【备考2023】高考英语热点+重难点专题特训学案（全国通用）——热点练05 阅读理解话题科学技术

这是一份【备考2023】高考英语热点+重难点专题特训学案（全国通用）——热点练05 阅读理解话题科学技术，文件包含备考2023高考英语热点+重难点专题特训学案全国通用热点练05阅读理解话题科学技术教师版docx、备考2023高考英语热点+重难点专题特训学案全国通用热点练05阅读理解话题科学技术学生版docx等2份学案配套教学资源，其中学案共39页， 欢迎下载使用。

热点练05 阅读理解话题科学技术
“科学技术类”文章是高中新课程标准话题之一。该话题包括各领域最新科技知识、最新发明创造等方面。科技已经影响渗透到我们生活的方方面面，例如电视、电脑、手机、MP3、火箭、卫星、宇宙飞船……好多好多，几天几夜都说不完。总之生活离不开科技，科技在为生活服务。点点滴滴，时时事事，科技无处不在。
“科学技术类”话题是历年高考英语的必考话题，主要题型为阅读理解，体裁一般为说明文，分值所占比重也比较高。











解答阅读理解最基本的原则——忠于原文，把握文章主旨大意，有理有据、不能主观臆断
解题步骤：在理解文章主旨大意的基础上一定、二找、三比较
一定：读题干，定关键词
二找：利用关键词，结合命题顺序，在文中找到信息句
三比较：将信息与选项比较，选出正确答案。
正确的答案的特征 1.与主题吻合 2. 同义替换 3. 语气委婉，不绝对化
错误选项的特征：无中生有、以偏概全、偷换概念、过度推理、常识干扰、绝对化 。









科学研究 发明创造 科普知识




真题链接



（每篇限时8分钟）
（ 2022年全国乙卷之C篇）
主题语境
语篇类型
文章词数
核心词汇
科学技术
事例阐述
327
drones
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
30. What function is expected of the rail drones?
A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
31. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【答案解析】
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. A 31. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可推知，无人机在高空工作的能力使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选B。
【29题详解】
词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词和 C项：Inspection and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 “Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.(带有先进传感器和人工智能的非常小的无人机可以像副驾驶一样在火车前面行驶。 凭借他们的预见能力，他们可以发出任何问题的信号，以便快速行驶的火车能够及时做出反应。)”可知对于无人机期待的功能是提前发现问题。故选A。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometers of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
【词汇积累】
drones 无人机
guarantee保证
reliability可靠性；可信度
infrastructure 基础设施
high-tension高压的
precisely 精确地
efficient 高效
approximately大约
maintenance维护；保养
autonomously自治地；独立自主地
【长难句析】
1. That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
【分析】本句含有一个 that 引导的宾语从句；apply.... to sth/doing sth 固定短语，意为：应用于。
【翻译】这很有可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术来确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施(基础设施)全天候安全运行的未来。
2.The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved.
【分析】本句含有一个The more......, the more.....句型 ，意为：越.....越......。
【翻译】越定期检查，铁路的安全性、可靠性和准点率就越高。
（2022年新高考II卷之C篇）
主题语境
语篇类型
文章词数
核心词汇
科学技术
事例阐述
290
Textalyzer
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. "
"Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. "
8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.
9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
11. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
【答案解析】
【答案】8. A 9. B 10. D 11. B
【解析】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. ”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. ”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. ”（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。
【10题详解】
词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior. ”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. ”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving more. ”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。故B选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。
【词汇积累】
campaign 运动；战役 distracted分心 distinctly明显地
【长难句析】
1. Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
【分析】本句含有一个时间状语从句when they are behind the wheel；a wide range of为固定短语，意为：一系列的，许多的，大范围的。
【翻译】在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。
2. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
【分析】本句含有一个iwhether引导的宾语从句，that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. 为定语从句，先行词为anything else。
【翻译】这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。
（2022年新高考II卷之B篇）
主题语境
语篇类型
文章词数
核心词汇
学习感悟
事例阐述
348
book
We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don’t even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal.
This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children’s book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures — a perfect match for his age.
Picture this: my grandson sitting on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see the pictures. As I read, he reaches out and pokes (戳) the page with his finger.
What’s up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thought. Then I turned the page and continued. He poked the page even harder. I nearly dropped the book. I was confused: Is there something wrong with this kid?
Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my storybook was like that.
Sorry, kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. It’s an outdated, lifeless thing. An antique, like your grandfather. Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites.
There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I’ve spent little time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio. But that didn’t stop China Daily from asking me last week to share a personal story for a video project about the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province.
Anyway, grandpa is now an internet star — two minutes of fame! I promise not to let it go to my head. But I will make sure my 2-year-old grandson sees it on his tablet.
4. What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in paragraph 2?
A. Provided shelter for me. B. Became very clear to me.
C. Took the pressure off me. D. Worked quite well on me.
5. Why did the kid poke the storybook?
A. He took it for a tablet computer. B. He disliked the colorful pictures.
C. He was angry with his grandpa. D. He wanted to read it by himself.
6. What does the author think of himself?
A. Socially ambitious. B. Physically attractive.
C. Financially independent. D. Digitally competent.
7. What can we learn about the author as a journalist?
A. He lacks experience in his job. B. He seldom appears on television.
C. He manages a video department. D. He often interviews internet stars.
【答案解析】
【答案】4. B 5. A 6. D 7. B
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者曾经是一名记者，在春节期间，作者给孙子拿了一本儿童读物，孙子却以为是平板电脑，不停地戳书。
【4题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第一段“We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don’t even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal. ”以及画线词后文“as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. ”可知，作者是记者，生活在一个讲故事的新时代，有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说，这很正常。而这在春节假期，作者和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上，尤其清楚认识到了这一点。故画线词意思是“我很清楚”。故选B。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中“He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my storybook was like that. (事实上，他对书本并不熟悉。他的父亲经常用一台装有彩色图片的平板电脑逗他开心，当你戳它们的时候，这些图片就会变得栩栩如生。他认为我的故事书就是那样的)”可知，那孩子戳故事书是因为他把它当成了平板电脑。故选A。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites. (我可能老了，但从数字角度来说，我还没有毫无希望的挑战。我编辑视频，制作音频。我用移动支付。我甚至建立了网站)”可知，作者认为自己懂数码技术。故选D。
【7题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I’ve spent little time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio. (然而，在我的新媒体体验中有一个明显的差距：我很少在镜头前呆着，因为我的脸是为电台而生的)”可知，作者作为记者他很少上电视。故选B。
【词汇积累】
reach out vt. 伸出 poke v.戳 be loaded with 装载着 antique adj.古老的，古董的
digitally adv.数位integration n.结合，融合
【长难句析】
1. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them.
【分析】本句含有一个which和 that 引导的定语从句，先行词分别为a tablet computer和colorful pictures，when引导的是时间状语从句，整个句子的主句为His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer。
【翻译】他的父亲经常用一台装有彩色图片的平板电脑逗他开心，当你戳它们的时候，这些图片就会变得栩栩如生。
2. There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I’ve spent little time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio.
【分析】本句是一个复合句，含有一个since 引导的时间状语从句，整个句子是There be 句型；however为副词，表转折。
【翻译】然而，在我的新媒体体验中有一个明显的差距:我很少在镜头前呆着，因为我的脸是为电台而生的。
（2022年浙江卷1月B篇）
主题语境
语篇类型
文章词数
核心词汇
时代发展
事例阐述
323
technology
The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology, and the lifeblood that technology has long been electricity. By providing long-distance communication and energy, electricity created the modem world. Yet properly understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam, which began a century earlier.
"It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions." writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Invented Modem America. Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland, where Watt perfected "the machine that changed the world". Klein writes, "America did not invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its passwords they put it to more uses than anyone else. "
Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity. Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison perfected an incandescent bulls that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly, Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification, which he showed in New York City. With help from Tesla, Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current, which soon became the major forms of power delivery.
To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.
