengthening B．assessing
C．influencing D．destroying
14．What does the author believe according to the passage?
A．Individual integrity relies on what one has faith in.
B．The pursuit of individual integrity changes with time.
C．The nature of society is decided by economic development.
D．Social structures guide the formation of individual integrity.
15．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?
CP: Central Point          P: Point            Sp: Sub-point             C: Conclusion
A． B．
C． D．
【答案】12．B13．D14．D15．A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了诚信对个人和社会的重要性以及社会对个人诚信的影响。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段“Individual integrity is vital to society, one that enables people to make use of their capacity for critical reflection, does not force people to take up particular roles and does not encourage individuals to betray each other.”（个人诚信对社会至关重要，它使人们能够利用自己的批判性反思能力，不强迫人们扮演特定角色，也不鼓励个人背叛彼此）可知，个人诚信对社会是至关重要的，故选B。
13．词义猜测题。根据划线词前的“By contrast, if those living in the society are corrupt, it could have bad effects,”可知，相反，如果生活在社会中的人是腐败的，就会有不良的影响，进而危害社会的健康道德，由此可知，划线词词义为“危害、破坏”，故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段“On the other hand, a society can be favorable to the development of individual integrity. Society expects and requires integrity. A society consisting of people of integrity, and people who never compromise on their principles, could have a positive mark on the personal development on its
members.”（另一方面，一个社会可以有利于个人诚信的发展。社会期望并要求诚信。一个由诚信的人和从不在原则上妥协的人组成的社会，可能会在其成员的个人发展上留下积极的印记）可知，社会结构引导个人诚信的形成，故选D。
15．推理判断题。根据文章第一句“Integrity is the quality of being honest and strong about what you believe to be right.”（诚信是诚实和坚强的品质并让你坚持你认为是正确的东西）；第一段“Individual integrity is vital to society, one that enables people to make use of their capacity for critical reflection, does not force people to take up particular roles and does not encourage individuals to betray each other.”（个人诚信对社会至关重要，它使人们能够利用自己的批判性反思能力，不强迫人们扮演特定角色，也不鼓励个人背叛彼此）；第二段“Individual integrity can lift up the spirits of the entire society.”（个人诚信可以振奋整个社会的精神）；第三段“On the other hand, a society can be favorable to the development of individual integrity.”（另一方面，社会可能有利于个人诚信的发展）；第四段“Nonetheless, some social structures are of the wrong sort for some individuals to pursue integrity.”（尽管如此，一些社会结构对于一些追求诚信的人来说是错误的）以及最后一段“Under no circumstances can we underestimate the importance of human integrity in a society.”（在任何情况下，我们都不能低估一个人的诚信在社会中的重要性）可知文章是总分总的结构展开的，即：文章第一句话总说，第一、二、三、四段从两方面分说（一、二段是个人诚信影响社会的分论点；三、四段是社会影响诚信的分论点），最后一段是结论，故选A。
2.（北京四中高三期中）The new social robots, including Jibo, Cozmo, Kuri and Meccano M.A．X., bear some resemblance to assistants like Apple’s Siri, but these robots come with something more. They are designed to win us over not with their smarts but with their personality. They are sold as companions that do more than talk to us. Time magazine hailed (称赞) the robots that “could fundamentally reshape how we interact with machines.” But is reshaping how we interact with machines a good thing, especially for children?
Some researchers in favor of the robots don’t see a problem with this. People have relationships with many kinds of things. Some say robots are just another thing with which we can have relationships. To support their argument, roboticists sometimes point to how children deal with toy dolls. Children animate (赋予…生命) dolls and turn them into imaginary friends. Jibo, in a sense, will be one more imaginary friend, and arguably a more intelligent and fun one.
Getting attached to dolls and sociable machines is different, though. Today’s robots tell children that they have emotions, friendships, even dreams to share. In reality, the whole goal of the robots is emotional trickery. For instance, Cozmo the robot needs to be fed, repaired and played with. Boris Sofman, the chief executive of Anki, the company behind Cozmo, says that the idea is to create “a deeper and deeper emotional connection ... And if you
neglect him, you feel the pain of that.” What is the point of this, exactly? What does it mean to feel the pain of neglecting something that feels no pain at being neglected, or to feel anger at being neglected by something that doesn’t even know it is neglecting you?
This should not be our only concern. It is troubling that these robots try to empathize with children. Empathy allows us to put ourselves in the place of others, to know what they are feeling. Robots, however, have no emotions to share, and they cannot put themselves in our place. No matter what robotic creatures “say” or squeak, they don’t understand our emotional lives. They present themselves as empathy machines, but they are missing the essential equipment. They have not been born, they don’t know pain, or death, or fear. Robot thinking may be thinking, but robot feeling is never feeling, and robot love is never love.
