高中英语高考高考总复习阅读主旨题讲义以及练习题（高考总复习，原创）

这是一份高中英语高考高考总复习阅读主旨题讲义以及练习题（高考总复习，原创），共11页。
但是在解法上，主旨题分为两种解法：
1）首尾段解法（首段如果太短，就首段+第二段）+寻找中心句法 适用面最广
2）自拟题目法+逆推法 （尤适用于记叙文）
两种解法分别对应不同类型的阅读文章文体。
自拟题目法对应纯记叙文，首尾段法对应说明文，议论文（或者说首尾段法对应除了记叙文外的其他文体。）
其他注意事项备注：注意文中给的汉字注释。
1）首尾段解法（首段如果太短，就首段+第二段）+寻找中心句法
重视首尾段，尤其重视首尾段的中心句。
中心句很有可能会 涉及文章中多次提到或核心的关键词
一般做法是：
Step 1 看首段有没有转折词或者因果顺承关系的词（but，yet，hwever，althugh，thus, therefre等），若有即该句很有可能是主旨句
Step 2 若没有转折词，看尾句是否有总结性的语句，若有，则尾句是.
Step 3 若不存在两种情况，那往往第一句是。
2）自拟题目法+逆推法 （尤适用于记叙文）
记叙文的主旨，先把不够具体比较空泛的选项排除。自拟题目法+逆推法意思是记叙文读完之后，自己先起一个题目，然后看选项哪个选项和自己的题目最接近。如果不行，就把四个选项当成命题作文，想象自己会怎么写文章，会不会写成文中那样。
主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，以概括1）中心大意、2）段落大意、3）选择标题及4）判断作者写作意图等形式出现。
1）中心大意
e.g What can be cncluded frm the passage?
2) 段落大意
e.g What is Paragraph ___ mainly abut?
3）选择标题
e.g What culd be the best title fr the passage？
4）判断作者写作意图
e.g What is the authr’s intentin f writing this passage?
1）中心大意
2013年天津高考 D篇
When asked abut happiness, we usually think f smething extrardinary, an abslute delight, which seems t get rarer the lder we get.
Fr kids, happiness has a magical quality. Their delight at winning a race r getting a new bike is unreserved(毫无掩饰的).
In the teenage years the cncept f happiness changes. Suddenly it’s cnditinal n such things as excitement, lve and ppularity. I can still recall the excitement f being invited t dance with the mst attractive by at the schl party.
In adulthd the things that bring deep jy ---lve, marriage, birth---als bring respnsibility and the risk f lss. Fr adults, happiness is cmplicated(复杂的).
My definitin f happiness is “the capacity fr enjyment”. The mre we can enjy what we have, the happier we are. It’s easy t verlk the pleasure we get frm the cmpany f friends, the freedm t live where we please, and even gd health.
I experienced my little mments f pleasure yesterday. First I was verjyed when I shut the last lunch-bx and had the huse t myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted mrning writing, which I lve. When the kids and my husband came hme, I enjyed their nise after the quiet f the day.
Psychlgists tell us that t be happy we need a mix f enjyable leisure time and satisfying wrk. I dn’t think that my grandmther, wh raised 14 children, had much f either. She did have a netwrk f clse friends and family, and maybe this is what satisfied her.
We, hwever, with s many chices and such pressure t succeed in every area, have turned happiness int ne mre thing we’ve gt t have. We’re self-cnscius abut ur “right” t it that it’s making us miserable. S we chase it and equal it with wealth and success, withut nticing that the peple wh have thse things aren’t necessarily happier.
Happiness isn’t abut what happens t us---it’s abut hw we see what happens t us. It’s the skillful way f finding a psitive fr every negative. It’s nt wishing fr what we dn’t have, but enjying what we d pssess.
What can be cncluded frm the passage?