4. What is Klein's understanding of the age of electricity?
A. It is closely linked to the steam age.
B. It began earlier than proper thought.
C. It is a little-studied period of history.
D. It will come to an end sooner or later.
5. What can be inferred about Ned?
A. He was born in New York City. B. He wrote many increasing stories,
C. He created an electricity company. D. He lived mainly in the 19th century.
6. What is the text?
A. A biography. B. A book review. C. A short story. D. A science report.
【答案解析】
【答案】4. A 5. D 6. B
【解析】本文是说明文。文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions.”（我很好奇，竟然没有人把蒸汽和电力革命的历史放在一起。）可知，在Klein看来，电力时代和蒸汽时代是有很紧密的联系的。故选A。
【5题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime.”（为了编织他的故事，Klein创造了一个人物Ned，它是对美国蒸汽和电力革命在一个人的整个人生中的进程的神奇的见证。）和第四段“Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.”（同时，在19世纪，电力从好奇变成了根需。）可知，Ned见证了蒸汽时代和电力革命，所以他应该是生活在19世纪。故选D。
【6题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.”（为了构建他的故事，克莱因创造了奈德这个角色，一个虚构的人物，在一个人的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步。这是一种有助于将长篇故事变得有趣的技巧。）可知，这篇文章是一篇书评。故选B。
【词汇积累】
merely仅仅，只 put together 合并revolutions革命 electromagnetic电磁体 circuit 电路electrification电气化alternating 交替的 delivery递送 narrative叙述的，记叙文
【长难句析】
1. Most importantly, Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification, which he showed in New York City.
【分析】本句是一个复合句，含有一个宾语从句that success depended on mass electrification和一个which引导的定语从句，修饰前面句子Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification。
【翻译】最重要的是，爱迪生意识到成功依赖于大规模的电气化，他在纽约展示了这一点。 在特斯拉的帮助下，西屋电气公司开发了一种使用交流电的系统，很快就成为了电力输送的主要形式。
2. America did not invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its passwords they put it to more uses than anyone else.
【分析】本句含有一个并列分句but once they grasped its passwords和一个省略了that的定语从句，先行词为 passwords 。
【翻译】汽机不是美国人发明的，但一旦他们掌握了它的密码，他们就比任何人都更能利用它。
（2022年新高考I卷之B篇）
主题语境
语篇类型
文章词数
核心词汇
机器人
事例阐述
307
robots
An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.
Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.
For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
12. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?
A. Soil pollution. B. Lack of workers.
C. Aging machines. D. Low profitability.
13. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?
A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes.
14. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?
A. He wants to help them earn a living. B. He thinks men can do the job better.
C. He is inexperienced in using robots. D. He enjoys the traditional way of life.
15. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?
A. Increase the value of cattle. B. Bring down the cost of labor.
C. Make the job more appealing. D. Keep cattle from being stolen.
【答案解析】
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass.（通过监测草形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。
【15题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。
【词汇积累】
sensors传感器，感应器 monitor 检测 tags 标签 texture 质地 nutrition营养 appeal呼吁 targets目标
【长难句析】
1. An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.
【分析】本句是一个复合句，主句An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle；a development为同位语，其后又有that引导的定语从句；而且that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades为定语从句，修饰先行词a profession。
【翻译】一名澳大利亚教授正在开发一种用于监测放牧牲畜健康状况的机器人，这一进展可能会给几十年来主要依赖低技术手段、但正面临劳动力短缺的行业带来巨大变化。
2. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.
【分析】本句含有一个定语从句who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago，先行词为Bonds；that an animal is getting sick为同位语从句，修饰 signs。
【翻译】邦兹大约在50年前买了他的第一头牛，现在他仍然让他的每个牛仔每天检查300或400头牛，寻找动物生病的迹象
（2021年全国乙卷之B篇）
主题语境
语篇类型
文章词数
核心词汇
固定电话
事例阐述
342
landline
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）.
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity.
C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design.
25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit. B. Argue.
C. Remember. D. Remark.
26. What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A. They like smartphone games. B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family.
27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall out of use some day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as important as the gas light.
【答案解析】
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. C 27. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。
【24题】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。
【25题】词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A项。
【26题】推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents (也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。
【27题】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? (你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。
【词汇积累】
security安全 emergencies 紧急事件；紧急需要 category种类，范畴
【长难句析】
Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
【分析】本句中的who still have a landline为定语从句，修饰先行词Australians； a third concede后为that引导的宾语从句；they never use it为省略了that的定语从句；while表示对比。
【翻译】在那些仍有固定电话的澳大利亚人中，三分之一的人承认没有必要，他们把它当作安全毯——19%的人说他们从不使用它，另有13%的人留着它以防紧急情况。
热点练



（每篇限时7分钟）
（河北省示范性高中2022-2023学年高三9月调研考试英语试题）Housing ranks high among the numerous challenges that still need to be overcome before humans can colonize(征服) Mars. The brave pioneers that make the six-month voyage to the Red Planet will need a place to live in as soon as they land. While the best solution would be to have the structures ready before they get there, it has so far been a challenge given that most construction robots have never made it out of the laboratory. Now, there may be a bit of hope thanks to Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s newly revealed Digital Construction Platform (DCP).