What is also troubling is that children take robots’ behavior to indicate feelings. When the robots interact with them, children take this as evidence that the robots like them, and when robots don’t work when needed, children also take it personally. Their relationships with the robots affect their self-esteem (自尊). In one study, an 8-year-old boy concluded that the robot stopped talking to him because the robot liked his brothers better.
For so long, we dreamed of artificial intelligence offering us not only simple help but conversation and care. Now that our dream is becoming real, it is time to deal with the emotional downside of living with robots that “feel.”
1．How are the new social robots different from Siri?
A．They are intended to teach children how to talk.
B．They are designed to attract people with their smarts.
C．Their main function is to evaluate children’s personality.
D．They have a new way to communicate with human beings.
2．In Paragraph 3 Cozmo is used as an example to show that the social robots ______.
A．are deeply connected with human beings
B．are unable to build a real relationship with children
C．are so advanced that they can feel the pain of human beings
D．are not good enough to carry out the instructions of children
3．The underlined phrase “essential equipment” in Paragraph 4 refers to ______.
A．emotion B．pain
C．fear D．thinking
4．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?
I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion
A． B．
C． D．

【答案】1．D2．B3．A4．B
【解析】这是一篇议论文。新的社交机器人与以往机器人不同，他们不仅比我们聪明还有他们的个性。时代周刊称它彻底改变了我们与机器互动的方式。但是对这种改变有的科学家赞同而有很多人也很担忧。
1．推理判断题。由第一段中的第一句话可知，新的社交机器人与像苹果的Siri这样的助理有相同之处，但比它们有更多功能。再由第一段中的Time magazine hailed (称赞) the robots that “could fundamentally reshape how we interact with machines.可知，社交机器人彻底改变了我们与机器互动的方式，可以推知以一种新的方式与人们交流互动。故选D。
2．推理判断题。Cozmo是第三段的举例，举例肯定是用来证明本段或者其前边的观点的。本段的中心是“Getting attached to dolls and sociable machines is different, though.（与洋娃娃相处与与社交机器相处是不同的”。再由第三段最后一句句意“你觉得忽略了机器人而难受，但是机器人并不会感觉被忽略，或者你感觉机器人冷落了你而难受但是机器人根本不知道它冷落了你，这些意味着什么呢？”可知，社交机器人并不能真的跟小朋友建立感情。故选B。
3．猜测词义题。由划线单词后的“They have not been born, they don’t know pain, or death, or fear. Robot thinking may be thinking, but robot feeling is never feeling, and robot love is never love.”可知，社交机器人不知道疼，死亡或害怕。社交机器人的思维可能是在想，但是他们的感觉从来不是感觉，他们的爱也从来不是爱。这句话是证明划线单词所在句子的论点的，他们是会同情的机器，但是他们缺少感情，导致他们所谓的感情是假的。所以划线单词词意为情感。A. emotion情感；B. pain疼痛；C. fear害怕；D. thinking想。故选A。
4．篇章结构题。分析文章内容，第一段提出观点：社交机器人改变了我们与机器互动的方式。第二段提出一些支持这一改变的专家的想法，第三段提出一些人对这一改变的担忧，并且第三段后半部分以及第四段、第五段分别是这些人的三点担忧。最后一段总结这一趋势面临的现状。所以文章提出观点后，分为支持和反对两个观点，反对方面又列出了三点担忧，最后一段总结。故选B。
3.（2020·北京西城·一模）The Impossible Burger is entirely free of meat. But it looks, smells, feels and—most importantly—tastes so much like real hamburger beef. In fact, plant-based burger alternatives have set off a strong resistance from the beef industry. The Center for Consumer Freedom, a nonprofit that advocates on behalf of the fast food and meat industries has launched an “informational” campaign targeting plant-based meats. The campaign has included TV and online ads, as well as print ads in newspapers. The ads seem to imply that not only is an artificial burger too processed, but that it might be even less healthy than the average beef burger.
While it’s true that a plant-based meat alternative is processed and it’s true that eating one is not as healthy as a pile of raw vegetables, it’s best to take the ads with a generous pinch of salt.
For instance, the additives and preservatives in plant-based meat highlighted in one ad sure sound scary. Who wants something called titanium dioxide (二氧化钛) in their meal? But the truth is that additives such as those listed in the ads are regularly used in all sorts of packaged foods. And if methylcellulose, a food thickener, sounds unpleasant, it’s really nothing compared with salmonella (沙门菌) poisoning you can get from regular meat.