A. Happiness lies between the psitive and negative. B. Each man is the master f his wn fate.
C. Success leads t happiness. D. Happy is he wh is cntent.
答案：D 这个主旨比较简单，整篇文章都在说幸福，首尾段联系起来，可以选D。
2) 段落大意
2018-2019年高三英语周报
Recently researchers studied spiders and had new discvers. The team, led by Dr. Nabawy，was trying t unlck the secrets behind the jumping spiders’ extrardinarily high jumps t catch the prey(猎物). A better understanding f the secrets behind their jumps wuld help experts develp mre efficient jumping rbts.
While btaining the test spiders frm a pet shp was easy enugh, training them t jump n demand s that the precise mvements culd be recrded was challenging.
3 Since spiders eat nly nce a week, attracting them with fd wuld result in just a single jump every seven days. The researchers, therefre, decided t try t train the spiders t jump by physically mving them back and frth between tw mveable platfrms, which culd be adjusted t different levels and distance. They hped that nce the spiders became familiar with the challenge, they wuld try t attempt it by themselves. Eventually, ne spider, Kim, decided t cperate.
What’s Paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A. The jumping characteristic f spiders B.The precise mvements f spiders.
C.The effrts t attract spiders t jump fr fd D.The training prcess f spiders’ jumping n demand.
答案：D therefre表示递进，由此找到第三段中心句，根据中心句选出正确答案。
3）选择标题
2013年天津高考 C篇
Pet William Staffrd nce said that we are defined mre by the deturs (绕行路) in life than by the narrw rad tward gals. I like this image. But it was quite by accident that I discvered the deep meaning f his wrds.
Fr years we made the lng drive frm ur hme in Seattle t my parents’ hme in Bise in nine hurs. We traveled the lng way mst peple d: the fastest, shrtest, easiest rad, especially when I was alne with fur nisy, restless kids wh hate cnfinement(限制) and have strng pinins abut everything.
Rad trips felt risky, s I wuld drive fast, stpping nly when I had t. We wuld stick t the freeways and arrive tired.
But then Banner, ur lamb was brn. He was rejected by his mama days befre ur planned trip t Bise. I had tw chices: leave Banner with husband, r take him with me. My husband made the decisin fr me.
That is hw I fund myself n the rad with fur kids, a baby lamb and nthing but my everlasting ptimism t see me thrugh. We tk the cuntry rads ut f necessity. We had t stp every hur, let Banner shake ut his legs and feed him. The kids chased him and ne anther. They’d get back in the car breathless and energized, smelling fresh frm the cld air.
We explred side rads, catching grasshppers in waist-high grass. Even if we simply lked ut f the car windws at baby pigs fllwing their mther, r fish leaping ut f the water, it was better than the ride dwn the freeway. Here was life. And new hrizns (见识).
We eventually arrived at my parents’ drstep astnishingly fresh and full f stries.
I grew brave with the trip back hme and creative with my disciplining technique. On an empty sectin f rad, everyne started quarreling. I stpped the car, rdered all kids ut and tld them t meet me up ahead. I parked my car half a mile away and read my bk in sweet silence.
Sme rad trips are by necessity fast and straight. But that trip with Banner pened ur eyes t a wrld available t anyne adventurus enugh t wander arund and made me realize that a detur may uncver the best part f a jurney---and the best part f yurself.
What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A. Charm f the DeturB. The Rad t Bravery
C. Creativity ut f NecessityD. Rad Trip and Cuntry Life
答案：A 联系首尾段能得出正确答案
2017年天津高考 C篇
This mnth，Germany’s transprt minister，Alexander Dbrindt，prpsed the first set f rules fr autnmus vehicles(自主驾驶车辆)．They wuld define the driver’s rle in such cars and gvern hw such cars perfrm in crashes where lives might be lst.
The prpsal attempts t deal with what sme call the “death valley” f autnmus vehicles：the grey area between semi-autnmus and fully driverless cars that culd delay the driverless future.
Dbrindt wants three things：that a car always chses prperty(财产) damage ver persnal injury；that it never distinguishes between humans based n age r race；and that if a human remves his r her hands frm the driving wheel—t check email，say—the car’s maker is respnsible if there is a crash.