The DCP comprises a double arm system that is fitted on a tracked vehicle. As the larger arm moves, the smaller, precision motor robotic arm builds the structure by shooting out the necessary construction material, ranging from insulation foam(绝缘泡沫) to concrete. The team of researchers led by Ph. D．Steven Keating say that unlike other 3-D printers that are limited to building objects that fit within their overall enclosure, DCP’s free moving systems can be used to construct structures of any size.
The team recently demonstrated the DCP’s building skills on an empty field in Mountain View, CA．The robot began by creating a mold with expanding foam that hardens when dry. It then constructed the building, layer by layer, using sensors to raise itself higher as it progressed. The final product was a sturdy “home” that had 50-foot diameter walls and a 12-foot high roof with room for essentials like electricity wires and water pipes to be inserted inside. Even more impressive? It took a mere 14 hours to “print”!
The researchers’ next plan is to make the DCP smart enough to analyze the environment where the structure is going to be built and determine the material densities best suited for the area. However, that’s not even the best part. Future DCP models are going to be solar-powered, autonomous, and, most importantly, capable of sourcing construction components from its surroundings. This means the robot can be sent to remote, disaster-stricken areas, and perhaps even to Mars, to build shelters using whatever material is available.
1．What do we learn from the first paragraph?
A．Housing pioneers on Mars is a reality.
B．Colonizing Mars is out of the question.
C．Building structures on Mars is in the testing phases.
D．Finding a liveable place on Mars is a top priority.
2．How does the DCP differ from other 3-D printers?
A．It consumes less time.
B．It comes in more different sizes.
C．It is more environmentally friendly.
D．It can build more diverse structures.
3．What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A．The successful case of the DCP. B．The working principle of the DCP.
C．The instructions of using the DCP. D．The limitation of the DCP’s function.
4．What might be the biggest highlight of future DCP ?
A．Being powered by solar.
B．Building shelters anywhere.
C．Collecting building materials on site.
D．Analyzing building material densities.
参考答案：
1．C    2．D    3．A    4．C

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)最新公布的数字建设平台(DCP)将如何解决在火星上建房子的问题的。
1．推理判断题。第一段的“While the best solution would be to have the structures ready before they get there, it has so far been a challenge given that most construction robots have never made it out of the laboratory.(虽然最好的解决方案是在结构物到达之前做好准备，但鉴于大多数建筑机器人从未走出实验室，这一直是一个挑战)”推知，在火星上建造建筑物正处于测试阶段。故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段的“...unlike other 3—D printers that are limited to building objects that fit within their overall enclosure, DCP’s free moving system can be used to construct structures of any size.(……与其他仅限于构建适合其整体外壳的物体的3D打印机不同，DCP的自由移动系统可用于构建任何尺寸的结构)”可知，与其他3D打印不同，它可以建造更多样化的房屋。故选D项。
3．主旨大意题。根据第三段的“The team recently demonstrated the DCP’s building skills on an empty field in Mountain View, CA.(该团队最近在加利福尼亚州山景城的一块空地上展示了DCP的建筑技能)”可知，本段主要介绍了DCP的成功案例。故选A项。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“most importantly, capable of sourcing construction components from its surroundings. This means the robot can be sent to remote, disaster-stricken areas, and perhaps even to Mars, to build shelters using whatever material is available.(最重要的是，能够从周边采购建筑构件。这意味着机器人可以被送到偏远的灾区，甚至火星，用任何可用的材料建造居所)”可知，未来DCP的最大亮点是可以现场收集建筑材料。故选C项。
（2022·河南·洛宁县第一高级中学高三开学考试）Climate science has been rapidly advancing in recent years, but the foundations were laid hundreds of years ago.
In the 1820s, French scientist Joseph Fourier theorized that Earth must have some way of keeping heat and that the atmosphere may play some role. In 1850, American scientist Eunice Newton Foote put thermometers(温度计)in glass bottles and experimented with placing them in sunlight. Inside the bottles, Foote compared dry air, wet air, N2, O2 and CO, and found that the bottle containing humid air warmed up more and stayed hotter longer than the bottle containing dry air,and that it was followed by the bottle containing CO2. In 1859, Irish scientist John Tyndall began measuring how much heat different gases in the atmosphere absorb. And in 1896, Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius concluded that more CO2 in the atmosphere would cause the planet to heat up: These findings planted some of the earliest seeds of climate science.