Also, the ad campaign misses the bigger point. Choosing an Impossible or Beyond burger isn’t just about eating healthy. Burgers, whether they are made from processed pea protein or processed meat, will never be as healthy as organic raw vegetables.
What’s appealing is the prospect of enjoying a juicy burger without the bitter aftertaste of guilt.
Let’s face it, there are huge environmental costs to eating cows. Cattle raising is contributing to climate change, and not just because methane (甲烷) from cows and cattle is responsible for about 14.5% of greenhouse gas. More broadly, our global food production system releases more than a third of the world’s greenhouse gases. Yet we can’t seem to control our meat appetite even knowing that large areas of the Amazon forest have been ruined, and continue to be cut down to make room for more cattle to feed the growing demand for beef. Humans also know full well that many animals live short, cruel lives in awful conditions for the purpose of becoming foods for humans to enjoy at dinner.
A plant-based meat that satisfies meat desires and delivers protein but with a smaller climate footprint is a potential environmental game changer and the reason Impossible Foods was one of those receiving the U.N. Global
Climate Action Award in 2019. No wonder the meat industry is on guard.
1．What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 most probably mean?
A．These ads deserve little consideration.
B．We should spread the message of these ads.
C．We’d better be cautious when reading these ads.
D．These ads tell people a lot about plant-based burgers.
2．What do we know about additives and preservatives in plant-based burgers?
A．They are likely to cause poisoning.
B．Their use is within the normal range.
C．Some have not been used in hamburgers.
D．They are used to ensure burgers taste good.
3．What is the author’s attitude towards plant-based burgers?
A．Supportive. B．Neutral.
C．Disapproving. D．Doubtful.
4．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?
I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion
A． B．
C． D．
【答案】1．C2．B3．A4．D
【解析】这是一篇议论文。针对植物性汉堡的出现，牛肉行业强烈抵制,并例举了植物性汉堡诸多的问题；但作者认为植物性汉堡既能满足肉类需求，又能提供蛋白质，且气候足迹更小，是一种潜在的环境改变者。
1．词义猜测题。根据第三段中For instance, the additives and preservatives in plant-based meat highlighted in one
ad sure sound scary. Who wants something called titanium dioxide (二氧化钛) in their meal? But the truth is that additives such as those listed in the ads are regularly used in all sorts of packaged foods.例如，一个广告中强调的植物性肉类的添加剂和防腐剂听起来确实很可怕。谁想在他们的饮食中加入二氧化钛？但事实是，诸如广告中所列的那些添加剂经常用于各种包装食品中。广告说的添加剂和防腐剂不一定其他食物中没有，因此可猜测，划线句it’s best to take the ads with a generous pinch of salt.意为“看这些广告时我们最好小心些。”故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段中But the truth is that additives such as those listed in the ads are regularly used in all sorts of packaged foods. And if methylcellulose, a food thickener, sounds unpleasant, it’s really nothing compared with salmonella (沙门菌) poisoning you can get from regular meat.但事实是，诸如广告中所列的那些添加剂经常用于各种包装食品中。如果甲基纤维素，一种食物增稠剂，听起来让人不舒服，那它和你从普通肉类中得到的沙门氏菌中毒相比真的是微不足道。由此判断出，植物性汉堡中的添加剂和防腐剂它们的使用在正常范围内。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中A plant-based meat that satisfies meat desires and delivers protein but with a smaller climate footprint is a potential environmental game changer and the reason Impossible Foods was one of those receiving the U.N. Global Climate Action Award in 2019. No wonder the meat industry is on guard.一种以植物为基础的肉类，既能满足肉类需求，又能提供蛋白质，但气候足迹更小，这是一种潜在的环境改变者，也是“不可能的食物”在2019年获得联合国全球气候行动奖的原因之一。难怪肉类行业如此警惕。由此判断出，作者是支持植物性汉堡的。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段中The Impossible Burger is entirely free of meat. But it looks, smells, feels and—most importantly—tastes so much like real hamburger beef. In fact, plant-based burger alternatives have set off a strong resistance from the beef industry.可知是介绍引出植物性汉堡；接下来The ads seem to imply that not only is an artificial burger too processed, but that it might be even less healthy than the average beef burger.提出了反对植物性汉堡的观点；第三段中it’s best to take the ads with a generous pinch of salt提出了另一种观点，即植物性汉堡是可行的；第四和第七段是支持植物性汉堡的；第五和第六段是反对植物性汉堡；最后一段是作者的总结和看法。因此文章中思想的发展结构应该是选项D。故选D项。
4.（2021·天津市武清区杨村第一中学一模）Many parents worry that showing negative emotions in front of their children will cause them to suffer. For example, children may end up thinking it's their fault or simply "catch" the emotion. Indeed, this worry has a sound basis — the phenomenon of “emotional contagion"（情绪感染）is real, and one recent study found that parents can transfer their fear of going to the dentist, for example, to their children.