“The change t the rad traffic law will permit fully autmatic driving，” says Dbrindt.It will put fully driverless cars n an equal legal fting t human drivers，he says.
Wh is respnsible fr the peratin f such vehicles is nt clear amng car makers，cnsumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest ne f them all，”says Natasha Merat at the University f Leeds，UK.
An assumptin behind UK insurance fr driverless cars，intrduced earlier this year，insists that a human “be watchful and mnitring the rad” at every mment.
But that is nt what many peple have in mind when thinking f driverless cars.“When yu say ‘driverless cars’，peple expect driverless cars，”Merat says.“Yu knw—n driver.”
Because f the cnfusin，Merat thinks sme car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully autmated withut human peratin.
Driverless cars may end up being a frm f public transprt rather than vehicles yu wn，says Ryan Cal at Stanfrd University，Califrnia.That is happening in the UK and Singapre，where gvernment-prvided driverless vehicles are being launched.
That wuld g dwn prly in the US，hwever.“The idea that the gvernment wuld take ver driverless cars and treat them as a public gd wuld get abslutely nwhere here，”says Cal.
What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A．Autnmus Driving：Whse Liability? B．Fully Autmatic Cars：A New Breakthrugh
C．Autnmus Vehicles：Driver Remved! D．Driverless Cars：Rt f Rad Accidents
答案：A 联系首尾段能得出答案，但是首尾段较难懂，可以多关注文中标明的汉字，就能明白全文再说什么。
2016年四川高考 D篇
A warm drink f milk befre bed has lng been the best chice fr thse wanting a gd night’s sleep.But nw a study has fund it really des help peple nd ff—if it is milked frm a cw at night.
Researchers have discvered that “night milk” cntains mre melatnin(褪黑激素)，which has been prven t help peple feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study，by researchers frm Seul，Suth Krea，invlved mice being fed with dried milk pwder made frm cws milked bth during the day and at night.
Thse given night milk，which cntained 10 times the amunt f melatnin，were less active and less anxius than thse fed with the milk cllected during daytime，accrding t the study published in The Jurnal f Medicinal Fd.
Night milk quickened the start f sleep and caused the mice t sleep lnger.
While the effect f cws milk harvested at different time has nt been tested n humans up t nw，taking melatnin drugs has been suggested t thse wh are struggling t fall asleep at night.
Previus studies have als indicated that milk can be excellent fr helping sleep because f the calcium cntent，which helps peple t relax.
Milk is als sugar-free and additive-free with nutritinists recmmending skimmed milk as the best chice befre bed as it is the least fattening.The mre fat yu take in befre bedtime，the greater burden yu will put n yur bdy at night.
What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Night Milk and Sleep B．Fat，Sugar and Health
C．An Experiment n Mice D．Milk Drinking and Health
答案：A 联系首尾段能得出答案
4）判断作者写作意图
2013年天津高考 B篇
Last night’s meter (流星) shwer left many peple in the cmmunity dissatisfied and demanding answers. Accrding t Gabe Rthschild, Emerald Valley’s mayr, peple gathered in the suburbs f the city, carrying heavy telescpes, expecting t watch the brightly burning meters passing thrugh the sky. What they fund instead was a sky s brightened by the city’s lights that it darkened the light f the meters passing verhead.
“My family was s frustrated,” admitted twn resident Duane Csby, “We wanted t make this an unfrgettable family uting, but it turned ut t be a huge disappintment.”
Astrnmers—scientists wh study stars and planets—have been cmplaining abut this prblem fr decades. They say that light pllutin prevents them frm seeing bjects in the sky that they culd see quite easily in the past. They call n peple and the gvernment t take measures t fight against it.