The first critical breakthrough happened in 1967 when Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald connected energy absorbed by the atmosphere to the air movement vertically over Earth.They built a model which first included all the main physical processes related to climate changes. The predictions and the explanations based on their model still hold true in the real world almost half a century later.
The model was improved in the 1980s by Klaus Hasselmann who connected short-term weather patterns with long-term climate changes. Hasselmann found that even random weather data could yield insight into broader patterns.
“ The greatest uncertainty in the model remains what human beings will do. Figuring it out is 1,000 times harder than understanding the physics behind climate changes,” Manabe said.“ There are many things we can do to prevent climate change. The whole question is whether people will realize that something which will happen in20 or 30 years is something you have to respond to now.”
So, it’s up to us to solve the problem that these pioneers helped the world understand.
5．What does the word “humid” underlined in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Cool. B．Cold. C．Dry. D．Wet.
6．What is Klaus Hasselmann’s contribution to climate science?
A．He found that CO2 causes global warming.
B．He invented a unique measuring instrument.
C．He improved Manabe and Wetherald’s model.
D．He built a reliable model on climate change.
7．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．The biggest problem with the climate model.
B．The necessity for human beings to take action now.
C．The challenge of understanding climate change.
D．Measures to be taken to prevent climate change.
8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Negative Effects of the Global Warming
B．Historic Breakthroughs in Climate Science
C．Main Causes Leading to Climate Change
D．Difficulties of Preventing Climate Change
5．D    6．C    7．B    8．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了气象科学的发展历程及不同时期的科学家所做的贡献。
5．词义猜测题。根据第二段划线词所在句子“Inside the bottles, Foote compared dry air, wet air, N2, O2 and CO, and found that the bottle containing humid air warmed up more and stayed hotter longer than the bottle containing dry air,and that it was followed by the bottle containing CO2.(在瓶子内部，Foote比较了干燥空气、潮湿空气、N2、O2和CO，发现含有humid空气的瓶子比含有干燥空气的瓶子加热得更多，保持温度的时间更长，其次是含有二氧化碳的瓶子。)”可知，该划线词与后面的dry为相对词或反义词，对两种空气的情况做对比，所以该词应该是“dry”的反义词，应该是“潮湿的/湿润的”，与 wet意思相近。故选D项。
6．细节理解题。根据第四段“The model was improved in the 1980s by Klaus Hasselmann who connected short-term weather patterns with long-term climate changes.(该模型在20世纪80年代被Klaus Hasselmann改进，他将短期天气模式与长期气候变化联系起来。)”可知，他的贡献在于改进了Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald建造的这个模型。故选C项。
7．主旨大意题。根据第五段“The greatest uncertainty in the model remains what human beings will do. Figuring it out is 1,000 times harder than understanding the physics behind climate changes,” Manabe said.“ There are many things we can do to prevent climate change. The whole question is whether people will realize that something which will happen in20 or 30 years is something you have to respond to now.”(这个模型最大的不确定性仍然是人类会做什么。弄清楚这一点比理解气候变化背后的物理原理难1000倍，”真部说。“我们可以做很多事情来防止气候变化。整个问题是，人们是否会意识到，20年或30年后会发生的事情是你现在必须应对的事情)”可知，气候模型创立者Syukuro Manabe认为，人类的行为对将来的气候影响至关重要，而人类非常有必要马上为将来的气候变化采取行动，不能任其自然。故选B项。
8．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，第一段“Climate science has been rapidly advancing in recent years, but the foundations were laid hundreds of years ago.(气候科学近年来发展迅速，但其基础早在几百年前就奠定了)”可知，几百年前人们就在研究气候，之后介绍了French scientist Joseph Fourier和Irish scientist John Tyndall的实验得出的理论，第三四段介绍了Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald建造的模型和和Klaus Hasselmann对其进行的改良，所以本文主要介绍了气象科学的发展历程及不同时期的重大突破。故选B项。
（2022·河北邯郸·高三开学考试）To effectively interact with humans in crowded social settings, such as malls, hospitals, and other public spaces, robots should be able to actively participate in both group and one-to-one interactions. Most existing robots, however, have been found to perform much better when communicating with individual users than with groups of conversing humans. Hooman Hedayati and Daniel Szafir, two researchers at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, have recently developed a new data-driven technique that could improve how robots communicate with groups of humans.