On the other hand, there is the natural idea that we should “be real" with our children, and that they will benefit from watching a parent who struggles and eventually deals with their negative emotions like any other human being.
There are three concepts to consider when it comes to emotional display in front of children: suppression （压抑），"uncontained" expression, and talking about emotions. Suppression of emotion is when you hide the outward signs of an emotion. Unfortunately, it doesn't work very well — the act of suppressing your emotion actually increases your blood pressure. Observers can pick up on your distress despite your efforts to hide it, making them feel stressed. The recent research has also found that when parents feel negative emotions and keep them from their children, they experience lower relationship quality and decreased responsiveness to their child's needs.
On the other hand, “uncontained" expression of anger and sadness by the parent is also not salutary for the child. Uncontained means high intensity emotion, with no attempts to regulate or take ownership of it. Shouting, smashing （摔）things and blaming someone else for "making you angry" are all example of this .
So, what is the middle ground? That would be talking about emotion taking ownership of them and showing your child that you are trying to deal with them. Classic research found that six-year-old kids had better emotional understanding and perspective-taking skills if their mothers had talked to them about their emotions at the age of three. In fact, the more the mothers had talked, the better the outcome would be.
So next time you feel sad, angry or frustrated and your child is watching you expressing emotion, do explain what's going on in terms they can understand.
1．The author uses the example of going to the dentist mainly to _______.
A．explain parents' common fear
B．introduce the topic of negative emotions
C．show children may catch parents' emotions
D．present the consequences of transferring negative emotions
2．If a mother suppresses （(压抑)）her emotions, .
A．she will not make her kids feel stressed
B．she can hide her emotions from her kids
C．she will often shout at her kids for no reasons
D．she can't respond effectively to her kids' needs
3．What does the underlined word "salutary" in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Enough. B．Beneficial.
C．Necessary. D．Reliable.
4．What is the author's intention of writing this text?
A．To encourage parents to "be real" with our children.
B．To call on parents to develop a positive attitude to life.
C．To inform parents of the consequences of negative emotions.
D．To recommend parents to talk about negative emotions with children.
5．What's the structure of the text?
A． B．
C． D．
【答案】1．C2．D3．B4．D5．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了许多父母担心在孩子面前表现出负面情绪会让孩子痛苦。研究表明这种担忧——“情绪传染”现象是真实存在的。但是父母应该真实地对待孩子，孩子可以处理这种负面情绪。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段的Indeed, this worry has a sound basis — the phenomenon of “emotional contagion"（情绪感染）is real, and one recent study found that parents can transfer their fear of going to the dentist, for example, to their children.( 事实上，这种担心有坚实的基础——“情绪传染”现象是真实的，最近的一项研究发现，例如，父母可以把他们去看牙医的恐惧转移给孩子。)可推断，作者使用看牙医的例子是为了说明孩子可以感染父母的情绪。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段的Suppression of emotion is when you hide the outward signs of an emotion. Unfortunately, it doesn't work very well — the act of suppressing your emotion actually increases your blood pressure. (抑制情绪是你隐藏情绪的外在迹象的时候，不幸的是，它不能很好地起作用——抑制你的情绪实际上会增加你的血压。)可推断，如果一个母亲压抑她的情绪，她就不能有效地对孩子的需求做出反应。故选D。
3．词句猜测题。根据下文Uncontained means high intensity emotion, with no attempts to regulate or take
ownership of it. Shouting, smashing （摔）things and blaming someone else for "making you angry" are all example of this .( 不包含意味着强烈的情绪，没有试图调整或拥有它。 喊，砸东西和指责别人“让你生气”都是这方面的例子。)可推断，划线句表示：父母“不受约束”地表达愤怒和悲伤对孩子无益的。故划线词词义是：受益的。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段So next time you feel sad, angry or frustrated and your child is watching you expressing emotion, do explain what's going on in terms they can understand.
