所属成套资源:2023年高考英语一轮复习 精讲与精练资料(教师版)
专题04介词-2023年高考英语一轮复 精讲与精练资料(教师版)
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专题04介词
《考点•题型 •技巧》
考向分析
介词在英语中比较活跃,然而在高考中直接考查介词的题不是很多,但是介词却是考生最容易犯错误的语法项目之一。高考对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词,注重对介词固定搭配中的介词的考查,精细化考查介词短语的辨析。在学习介词时,应重点掌握介词的基本用法,同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。
从题型上来说,对介词的考查点主要是语法填空,对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词,将会更加注重对介词固定搭配中的介词的考查,精细化考查介词短语的辨析。语法填空对动词短语的考查可能会给出动词,设空处让考生填出与之搭配的介词或副词。
复习建议
1. 掌握主要介词的常见用法及易混介词的辨析;
2. 掌握介词与其他词所构成的一些固定短语;
3. 掌握在定语从句中介词的使用情况。
考点导航
考点01介词的分类
分类
特点
例词
简单介词
即一个介词
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。
合成介词
由两个介词构成合成词
into, onto, throughout, upon, within
短语介词
由短语构成
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。
双重介词
由两个介词搭配而成
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。
分词介词
由现在分词转化而来
considering(就……而论), including,regarding,concerning等。
兼类介词
由形容词直接转化而来
like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。
考点03介词短语的功能
介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。
介词短语的功能
例 句
作定语
They didn’t find the solution to the problem.
作状语
We have breakfast at seven.(表时间)
They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因)
What do you mean by doing such a thing?(表方法)
Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(表条件)
作表语
When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.
作宾语补足语
I found the old building in a bad condition.
考点03常考介词的辨析
介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,使用频率相当高,其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看,考生需要掌握以下内容。
1.表示相同或相似概念的介词(短语)的区别
表示的概念
介词(短语)
区 别
例
时间
in
on
at
at在一个时间点上;
in在一段的时间之内;
on在具体日子。
①at 8 o’clock, at noon
②in the 1990s, in January
③on Monday, on a warm morning
since
from
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用;
from指从时间的某一点开始。
①We have not seen each other since 1995.
②I hope to do morning exercises from today.
in,
after
in指在一段时间之后,也可以指一段时间之内=within;
after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。
①We’ll be back in three days.
②After seven the rain began to fall.
③What shall we do after graduation?
in the end
at the end of
by the end of
in the end作"最后"、"终于"解,单独作句子成分,后不接介词of;at the end of 表示"在……末梢","到……尽头",既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体,不可单独使用;by the end of 作
"在……结束时",
"到……末为止"解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。
①In the end they reached a place of safety.
②At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.
③They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.
④By the end of last month he had finished the novel.
位置
between
among
一般说来,between表示两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间。
①You are to sit between your father and me.
②He is always happy among his classmates.
注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,
强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时,就用between。
①Agreements were made between the
different countries.
②The little valley lies between high
mountains.
③They don’t know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.
in
on
to
in表示在某范围内;
on指与什么毗邻;
to指在某环境范围之外。
①Changchun is in the northeast of China.
②Mongolia is on the north of China.
③Japan is to the east of China.
on
in
on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。
①There is a book on the piece of paper. ②There is an interesting article in the
newspaper.
③ He dug a hole in the wall.
in
into
in通常表示位置(静态);
into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。
①We walked in the park.
②We walked into the park.
through
across
through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。
①Water flows through the pipe.
②The old man walked across the street.
in the corner
on the corner
at the corner
in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示"在角上",on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指"在拐角处",at指的是拐角外附近的外面。
①The lamp stands in the corner of the room.
②I met with him at the street corner.
③He sat on the corner of the table.
除了
besides
except
but
except for
besides指"除了……还有,再加上";except指"除了,减去什么",不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似,表示"除了……外"经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示"如无……就,只是"表明理由细节。
①All went out besides me.
②All went out except me.
③I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.