There is yet a ppulatin besides prfessinal and amateur star bservers that suffers even mre frm light pllutin. This ppulatin cnsists f birds, bats, frgs, snakes, etc. Fr example, utdr lighting severely affects migrating (迁徙的) birds. Accrding t the Internatinal Dark-Sky Assciatin, “100 millin birds a year thrughut Nrth America die in crashes with lighted buildings and twers.”
Cuntless mre animal casualties (伤亡) result frm the use f artificial lighting. Clearly, peple enjy the benefits f lighting their evenings. But sme scientists think it can be harmful fr humans, t. They wrry that expsure t light while sleeping can increase a persn’s chances f getting cancer.
Emerald Valley is nly ne cmmunity that is becming aware f the negative effects f light pllutin. Fr years, Flagstaff, Arizna, has enfrced lighting regulatins in its city in rder t assist astrnmers at the Lwell Observatry. Similar effrts have been made wrldwide, and a mvement is underway t remind us t turn ff lights when we are nt using them, s that ther creatures can share the night.
What message des the authr mst want t give us?
A. Saving wildlife is saving urselves.
B. Great effrts shuld be made t save energy.
C. Human activities shuld be envirnmentally friendly.
D. New equipment shuld be intrduced fr space study.
答案：C 联系首尾段能得出答案。
2018年天津高考D篇
Give yurself a test. Which way is the wind blwing? Hw many kinds f wildflwers can be seen frm yur frnt dr? If yur awareness is as sharp as it culd be, yu’ll have n truble answering these questins.
Mst f us bserved much mre as children than we d as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascinatin, newness and wnder. Curisity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctins that were sharp t us as children becme unclear; we are numb(麻木的) t new stimulatin(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art f seeing the wrld arund us is quite simple, althugh it takes practice and requires breaking sme bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is t stp predicting what we are ging t see and feel befre it ccurs. This blcks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rcky Muntains with sme students, I mentined that we were ging t crss a muntain stream. The students began cmplaining abut hw cld it wuld be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almst knee-deep when they realized it was a ht spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cld water at first.
Anther blck t awareness is the bsessin(痴迷) many f us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers wh sptted a bird, immediately lked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crwned kinglet" and checked it ff. They n lnger paid attentin t the bird and never learned what it was ding.
The pressures f "time" and "destinatin" are further blcks t awareness. I encuntered many hikers wh were headed t a distant camp-grund with just enugh time t get there befre dark. It seldm ccurred t them t wander a bit, t take a mment t see what’s arund them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent n their destinatins.
Nature seems t unfld t peple wh watch and wait. Next time yu take a walk, n matter where it is, take in all the sights, sunds and sensatins. Wander in this frame f mind and yu will pen a new dimensin t yur life.
In the passage, the authr intends t tell us we shuld ________.
A. fill ur senses t feel the wnders f the wrld B. get rid f sme bad habits in ur daily life
C. pen ur mind t new things and ideas D. try ur best t prtect nature
答案：A 联系首尾段能得出答案。
2014年天津高考 D篇
Peple aren’t walking any mre---if they can figure ut a way t avid it.
I felt superir abut this matter until the ther day I tk my car t mail a small parcel. The jurney is a matter f 281 steps. But I used the car. And I wasn’t in ay hurry, either, I had merely becme ne mre victim f a natinal sickness: mtrsis.
It is an illness t which I had thught myself immune(免疫的), fr I was bred in the traditin f ging t places n my wn tw legs. At that time, we regarded 25 miles as gd day’s walk and the ability t cver such a distance in ten hurs as sign f strength and skill. It did nt ccur t us that walking was a hardship. And the effect was lasting. When I was 45 years ld I raced –and beat—a teenage ftball player the 168 steps up the Stature f Liberty.
Such enterprises tday are regarded by many middle-aged persns as bad fr the heart. But a well-knwn British physician, Sir Adlphe Abrhams, pinted ut recently that hearts and bdies need prper…… is mre likely t have illnesses than ne wh exercises regularly. And wlaking is an ideal frm f exercise--- the mst familiar and natural f all.