(因此，下次当你感到悲伤、愤怒或沮丧，而你的孩子正在看着你表达情感时，请用他们能理解的术语解释发生了什么。)可推断，作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐家长与孩子谈论负面情绪。故选D。
5．推理判断题。通读全文可知，一、二段阐述最近的一项研究发现，父母可以把他们的情绪转移给孩子。三、四、五段阐述父母的情绪对孩子的影响，与孩子谈论情绪，找到中间地带；最后一段提出建议。故选B。
5.（湖南永州·三模）The organic food has gained a lot of [popularity as they are being considered as healthier and tastier.   A fair number of people advocate a large-scale shift to organic farming from conventional agriculture. But this might not seem well-founded.
Since the mid-19th century, conventional industrial agriculture has become incredibly efficient on a simple land to food basis. Conventional farming gets more and more crop per square foot of land, which can mean less wilderness needs to be transformed to farmland.
To make farming more efficient, conventional agriculture uses a significant amount of synthetic fertilizer（合成肥料）each year, and all that nitrogen（氮）enables much faster plant growth. However, the cost is paid in vast polluted dead zones at the months of many of the world’s rivers, because much of the nitrogen ends up running off the soil and into the oceans. This also makes conventional farming one of the major threats to the environment.
To weaken the environmental impact of agriculture, improve soil quality as well as produce healthier foods, some farmers have turned to organic farming. Environmentalists have also welcomed organic food as better for the planet than the food produced by agricultural corporations. Organic practices --- refusing artificial fertilizers and chemical pesticides –are considered far more sustainable. Sales of organic food rose 7.7% in 2010, up to $26.7 billion—and people are making those purchases for their moral senses as much as their tongues.
Yet a new meta-analysis in Nature does the math and comes to a hard conclusion: organic farming produces 25% fewer crops on average than conventional agriculture.
In the Nature analysis, scientists performed an analysis of 66 studies comparing conventional and organic
methods across 34 different crop species, from fruits to grains. They found that organic farming delivered a lower output for every crop type, though the difference varied widely. For crops like fruit trees, organic trailed（落后于）conventional agriculture by just 5%. Yet for major grain crops and vegetables – all of which provide the world’s main calories – conventional agriculture outperformed organics by more than 25%.
What that means is that while organic farming may be more sustainable than conventional agriculture, there are trade-offs（此消彼长）with each. So an ideal global agriculture system may borrow the best from both systems rather than upholding merely organic or conventional practices.
1．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage?
A．To compare two types of farming.
B．To criticize conventional agriculture.
C．To discuss the development of farming.
D．To argue for a realistic agriculture system.
2．What do we know about conventional farming?
A．It produces more crops with fewer fertilizers.
B．It achieves efficiency at a huge cost to the environment.
C．If offers a long-term solution to global demand for food.
D．It performs far better for each crop type than organic farming.
3．What does the author most probably agree with?
A．Employing organic farming to plant rice.
B．Adopting organic practices to grow potato.
C．Using conventional methods to plant cabbage.
D．Applying conventional farming to growing apple.
4．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?
CP: Central Point              P: Point              Sp: Sub-point（次要点）       C: Conclusion
A． B．
C． D．
【答案】1．D2．B3．C4．A
【解析】本文论述有机食品越来越受欢迎，因为它们被认为更健康、更美味。一个理想的全球农业系统可以从两个系统中获得最好的利益，而不是仅仅支持有机或常规的做法。
1．D推理判断题。根据最后一段What that means is that while organic farming may be more sustainable than conventional agriculture, there are trade-offs（此消彼长）with each. So an ideal global agriculture system may borrow the best from both systems rather than upholding merely organic or conventional practices.可知作者写这篇文章的目的是为了主张建立一个现实的农业体系。故选D。
2．B推理判断题。根据第二段中Since the mid-19th century, conventional industrial agriculture has become incredibly efficient on a simple land to food basis.和第三段最后一句This also makes conventional farming one of the major threats to the environment.可知，传统农业以巨大的成本对环境产生效率。故选B。
3．C推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中For crops like fruit trees, organic trailed（落后于）conventional agriculture by just 5%. Yet for major grain crops and vegetables – all of which provide the world’s main calories – conventional agriculture outperformed organics by more than 25%.可知，作者最可能同意用传统的方法种植卷心菜。故选C。
5．A细节理解题。根据第一段The organic food has gained a lot of popularity as they are being considered as healthier and tastier. A fair number of people advocate a large-scale shift to organic farming from conventional agriculture. But this might not seem well-founded.可知这是句子的中心论点，“有机食品越来越受欢迎，因为它们被认为更健康、更美味。”；根据文章第二、三段阐述了conventional agriculture的观点；根据第四段和第五、六段阐述了从conventional agriculture向organic farming的转变，以及新的研究发现；文章最后一段得出了结论，一个理想的全球农业系统可以从两个系统中获得最好的贷款，而不是仅仅支持有机或常规的做法。由此可知A项符合题意。
6.【山西省祁县中学高三8月月考】There is always no lack of ordinary people taking action for extraordinary change. Aghan Oscar is just among them. Thirteen years ago, Aghan. bothered by the ever-increasing quantity of plastinc waste in this low-income suburb of Nairobi, decided to find a way to recycle it.