One of the reasons why many robots occasionally misbehave while participating in a group conversation is that their actions heavily rely on data collected by their sensors. Sensors, however, are prone (易于遭受) to errors, and can sometimes be disturbed by sudden movements and obstacles in the robot’s surroundings.
“If the robot’s camera is masked by an obstacle for a second, the robot might not see that person, and as a result, it ignores the user,” Hedayati explained. “Based on my experience, users find these misbehaviors disturbing. The key goal of our recent project was to help robots detect and predict the position of an undetected person within the conversational group.”
The technique developed by Hedayati and Szafir was trained on a series of existing datasets. By analyzing the positions of other speakers in a group, it can accurately predict the position of an undetected user.
In the future, the new approach could help to enhance the conversational abilities of both existing and newly developed robots. This might in turn make them easier to serve in large public spaces, including malls, hospitals, and other public places. “The next step for us will be to improve the gaze behavior of robots in a conversational group. People find robots with a better gaze behavior more intelligent. We want to improve the gaze behavior of robots and make the human-robot conversational group more enjoyable for humans.” Hedayati said.
9．What is the technique developed by Hedayati and Szafir based on?
A．Data. B．Cameras.
C．Existing robots. D．Social settings.
10．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 2?
A．The working procedure of robots.
B．The ability of robots to communicate.
C．The experience of the researchers.
D．The shortcomings of existing robots.
11．What will happen if a robot’s camera is blocked?
A．It will stop working. B．It will break down.
C．It will abuse its user. D．It will misbehave.
12．What do we know about the new data-driven technique?
A．It is considered a failure. B．It has been used in malls.
C．It gets satisfactory result. D．It only works with new robots.
9．A    10．D    11．D    12．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍研究人员正在开发一种新技术，可以使机器人在同时与很多人交流时能应付自如。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Hooman Hedayati and Daniel Szafir, two researchers at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, have recently developed a new data-driven technique that could improve how robots communicate with groups of humans. (北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校的两名研究人员胡曼·海达亚蒂和丹尼尔·扎菲尔最近开发了一种新的数据驱动技术，可以改善机器人与人类群体的交流方式)”可知，这项新技术是基于数据的。故选A项。
10．主旨大意题。根据第二段“One of the reasons why many robots occasionally misbehave while participating in a group conversation is that their actions heavily rely on data collected by their sensors. Sensors, however, are prone (易于遭受) to errors, and can sometimes be disturbed by sudden movements and obstacles in the robot’s surroundings.(许多机器人在参与群体对话时偶尔会做出错误行为的原因之一是，它们的行为严重依赖于传感器收集的数据。但是传感器容易出错，有时会被机器人周围的突然运动和障碍物干扰)”可知，第二段主要介绍了现有机器人的缺点，容易出错。故选D项。
11．细节理解题。根据第三段中“If the robot’s camera is masked by an obstacle for a second, the robot might not see that person, and as a result, it ignores the user,(如果机器人的摄像头被障碍物遮挡了一秒钟，机器人可能就看不到那个人，结果就会忽略用户)”和“Based on my experience, users find these misbehaviors disturbing. (根据我的经验，用户觉得这些不当行为令人不安)”可知，当机器人的摄像头被阻挡后，它们会做出不当的行为。故选D项。
12．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The technique developed by Hedayati and Szafir was trained on a series of existing datasets. By analyzing the positions of other speakers in a group, it can accurately predict the position of an undetected user.(Hedayati和Szafir开发的这项技术是在一系列现有的数据集上训练。通过分析一组中其他讲话者的位置，可以准确预测未被发现用户的位置)”可推知，这项技术已经得到了令人满意的结果。故选C项。
（2021·浙江湖州·高三阶段练习）Researchers say they have used brain waves of a paralyzed man who cannot speak to produce words from his thoughts onto a computer. A team led by Dr. Edward Chang at the University of California, San Francisco, carried out the experiment.
“Most of us take for granted how easily we communicate through speech,” Chang told The Associated Press. “It’s exciting to think we’re at the very beginning of a new chapter, a new field to ease the difficulties of patients who lost that ability.” The researchers admit that such communication methods for paralysis victims will require years of additional research. But, they say the new study marks an important step forward.