It was Henry Threau wh shwed mankind the richness f ging n ft. The man walking can learn the trees, flwer, insects, birds and animals, the significance f seasns, the very feel f himself as a living creature in a living wrld, He cannt learn in a car.
The car is a cnvenient means f transprt, but we have made it ur way f life. Many peple dn’t dare t apprach Nature any mre; t them the wrld they were brn t enjy is all threat. T them security is a steel river thundering n a cncrete rad. And much f their thinking takes place while waiting fr the traffic light t turn green.
I say that the green f frests is the mind’s best light. And nne but the man n ft can evaluate what is basic and everlasting.
What is the authr’s intentin f writing this passage?
A. T tell peple t reflect mre n life. B. T recmmend peple t give up driving
C. T advise peple t d utdr activities D. T encurage peple t return t walking
答案：D 联系首尾段能得出正确答案
2）自拟题目法+逆推法 （尤适用于记叙文）
为了更好地减小难度，我们一般用排除法先排除错误选项。
怎么排除？
2014年天津高考 C篇
“Dad,” I say ne day … a trip. Why dn’t yu fly and meet me?”
My father had just reired……….. His jb filled his day, his thught, his life. While he wke up and tk a warm shwer, I screamed under a freezing waterfall Peru. While he tied a tie and put n the same Swiss watch, I rwed a bat acrss Lake f the Ozarks.
My father sees me drfting aimlessly, nthing t shw fr my 33 years but a passprt full f funny stamps. He wants me t settle dwn, but nw I want him t find an adventure.
He agrees t travel with me thrugh the natinal parks. We meet fur weeks later in Rapid City.
“ What is ur first stp?” asks my father.
“What time is it?”
“Still dn’t have a watch?”
Less than an hur away is Munt Rushmre. As he stares up at the fur Presidents carved in granite(花岗岩), his muth and eyes pen slwly, like thse f little by.
“Unbelievable,” he says, “Hw was this dne?”
A film in the infrmatin center shws sculptr Gutzn Brglum devted 14 years t the sculpture and then left the final tuches t his sn.
We stare up and I ask myself, Wuld I ever devte my life t anything?
N directins, …… I always used t hear thse wrds in my father’s vice. Nw I hear them in my wn.
The next day we’re at Yellwstne Natinal Park, where we have a picnic.
“Did yu ever travel with yur dad? I ask.
“Only nce,” he says. “ I never spke much with my father. We lved each ther---but never said it. Whatever he culd give me, he gave.”>
The kast sebtebce----it’s prbably the same thing I’s say abut my father. And what I’d want my child t say abut me.
In Glacier Natinal Park, my father says, “I’ve never seen water s blue.” I have, in several places f the wrld, I can keep traveling, I realize--- and maybe a regular jb wn’t be as dull as I feared.
Weeks after ur trip, I call my father.
“The phts frm the trip are wnderful,” he says.” We have gt t take anther trip like that smetime.
I tell him I’ve learn decided t settle dwn, and I’m wearing a watch.
What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A. Lve Nature, Lve Life B. A Sn Lst in Adventure
C. A Jurney with Dad D.The Art f Travel
答案：C 容易误选为D，但是D不如C具体，记叙文的标题，应该是C更合适。
2015年天津高考D篇
One day when I was 12, my mther gave me an rder: I was t walk t the public library, and brrw at least ne bk fr the summer. This was ne mre weapn fr her t defeat my strange prblem — inability t read.
In the library, I fund my way int the “Children’s Rm.” I sat dwn n the flr and pulled a few bks ff the shelf at randm. The cver f a bk caught my eye. It presented a picture f a beagle. I had recently had a beagle, the first and nly animal cmpanin I ever had as a child. He was my secret sharer, but ne mrning, he was gne, given away t smene wh had the space and the mney t care fr him. I never frgt my beagle.