Nou his company. Continental Renewable Energy Co.Ltd(COREC) produces poles for use in construction,
farming and road signs. So far he's sold 96,000, and he says his potential ior growth is limited only by the considerable expense of setting up plastic recycling plants.
Most of Aghan's customers are farmers and developers who once used wooden fence poles. Customers say they have other benefits as well. "I have fenced my piece of land three times using wood posts, but most of the time the fence was vandalized(故意破坏)by villagers who used the posts as firewood." said Caleb Kapten. Now plastic posts have stopped the problem, he said.
The Kenya National Highways Authority is one of COREC s biggest customers. It approached the company after road signs were vandalized by criminals who sold the metal poles to steel manufacturing companies. Aghan reckons (估计)that COREC's products have saved the government millions of shillings, besides preventing road accidents. And he also points out that COREC has been able to conserve large numbers of trees by producing plastic poles.
When Aghan started this recycling business in 2003, most of his employees were his family members due to financial constraint(限制).Now he employs 250 young people to collect plastic waste. Fifty more youths work on the production line, where the waste is sorted according to quality before being crushed and washed, melted and cast into different shapes. The poles are then arranged by shape and size for sale in the yard of the recycling plant.
1. What's the biggest challenge of Aghan's future career?
A. The poor technology in recycling. B. The high cost of building factories.
C. increasing piles of plastic waste. D. The limited policy support in recycling.
2. How was Caleb Kapten's problem finally solved?
A. He gave up fencing his land.
B. He guarded the land more carefully
C. He replaced the wood posts with plastic ones
D. He got some donated metal Posts.
3. What does the last paragraph suggest?
A. Great difficulty facing Aghan
B. Stricl standards of plastic poles.
C. Various ways of making plastic poles.
D. The complex process of recycling plastic waste
4. Which best shows the structure of the text?
A B.
C. D.
【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. D
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。受日益增多的塑料垃圾所扰的Aghan创办了自己的公司来解决这个问题他们回收利用废弃塑料来生产塑料杆儿用于建筑、农业和交通领域。
1. B 细节理解题。根据文章第二段his potential for growth is limited only by the considerable expense of setting up plastic recycling plants.可知，未来事业面临的最大挑战是建造塑料回收工厂的费用过高。故选B。
2. C细节理解题。根据文章第三段的内容尤其是Now plastic posts have stopped the problem, he said.可知，Caleb Kapten的问题因使用塑料杆儿来代替木杆儿而得到解决。故选C。
3. D推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的内容尤其是Now he employs 250 young people to collect plastic waste. Fifty more youths work on the production line, where the waste is sorted according to quality before being crushed and washed, melted and cast into different shapes. The poles are then arranged by shape and size for sale in the yard of the recycling plant.可知，他雇佣很多年轻人来收集塑料垃圾，另外有许多年轻人在生产线上工作，对废物进行分类，然后粉碎、清洗、熔化和铸造，最后出售。从而推断出，将废弃塑料回收再利用需要耗费巨大的人力其过程复杂繁琐。故选D。
4. D推理判断题。通读全文可知第一段属于主旨段，引出本文的话题；第二段讲的是Aghan创办了自己的公司，生产用于建筑、农业和路标的塑料杆儿；第三段和第四段分别介绍塑料杆儿在农业和交通领域的应用，属于对第二段内容的扩展；第五段主要介绍这种塑料杆儿的生产过程，与第二段是并列关系。故选D。
7.【江苏省南京市金陵中学期末】
As e-cigarettes become more popular, fewer people are taking up smoking traditional cigarettes. But can e-cigarettes, an electronic nicotine delivery system, help people quit smoking altogether? The answer is probably yes. A study led by Matthew Carpenter, a professor at the Medical University of South Carolina found that e-smokers tend to
smoke less and have increased quit attempts.
    In the pilot study, Carpenter evaluated e-cigarettes in terms of usage, product preference, changes in smoking behaviors and nicotine exposure. Ninety subjects were evaluated：45 were randomized to use e-cigarettes, and 45 were randomized to a control group. Everyone was followed over a period of four months. The study was published in Cancer Epidemiology in November and is one of the few randomized studies in the U. S. to examine the effects of e-cigarettes.