④His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
表示的概念
构成
例
动作(表进行概念、表被动的关系)
at+名词
at dinner/table在吃饭 at work在工作 at war交战
at cards 在玩牌 at work 在办公 at play 在玩耍
at rest在休息 school在上学 at press正在排印
at church在做礼拜
beyond+名词
beyond belief难以置信 beyond control不听管教。
beyond compare无可比拟 beyond description难以形容
beyond expression无法表达 beyond suspicion无可怀疑
in+名词
或in +名词+of+名词
in the army在当兵 in need of需要 in action在运转
in progress在进行 in operation在运行中 in use 开始使用
in sight看得见 in store贮藏着
in course of construction正在兴建当中。
in (good) repair维修良好的
in course of shipment. 定的货正在运输途中。
in charge of 负责 in the charge of 由……负责
in possession of 拥有 in the possession of 被……拥有
on+名词
on business办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave在休假
on watch值班 on duty值勤/日
on guard在值勤 on strike在罢工
on sale出售 on loan借贷
on the march在行军 on trial在试用
on the air在广播 on fire在燃烧
on the move 在移动,搬迁,离开
on show/display/ exhibition在展出
under+名词
under control在控制之中 under discussion在讨论
underdevelopment在发展中 under observation在观察中
under test在被测试 under construction在建设中
under fire在炮火中 under examination在检查/调查中
under consideration在考虑中 under repair在修理中
under arrest被逮捕 under attack受到袭击
under medical treatment在治疗中 under study在研究中
其他
against one’s opinion反对某人的见解
for one’s opinion同意某人的见解
above reproach无可指责,无可非议
above suspicion不受怀疑
above criticism无可指责
at the mercy of在……支配下;任由……摆布
for sale供出售 for rent供出租 within sight看得见
1. 分析具体语境,注意介词含义
常常设置语境考查介词,要仔细分析,正确理解,弄清命题意图,填出正确答案。
2. 积累介词用法,注意一词多义
介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,其搭配灵活,意义丰富,为高考命题提供了广阔的空间。一个介词有多种不同的用法,一个意思又可以用不同的介词表达。在平时学习时,要注意整理、积累,逐一学会每个介词的主要用法,弄清易混介词用法的异同,根据语境灵活选用介词。
3. 体会英语本义,注意固定搭配
复习时,要系统复习同一介词与不同动词、名词、形容词搭配构成的短语意义。英语中一些介词的搭配是固定的,选择时要从英语本义上考虑,不能看其汉语表面意思。
4. 分类归纳短语,构建知识网络
动词短语题主要考查考生对英语中动词词组的识记和运用能力。在备考过程中要注意对动词词组进行归纳、比较。做题时,一方面要揣测命题人的意图,分析句子结构,正确理解句子的意思;另一方面要掌握动词词组的不同意思,并且能区别相似词组的意思,从而填出答案。
【题型分析】
1.Modem methods ___63___ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform (perform) consistently over a large area.
【答案】of/for
【解析】考查介词用法。此处tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定语,用of 连接,“methods of doing sth.”,意为“……的方法”,构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。
2.Scientists have responded by noting (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are ___68___ (high) than they actually are.
【答案】of/for
3.We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ___63___ dogs,seven to be exact.
【答案】of
【解析】考查介词。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填of。
4.Museums must compete 45 people’s spare time and money with other amusements.
【答案】for
【解析】考查介词。句意:博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。此处是固定短语:compete for,意为“为了……竞争”。故填for。
1.After that I poured oil into a pan and turned off the stove, I waited patiently unless the oil was hot.
【答案】将off改为on
【解析】考查介词。句意:之后我把油倒进一个平底锅,然后开火。根据I poured oil into a pan及常识可知,把油倒进锅里后应是打开炉子,所以此处应使用短语turn on,故将off改为on。
2. At the end of our trip,I told my father that I planned to return for every two years...
【答案】 去掉for
【解析】 every two years每隔两年,是固定搭配,前面不用介词。
3. It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.
【答案】 on→of
【解析】 分析语境可知,作者表示“在路中间急刹车”。on the road表示“在路上”,the middle of the road表示“路的中央”,强调的是“the middle”。故将on改为of。
4.They often get up early and water the vegetables together.They have also bought for some gardening tools.
【答案】 去掉for
【解析】 buy 为及物动词,表示买某物,要用buy sth.。
1.For my fifth birthday, my mother baked me a cake ______ a monkey.