Today, paralysis victims who cannot speak or write have very limited ways of communicating. For example, a victim can use a pointer attached to a hat that lets him move his head to touch words or letters on a screen. Other devices can pick up a person’s eye movements. But such methods are slow and a very limited replacement for speech.
Using brain signals to work around disabilities is currently a hot field of study. Chang’s team built their experiment on earlier work. The process uses brain waves that normally control the voice system. The researchers implanted electrodes on the surface of the man’s brain, over the area that controls speech. A computer observed the patterns when he attempted to say common words such as “water” or “good.” Over time, the computer became able to differentiate between 50 words that could form more than 1,000 sentences. Repeatedly given questions such as “How are you today?” or “Are you thirsty,” the device enabled the man to answer “I am very good” or “No, I am not thirsty.” The words were not voiced, but were turned into text on the computer.
In an opinion article published with the study, Harvard brain doctors Leigh Hochberg and Sydney Cash called the work a “pioneering study.” The two doctors said the technology might one day help people with injuries, strokes or diseases like Lou Gehrig’s. People with such diseases have brains that “prepare messages for delivery, but those messages are trapped,” they wrote.
13．How is the new method different from the current ones?
A．It involves a patient’s brain waves.
B．It can pick up a patient’s eye movements.
C．It is a very limited replacement for speech.
D．It can help a patient regain his speech ability.
14．What does the underlined word “differentiate” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Organize. B．Learn. C．Distinguish. D．Speak.
15．What was Leigh Hochberg and Sydney Cash’s attitude towards the study?
A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Doubtful. D．Critical.
16．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Researchers Found Good Methods to Help Paralyzed Patients
B．Device Uses Brain Waves of Paralyzed Man to Help Him Communicate
C．Years of Additional Work Needed to Improve the Communication Methods
D．Device Uses Brain Waves of Paralyzed Man to Cure His Speaking Disability
13．A    14．C    15．A    16．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述研究人员利用瘫痪者的脑电波，将他的想法转化成语言并呈现到计算机上。
13．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Using brain signals to work around disabilities is currently a hot field of study. Chang’s team built their experiment on earlier work. The process uses brain waves that normally control the voice system. (利用大脑信号解决残疾问题是目前研究的一个热点领域。Chang的团队在早期工作的基础上进行了实验。该过程使用通常控制语音系统的脑电波)”可知，新研究的方式主要是利用控制语音系统的脑波。故选A项。
14．词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“A computer observed the patterns when he attempted to say common words such as ‘water’or ‘good.’ Over time, the computer became able to differentiate between 50 words that could form more than 1,000 sentences.(当他试图说出诸如“水”或“好”之类的常用词时，计算机观察到了这些模式。随着时间的推移，计算机能够differentiate50个单词，这些单词可以组成1000多个句子)”推知，计算机通过观察后，能够区分受试者“说”的50个单词。由此可知，划线词 differentiate 意应为“区分，分辨”，和distinguish同义。故选C项。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“In an opinion article published with the study, Harvard brain doctors Leigh Hochberg and Sydney Cash called the work a ‘pioneering study.’  The two doctors said the technology might one day help people with injuries, strokes or diseases like Lou Gehrig’s.(在该研究发表的一篇评论文章中，哈佛脑科医生LeighHochberg和SydneyCash称这项研究为“开创性研究”。这两位医生说，这项技术有一天可能会帮助那些受伤、中风或像卢·格里格这样的疾病的患者)”以及上文可知，两位医生称这项工作是“开创性的研究”，并认为这项技术有一天可能会帮助受伤、中风或肌肉渐冻症等疾病的人，因此推断出他们对这项技术是支持的。故选A项。
16．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Researchers say they have used brain waves of a paralyzed man who cannot speak to produce words from his thoughts onto a computer. A team led by Dr. Edward Chang at the University of California, San Francisco, carried out the experiment.(研究人员说，他们利用一名不能说话的瘫痪男子的脑电波将他的想法输入计算机。旧金山加利福尼亚大学的张博士领导的一个团队进行了这项实验)”以及后文可知，文章主要讲研究人员利用瘫痪者的脑电波来帮助患者进行交流。B项Device Uses Brain Waves of Paralyzed Man to Help Him Communicate(设备使用瘫痪男子的脑电波帮助他交流)适合做文章标题。故选B项。
（2022·安徽·高三开学考试）When people think of farming today, they usually picture a tractor (拖拉机) rather than horses in the farmland. That’s because tractors that relied on engines revolutionized farming in the late 1800s. Now a new type of tractor can do the same in the 21st century.