    Results showed that when smokers were given e-cigarettes, uptake was strong. Many participants rated the e-cigarettes similar to their usual product, suggesting that e-cigarettes might give smokers a suitable alternative to combustible（燃烧的）cigarettes. E-cigarettes offer significantly less exposure to harmful toxicants and therefore are safer. People using e-cigarettes throughout the study smoked an average of 37 percent fewer cigarettes, as compared to those in the control group, showing a positive effect when making the switch and potentially serving as a tool to help smokers quit.
    That's good news for Carpenter and his colleagues. Smoking is the leading cause of cancer and has a negative impact on the effectiveness of cancer treatments. People who quit smoking, regardless of their ages, have substantial gains in life expectancy（预期寿命）compared with those who continue to smoke.
Carpenter cautions that while e-cigarettes may help people smoke less or even quit, they are not for everyone. "It is important to protect non-smokers, particularly adolescents, from starting any  nicotine-containing product. "
More than 1,500 varieties of e-cigarettes are now available, including different looks, high-tech power settings and many flavors. All these make them more appealing to kids. In fact, e-cigarettes are more popular than conventional cigarettes among youth. "All these should raise our alarm bells," he said.
    E-cigarettes were only recently regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. Largely manufactured overseas, the quality control process varies, he says. Without enough information to answer the long-term public health issues of e-cigarettes, researchers like Carpenter are aware of the importance of further studies on the latest tobacco trends. Combustible cigarettes have been around for many decades. E-cigarettes have not, and the science has a lot of questions left to answer, he said.
1.Which of the following is TRUE about Professor Carpenter's experiment on e-cigarettes?
A. The test groups include conventional smokers, e-smokers and non-smokers.
B. E-cigarettes expose smokers to fewer poisonous substances.
C. Many participants don't think e-cigarettes as good as traditional ones.
D. It is one of the few studies to test the effects of smoking.
2. After reading the passage, we may infer that_______.
A. most e-cigarette smokers will finally give up smoking
B. there are more e-smokers than traditional smokes in the USA
C. many adolescents are attracted to e-cigarettes due to their low prices
D. carpenter is worried about the e-cigarettes' popularity among children
3. What can be concluded from the last paragraph?
A. E-cigarettes are faced with many problems and need more study.
B. The U. S. government should strengthen its regulation over e-cigarettes.
C. Smokers should be cautious because of e-cigarettes' low quality.
D. Researchers are concerned about e-cigarettes' harm to people's health.
4. What is the structure of the passage?___
（①to ⑦represent Paragraphs 1 to 7）

【点评】本文是一篇科教类阅读,文章主要介绍了随着电子烟越来越流行,越来越少的人开始吸传统香烟. 但是电子烟,一个电子尼古丁递送系统,能帮助人们完全戒烟吗?答案可能是肯定的. 南卡罗莱纳医科大学的教授马修•卡彭特（Matthew Carpenter）领导的一项研究发现,电子烟民倾向于减少吸烟,并增加戒烟的次数.
【答案】BDAB
【解析】
1. B. 细节理解题. 根据"E-cigarettes offer significantly less exposure to harmful toxicants and therefore are safer"可知电子烟使吸烟者暴露在更少的有毒物质中. 故选B.
2. D. 细节理解题. 根据"It is important to protect non-smokers, particularly adolescents, from starting any nicotine-containing product. ""可知carpenter担心电子烟在儿童中的受欢迎程度. 故选D.
3. A. 推理判断题. 根据"Combustible cigarettes have been around for many decades. E-cigarettes have not, and the science has a lot of questions left to answer, he said. 可知电子烟面临着许多问题,需要更多的研究. 故选A.
4. B. 推理判断题. 纵览全文可知第一段和最后一段是总写电子烟,第二三四段主要介绍了电子烟的好处、五六段介绍了电子烟不适合儿童,所以文章的结构是B选项. 故选B.
8.【2020届山东省淄博市高三下学期一模】
The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of, certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance.
On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other special(物种) that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many special are quickly dying out.
On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world's groundwater.
Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations (种植园)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的) soil conditions.
It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.