A.in the shape of B.beyond the reach of
C.at the mercy of D.on the side of
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:我五岁生日的时候,妈妈给我烤了一个猴子形状的蛋糕。A. in the shape of呈……形状;B. beyond the reach of超出……的能力之外C. at the mercy of 受……的支配;D. on the side of拥护……,站在……的一边。蛋糕是猴子“形状”的。故选A。
2. The Great Wall winds its way ____high mountains, ___ deep valleys and ___ great deserts.
A. on, across, through B. over, through, through
C. over, through, across D. on, in, across
【答案】C
【解析】考查介词。句意:长城蜿蜒曲折越过高山,穿过山谷和沙漠。表示“越过”用over,表示“穿过内部”用through,表示“穿过表面”用across,故选C。
3.Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went ___________.
A.at first B.after all C.above all D.at random
【答案】B
【解析】考查介词短语辨析及语境理解。句意:鲍勃认为他不能去参加聚会,因为他不得不写一份报告,但他终究去了。A. at first起初;B. after all毕竟,终究。C. above all首先;D. at random随便地。根据前面的转折连词可知,与前面情况相反,故选B。
点睛:本题侧重考查在特定的语境中辨析短语的能力。对于短语而言,没有捷径可言,只有老老实实的记忆。考生除了要充分利用特定语境理解词义,还需要重点关注他们用法上的区别。
4.These comments came ______________ specific questions often asked by local newsmen.
A.in memory of B.in response to C.in touch with D.in possession of
【答案】B
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:这些评论是对某些经常被当地新闻人问到的问题的回应。A. in memory of 纪念, B. in response to回应,C. in touch with联系,D. in possession of拥有。分析句子成分知道空格处为介词短语起连接状语的作用,根据常识和句意,评论应该是对问题的回应。所以答案应该是B. in response to回应。
5.Favorable policies are ________ to encourage employees’ professional development.
A.in effect B.in command C.in turn D.in shape
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语。句意:好的政策事实上都会鼓励员工专业水平的提升。A. in effect实际上,事实上;B. in command指挥;C. in turn轮流,依次;D. in shape在外形上,处于良好的状态。故选A符合语境。
6.________ your generous help, I do believe I have a better understanding of your country and culture.
A.But for B.Out of
C.Thanks to D.As to
【答案】.C
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:由于你慷慨的帮助,我相信我对你的国家和文化有了更好的理解。A. But for要不是;B. Out of由于,无感情色彩;C. Thanks to幸亏;由于;D. As to至于;关于。因为I do believe I have a better understanding of your country and culture表示"我相信我对你的国家和文化有了更好的理解",所以前半句应该表示原因和感谢,所以用Thanks to表示"幸亏,由于",故选C。
检测训练
Ⅰ、单项选择
1.Under-achieving children have set up emotional barriers to education and, ______ demands by adults, these barriers become even harder to overcome.
A.in response to B.in relation to C.in contrast to D.in addition to
【答案】A
【详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意:成绩不佳的孩子为教育设置了情感障碍,而作为对成年人要求的回应,这些障碍变得更加难以克服。A. in response to回应、响应;B. in relation to涉及;C. in contrast to与……形成对照;D. in addition to除……之外(还有)。根据空后的“demands by adults”可知此处表示“回应成年人的要求”,故选A。
2.—How do you study English?
—I study English talking with foreign students.
A.by B.on C.at D.up
【答案】A
【详解】
考查介词词义辨析。句意:——你怎么学英语的?——我通过和外国学生交谈来学习英语。A. by 通过……方式,借助;B. on 在……上面; C. at 在(表示存在或出现的地点、场所、位置、空间); D. up向(较高位置)。 结合后文“talking with foreign students”可知此处指通过和外国学生交谈的方式来学习英语,应用by。故选A。
3. _____ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn’t go on with the experiment.
A.Since B.For C.As D.With
【答案】D
【详解】
考查with的复合结构。句意:随着温度急剧下降,我们无法继续进行实验。A. Since自从……以来,因为;B. For为了;C. As正如,随着;D. With随着。根据后文“the temperature falling so rapidly”可知此处为with的复合结构“with+宾语+宾补”。故选D。
4.It is unbelievable that Mr. Lucas still leads a simple life _______ his great wealth.