Agriculture has been changing dramatically in the last few decades. The push for innovation is fed by the need to produce larger amounts of food for a growing world population. Autonomous tractors may be the key to solving this challenge. They can be used to carry out labor-intensive farming while allowing farmers to do other work. A big plus is that it can increase crop output while reducing costs because the autonomous machines can work in all weather conditions without any rest.
Part of push for automation is a shortage of farm workers due to people’s desire to have higher paying jobs with better work conditions. Farm owners are competing against companies like Amazon and restaurants that are raising wages to attract workers. “With labor shortages and the increase in the hourly wages that have to be paid in order to be competitive, all of a sudden automation seems like a more reasonable decision,” said David Swartz, a professor at Penn State University.
Many believe the time is ripe for an autonomous revolution because robotics is already in use in agriculture. One company that is working to bring autonomous tractors into main stream farming is Blue and White Robotics, an Israeli agricultural technology company, whose mission is to make a fully autonomous farm. The company released an autonomous tractor kit in February 2021 that can be fixed on any existing tractor. The kit includes camera detection, speed controls, as well as an anti-crash system. Blue and White’s kit is being used by West Coast growers in the US. It may soon come to a farm near you.
17．What contributes to the agricultural revolution according to Paragraph 2?
A．The urge to feed more people. B．The extreme weather conditions.
C．The need to reduce farming cost. D．The desire for automatic farming.
18．What is Swartz’s attitude to automation?
A．Critical. B．Negative. C．Supportive. D．Indifferent.
19．What can be inferred about Blue and White’s kit?
A．It has been widely used. B．It can be made in many firms.
C．It can improve safety of tractors. D．It will detect the way of farming.
20．What may be a suitable title for the text?
A．Automation Is Transforming Agriculture B．Big Companies Are Making A Difference
C．Driverless Tractors Are Worth Investing D．Traditional Farming Is Falling out of Date
17．A    18．C    19．C    20．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述自动化在农业中的应用，并改变了农业。
17．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Agriculture has been changing dramatically in the last few decades. The push for innovation is fed by the need to produce larger amounts of food for a growing world population.(在过去的几十年中，农业发生了巨大的变化。为不断增长的世界人口生产更多粮食的需求推动了创新。)”可推断，因为世界人口的增长，需要生产更多的粮食来养活更多的人，这促成了农业革命。故选A。
18．推理判断题。根据文章第三段““With labor shortages and the increase in the hourly wages that have to be paid in order to be competitive, all of a sudden automation seems like a more reasonable decision,” said David Swartz, a professor at Penn State University.(宾夕法尼亚州立大学教授David Swartz说，“随着劳动力短缺，以及为了保持竞争力而不得不支付的时薪上涨，突然之间，自动化似乎成了一个更合理的决定。”)”可知，David Swartz认为自动化是合理的决定，所以推断David Swartz支持自动化。故选C。
19．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The company released an autonomous tractor kit in February 2021 that can be fixed on any existing tractor. The kit includes camera detection, speed controls, as well as an anti-crash system. (该公司在2021年2月发布了一款自动拖拉机套件，可以安装在任何现有的拖拉机上。这套装备包括摄像头检测、速度控制以及防碰撞系统。)”可知，Blue and White’s kit包含侦测摄像头、速度控制以及防撞系统，由此推断Blue and White’s kit能够提高拖拉机的安全性。故选C。
20．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Agriculture has been changing dramatically in the last few decades.(在过去的几十年中，农业发生了巨大的变化。)”及第三段““With labor shortages and the increase in the hourly wages that have to be paid in order to be competitive, all of a sudden automation seems like a more reasonable decision,” said David Swartz, a professor at Penn State University.(宾夕法尼亚州立大学教授David Swartz说，“随着劳动力短缺，以及为了保持竞争力而不得不支付的时薪上涨，突然之间，自动化似乎成了一个更合理的决定。”)”可知，自动化正应用在农业中，并改变农业。所以文章的标题应是“Automation Is Transforming Agriculture(自动化正在改变农业)”。故选A。