5. What can we learn about full-sun coffee production from Paragraph 4?
A. It limits the spread of new growing techniques.
B. It leads to air pollution and global warming.
C. It slows down the loss of shade trees.
D. It improves local soil conditions.
6. The purpose of the text is to .
A. entertain B. advertise C. instruct D. persuade
7. Where does this text probably come from ?
A. An agricultural magazine.
B. A medical journal.
C. An engineering textbook.
D. A tourist guide.
8. Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
A. B.
C. D.
【答案】5. B 6. D 7. A 8. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产给环境和生态带来的种种危害，呼吁人们不要购买这种咖啡，而要买对环境有利的产品。
5. B细节理解题。根据文章第四段的句子The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global
warming.（遮阳树的丧失已经引起了世界气候的轻微变化，研究表明，给氧树的丧失也会导致空气污染和全球变暖。）可知阳光充足的咖啡生产会带来空气污染和全球气温变暖，故选B。
6. D推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的句子But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost.（但消费者的确可以选择。他们可以在可能的情况下购买遮阳咖啡，尽管成本较高。）可知，作者的意图是劝说人们购买阴凉处种植的咖啡，这样对环境是有好处的，故选D。
7. A推理判断题。纵观全文可知，文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产会带来的破坏，应该是出自一本农业杂志，故选A。
8. A推理判断题。文章第一段介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题，二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏，第五段说服人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡，所以是总分总的结构，故选A。
9.（重庆巴蜀中学高三阶段练习）
Getting your children to stop lying is challenging. There are many influences (TV, movies, video games and some great books) in which lies are common. Children see parents lie to others, if only to be polite. Most parents add to that with tales about the lives and activities of Santa Claus or the Tooth Fairy, or to allay fears. (“This will not hurt!”) Parents do this out of love, but for some children, lying can become a problem. The most common reactions to children who lie are explaining why it is wrong and punishment. But as ways of changing behavior, these are ineffective.
However, what counts is to praise. You could ask your child to say something that happened at school that is true. It is not critical what that is. This is about practice. When your child complies, praise him enthusiastically. Be specific: “That was great! You told me what happened just like I asked. Wow!” and give your child a hug or a high five. If your child says something true in the course of her day, praise that behavior too. Aim for one or two interactions like this a day. If you happen to “catch” your child in a lie, be matter-of-fact in your disapproval. Say something like, “That is not true and could get you in trouble outside of the hoe; it is better to say the truth.”
Besides, you should set a good example to your kids and tell the truth explicitly. This could be about something that happened when you were a child or something that happened during the day. It need not be dramatic. Another option is to play a game at dinner. Each person tells one thing that was true that day. Again, give a little praise to the child who normally lies if she plays along.
In most instances, children are unlikely to change behavior or develop the conduct you want. That does not mean ignoring, lying or letting it go. Rather, use very mild punishment (light reprimand, short loss of privilege, a brief time-out). More severe, harsh or enduring punishments (shouting, taking away something for a week, hitting)
are not more effective in actually changing the frequency of lying.
Try these procedures for two to three weeks and see where you are. Usually they can be dropped by then. It is unlikely that lying will be completely removed, but with the right encouragement, it can be dramatically lessened.
9．Which punishment is relatively ineffective?
A．A brief time-out.
B．Light reprimand.
C．Short loss of privilege.
D．Taking away something for a week.
10．What can we conclude from the passage?
A．Parents can tell lies sometimes.
B．Lying will disappear thoroughly.
C．Punishment can change behaviors.
D．Praising your kids a lot is beneficial.
11．Which of the following could serve as the best title?
A．Is Lying a Problem?
B．Can Kids Stop Lying?
C．What Can You Do When Kids Tell lies?
D．How Can You Punish Your Kids for Lying?
12．Which best shows the structure of the text?
A． B．
C． D．
【答案】9．D10．A11．C12．B
【解析】让你的孩子不再说谎，也许是一件很有挑战性的事情。通过此文，我们可以学习到，孩子说谎我们应该做些什么。
9．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段More severe, harsh or enduring punishments (shouting, taking away
something for a week, hitting) are not more effective in actually changing the frequency of lying.可知，大叫、把东西拿走一个星期和打等严厉的惩罚相对是无效的。故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据文章第一段Children see parents lie to others, if only to be polite. Most parents add to that with tales about the lives and activities of Santa Claus or the Tooth Fairy, or to allay fears. (“This will not hurt!”) Parents do this out of love, but for some children, lying can become a problem.可知，父母说谎往往是出于礼貌或爱。从而可以推断出，父母有时候可以说谎。故选A。
11．主旨大意题。根据文章大意：让你的孩子不再说谎，也许是一件很有挑战性的事情。通过此文，我们可以学习到，孩子说谎我们应该做些什么。可知选C。
12．篇章结构题。第一段是中心段，第二至四段分别讲让孩子停止说谎的方法，第五段是总结。故选B。