A.though B.despite C.thanks to D.even if
【答案】B
【详解】
考查介词。句意:令人难以置信的是,卢卡斯先生尽管很富有,却仍过着简朴的生活。A. though尽管,引导让步状语从句;B. despite尽管,介词;C. thanks to幸亏,由于;D. even if即使,引导让步状语从句。根据his great wealth可知,此处不是句子,排除A项和D项;“leads a simple life”和“great wealth”形成转折关系。故选B。
5.Many people are _______ the new policy.
A.in favor of B.in honor of C.in search of D.in case of
【答案】A
【详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意:许多人赞成这项新政策。A.in favor of 喜欢,支持; B.in honor of 向......致敬,向......表示敬意, 为庆祝...... ; C. in search of 寻找; D.in case of 万一。根据句意,此处表示对新政策, 大家表示“支持”。A项符合题意,故选A项。
6.One should apologize ______ his taking the wrong glass at the party .
A.to B.on C.for D.of
【答案】C
【详解】
考查固定搭配。句意:一个人应该为他在聚会上拿错了杯子而道歉。分析题意,apologize for为固定搭配译为“因……而道歉”。此处符合题意,故选C项。
7.______ the heavy rain, they continued to walk.
A.Thanks to B.Despite C.Though D.Due to
【答案】B
【详解】
考查介词(短语)词义辨析。句意:尽管下着大雨,他们仍继续步行。A. Thanks to多亏了;B. Despite尽管;C. Though虽然,尽管;D. Due to由于。根据句意可知,句子表示的是“尽管”下着大雨,仍继续步行,应在Despite和Though之间进行选择,Despite为介词,后一般加名词性短语或代词,Though为连词,一般用来引导让步状语从句,空格后“the heavy rain”为名词性短语,故应用Despite。故选B项。
8._____________ should we allow Taiwan to break away from mainland China.
A.At one time B.At no time C.In no time D.From time to time
【答案】B
【详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意:我们绝不允许台湾从祖国大陆分裂出去。A. At one time一度,曾经;B. At no time绝不;C. In no time立刻,马上;D. From time to time 时不时,偶尔。根据句意及常识可知,“台湾从祖国大陆分裂出去”是绝对不允许的。故选B。
9.I would rather be alone than have a false friend ________.
A.to keep company B.on company
C.with company D.for company
【答案】D
【详解】
考查固定短语。句意:我宁愿孤单一人,也不愿有虚伪的朋友陪伴。for company 陪伴、作伴,该短语是固定短语。故选D。
10.Mrs. Smith rewarded the boy________$10________ bringing back the lost dog.
A.at; of B.with; for C.for; with D.for; for
【答案】B
【详解】
考查介词。句意:史密斯夫人奖励这个男孩子十美元,因为他带回了她丢失的狗。reward sb with sth for doing sth表示“为某事给某人报酬或奖赏某物”,是固定搭配,故选B项。
Ⅱ、语法填空
11.The artist was finally humbled(谦卑) by the greatest artist ______ earth, Mother Nature.
【答案】on
【解析】
on 句意:这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所羞辱。结合句意表示“在世界上”短语为on earth。故填on。
12.Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types ______ trips are now being classified as ecotourism. Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles:
【答案】of
【解析】
考查介词。句意:由于与环境相关的探险旅行越来越受欢迎,各种各样的旅行现在被归类为生态旅游。various types of 为固定搭配表示“各种各样的”,所以空格处应填of。故填of。
13.The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased ______ 2.1 in women and men.
【答案】by
【解析】
by 考查介词。这里是说在1985年至2017年间,农村女性和男性的平均BMI值“增加了”2.1,故此处填介词by。
14.The far side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so ______ the familiar near side.
【答案】than
【解析】
考查介词。句意:因为它比熟悉的一面有更多的深环形山。根据空前的比较级more so可知,此处填介词than,表示“比……更”。故填than。
15.Bamboo plants are associated ______ health, abundance and a happy home.
【答案】with
【解析】
考查短语。句意:竹类植物与健康、富足和幸福的家庭联系在一起。be associated with与……相联系。故填with。
16.Some time after 10, 000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived______ , through agriculture.
【答案】in
【解析】
in,考查介词。词组固定搭配live in,意为“居住在”,因此要填in。
17.Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans to retire ______ her 36-year-old business.