There n the bk’s cver was a beagle which lked identical（相同的） t my dg. I ran my fingers ver the picture f the dg n the cver. My eyes ran acrss the title, Ams, the Beagle with a Plan. Unknwingly, I had read the title. Withut pening the bk, I brrwed it frm the library fr the summer.
Under the shade f a bush, I started t read abut Ams. I read very, very slwly with difficulty. Thugh pages were turned slwly, I gt the main idea f the stry abut a dg wh, like mine, had been separated frm his family and whfinally fund his way back hme. That dg was my dg, and I was the little by in the bk. At the end f the stry, my mind cntinued the final scene f reunin, n and n, until my wn lst dg and I were, in my mind, running tgether.
My mther’s call returned me t the real wrld. I suddenly realized smething: I had read a bk, and I had lved reading that bk. Everyne knew I culd nt read. But I had read it. Bks culd be incredibly wnderful and I was ging t read them.
I never tld my mther abut my “miraculus” (奇迹般地) experience that summer, but she saw a slw but remarkable imprvement in my classrm perfrmance during the next year. And years later, she was prud that her sn had read thusands f bks, was awarded a PhD in literature, and authred his wn bks, articles, petry and fictin. The pwer f the wrds has held.
Which ne culd be the best title f the passage?
A. The Charm f a Bk B. Mum’s Strict Order
C. Reunin with My Beagle D. My Passin fr Reading
答案：A 容易误选为D，但是D不如A具体，记叙文的标题，应该是A更合适。
2017年6月天津高考B篇
Fifteen years ag, I tk a summer vacatin in Lecce in suthern Italy. After climbing up a hill fr a panramic(全景的) view f the blue sea, white buildings and green live trees, I paused t catch my breath and then psitined myself t take the best pht f this panrama.
Unfrtunately, just as I tk ut my camera, a wman apprached frm behind, and planted herself right in frnt f my view. Like me, this wman was here t stp, sigh and appreciate the view.
Patient as I was, after abut 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the sht I wuld eventually take, I grew frustrated. Was it t much t ask her t mve s I culd take just ne picture f the landscape? Sure, I culd have asked her, but smething prevented me frm ding s. She seemed s cntent in her bservatin. I didn’t want t mess with that.
Anther 15 minutes passed and I grew bred. The wman was still there. I decided t take the pht anyway. And nw when I lk at it, I think her presence in the pht is what makes the image interesting. The landscape, beautiful n its wn, smehw cmes t life and breathes because this wman is engaging with it.
This pht, with the unique beauty that unflded befre me and that wman wh “ruined” it, nw hangs n a wall in my bedrm. What wuld she think if she knew that her figure is captured(捕捉) and frzen n sme stranger’s bedrm wall? A bedrm, after all, is a very private space, in which sme wman I dn’t even knw has been immrtalized(使……永存). In sme ways, she lives in my huse.
Perhaps we all live in each thers’ spaces. Perhaps this is what phts are fr: t remind us that we all appreciate beauty, that we all share a cmmn desire fr pleasure, fr cnnectin, fr smething that is greater than us.
That pht is a reminder, a captured mment, an unspken cnversatin between tw wmen, separated nly by a thin square f glass.
The passage can be seen as the authr’s reflectins upn _________.
A. a particular life experience B. the pleasure f traveling
C. the art f phtgraphy D. a lst friendship
答案：A 容易误选为C，但是C比较抽象，不适合做记叙文主题，记叙文的标题，应该是C更合适。
此外，平时练习：
中心句法（把每一段的中心句相加,且思考他们的逻辑关系）
本质：实际上就是有的学生，通读文章之后，形成的大致印象的方法，只是我们提出这种解题思路，并提供可操作的手段—找到每一段的中心句.
特点：（1）适合几乎所有文章 （2） 考场运用范围窄，只适合段落比较少的文章 （3）该方法适合平时练习使用
具体操作方法：参见直抒胸臆型找主旨句的方法，思考各中心句之间的逻辑关系
习题 提炼以上几篇文章中心句，并思考他们之间的逻辑关系