【答案】from
【解析】
考查介词。句意:拿着她的“终身成就”奖,自豪的艾琳宣布她没有计划从她36年的生意退休。根据句意可知,句中涉及固定短语“retire from”,意为“从……退休”,应用介词from。故填from。
18.The Chinese calculator’s name is “suanpan”, but it is known ______ “abacus” in English. Invented by Liu Hong, abacus is one of the symbols of Chinese people’s wisdom dating back to the 12th century.
【答案】as
【解析】
考查介词。句意:中国计算器的名字叫“算盘”,但在英语中它被称为“abacus”。短语be known as“被称为;被认为是”,故填as。
19.______ Xiongan aiming to become a "smart, green and residents-friendly" city that faces the future, the Xiongan Railway Station, the landmark of the area, resembles a model for such a future.
【答案】With
【解析】
考查介词。句意:雄安的目标是成为一个面向未来的“智慧、绿色和居民友好型”城市,雄安火车站作为该地区的标志性建筑,类似这样一个未来的典范。此处为with的复合结构“with+宾语+宾补”,作状语,句首单词首字母要大写。故填With。
20.While it is deeply rooted in Chinese culture, Shanghai has also moved ______the times and become a modern metropolis From doing sports and running on Bund to traditional Chinese art or modern Western art museums, every activity is feasible in Shanghai.
【答案】with
【解析】
考查介词。句意:在深深扎根于中国文化的同时,上海也与时俱进,成为一座现代化的大都市。表示“随着……变化”为短语move with。故填with。
21.As the 37. (three) solar term in the lunar year, its name suggests the fact that animals sleeping in winter are awakened 39. spring thunder and that the earth begins to come back to life.
【答案】37third,39by
【解析】
37.考查序数词。根据句意可知,这里表示“第三”,故用序数词。句意:作为农历的第三个节气。故填third。
39.考查介词。介词by表示“被”。句意:它的名字表明着冬眠的动物被春雷唤醒,大地上万物复苏。故填by。
22.The study's Danish researchers are convinced that choosing this kind of physical activity can reward us______ 5 to 6 more years of life!
【答案】with
【解析】
考查介词。句意:这项研究的丹麦研究人员确信,选择这种体育活动可以让我们多活5到6年!此外,为了达到更好的效果,研究人员建议限制自己适度的慢跑,而不是快节奏和累人的长跑。reward sb with sth“用……作为奖赏”是习惯搭配,符合句意。故填with。
23.Xiong, a visually disabled young woman who started learning the piano at the age of 6, said her idol was Beethoven, who went completely deaf later and their physical challenges led both of them to establish a connection with the outside world ______music.
【答案】through
【解析】
考查介词。句意:熊小姐从6岁开始学习钢琴,她说她的偶像是贝多芬,贝多芬后来完全失聪,他们的身体挑战让他们两人通过音乐与外部世界建立了联系。此处是指通过音乐让他们和外部世界建立了联系。所以应用介词through(通过)。故填through。
Ⅲ、短文改错
24. I lent to her some money in order that she could go for a holiday.
_________________________________________________________________________
【答案】去掉to
【解析】句意:我借给她一些钱,以便她能去度假。动词lend后可接双宾语,所以to多余。
25. The biggest problem was in that almost all communication systems were destroyed.
_________________________________________________________________________
【答案】去掉in
【解析】句意:最大的难题是,几乎所有的通讯系统都被破坏了。根据语境及句子结构可知,句中用that引导表语从句。
26. It was very kind for them to invite me to visit their country.
_________________________________________________________________________
【答案】for → of
【解析】句意:他们很好,邀请我访问他们的国家。" It’s kind of sb to do sth"为固定句型。注意:在"It is/was + adj. +of/for sb to do"句型中,当形容词为easy,hard,difficult,possible,important,necessary等时用介词for,而当形容词为描述人的品德及特征的kind,polite,nice,wise,clever,silly,foolish等时用介词of。
27. The boy wanted to join in the army but was turned down because he was under age.
_________________________________________________________________________
【答案】去掉 in
【解析】句意:这个男孩想参军,但因为年纪小被拒绝了。join表示"参加,加入(某个组织)"时, 后面不加介词in;表示"参加(某项活动)"时,才加 in。
28. I just couldn’t laugh to his jokes the way I used to.
_________________________________________________________________________
【答案】第一个to → at
【解析】句意:我就是不能像以前那样因他讲的笑话而发笑。laugh at为固定搭配,意为"嘲笑,因……而发笑"。