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2022-2023学年上海市大同中学高三上学期期中考试英语试卷（解析版）
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这是一份2022-2023学年上海市大同中学高三上学期期中考试英语试卷（解析版），共24页。试卷主要包含了 held， fall##falling， t keep 5， With##At， while， A 16， F 20等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2022-2023学年上海市大同中学高三上学期期中考试英语试卷
II.Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Japan’s Seniors Discover New Way to Stay Young: Competitive Video-gaming
Sixty-six-year-old Atsuko Oyama shares a goal ____1____(hold) by many people a half-century younger. She wants to get 100 kills in the first-person shooter video-game “Apex Legends.”
E-sports promoters who have seen Japan ____2____(fall) behind powerhouses such as the U. S. in video-game competitions think the senior market ____3____ be the way to catch up. And if the over-65 set feels a little more energized after winning over a few rival warriors, so much the better.
Japan is the world’s oldest nation, and its efforts to boost the size of its younger population have been mostly unsuccessful. It is, however, at the forefront of initiatives ____4____ (keep) old people thinking younger.
Ms. Oyama, ____5____ player name is Mama, tried out for the team known as the Matagi Snipers after her daughter saw an ad asking for players. She now practices a couple of hours a day at home, sometimes going to acupuncture(针灸)to take care of her tired neck.
The Matagi Snipers, named for a traditional group of bear hunters in northern Japan, ____6____ (practice) since September at their home base in northern Akita prefecture.
____7____ an average age of 68, the 14-person team hopes eventually to compete in professional tournaments in first-person shooter titles such as “Apex Legends,” from Electronic Arts Inc., and Epic Games Inc.’s “Fortnite.”
Before they can gun for prize money or monetize YouTube page views, they need to heed the guidance of coach Yoshito “Lemon” Suda, 28. Some members, to his surprise, didn’t know ____8____ to use a computer, let alone play a video-game.
“For the first month, it was more like a gathering of some good friends,” Mr. Suda said. “I had to give them a pep talk and tell them, ‘You’re not here for that. You’re going to be professional.’”
The members took it to heart, he said, and now he sees some online playing at midnight.
Mr. Suda begins each practice session with a lecture. After the lecture, it was time to play. Masashi “K” Shinoda, 69, was having a hard time ____9____(sense) the presence of enemies.
Coach Lemon motivates his team by telling them age is an advantage. “There is a huge difference in social experience between people who have lived only 20 years versus 60 years,” he said. Younger players tend to be more violent ____10____ older players can communicate better and lean on teamwork.
【答案】1. held
2. fall##falling
3. might##may##could##can
4. to keep 5. whose
6. have been practicing
7. With##At
8. how 9. sensing
10. while
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了日本老年人发现了保持年轻的新方法：竞争性视频游戏。
【1题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：66岁的Atsuko Oyama和许多比他年轻半个世纪的人有着相同的目标。设空处在句中作非谓语，和句子的逻辑主语goal之间是逻辑被动关系，应用动词的过去分词的形式作后置定语。故填held。
【2题详解】
考查非谓语动词作补语。句意：看到日本在电子游戏竞赛中落后于美国等强国的电子竞技推广者认为，老年市场可能是追赶之路。设空处在句中为非谓语，固定短语see sb do/doing sth看见某人做过或者正在做某事，省略to的不定式或者现在分词作宾补。故填fall或者falling。
【3题详解】
考查情态动词。句意见上题解析。设空处表示“可能”应为might或者may或者could或者can。故填might或者may或者could或者can。
【4题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，它是让老年人保持年轻思维的前沿举措。设空处在句中为非谓语动词作表语，表示目的，应用动词不定式的形式。故填to keep。
【5题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：大山女士的玩家名叫Mama，在她的女儿看到一个招募球员的广告后，她参加了名为“Matagi狙击手”(Matagi sniper)的球队的选拔。设空处引导定语从句且在从句中定语，先行词为Ms. Oyama，应用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。
【6题详解】
考查谓语动词。句意：Matagi狙击手以日本北部一个传统猎熊团体的名字命名，自去年9月以来，他们一直在位于秋田县北部的基地练习。设空处在句中作谓语，根据时间状语since September和语境，可知表示从过去一直持续到现在并且一直在进行的动作，应用现在完成进行时，主语为the Matagi Snipers(Matagi狙击手)，结合主谓一致。故填have been practicing。
【7题详解】
考查介词。句意：这个平均年龄68岁的14人团队希望最终能参加第一人称射击游戏的职业锦标赛，如“Apex Legends”。固定短语with/at an average age of…平均年龄为……。故填With或者At。
【8题详解】
考查疑问副词。句意：令他惊讶的是，一些成员并不知道怎么用电脑，更别说玩电子游戏了。分析句子的结构可知，此处为“特殊疑问词+不定式”结构作宾语，表示“如何，怎么”应用how。故填how。
【9题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：69岁的Shinoda Masashi “K”很难感觉到敌人的存在。设空处在句中作非谓语，固定短语have a hard time (in) doing sth做某事有困难。故填sensing。
【10题详解】
考查连词。句意：年轻的玩家往往更暴力，而年长的玩家可以更好地沟通，依靠团队合作。根据上句“younger players (年轻球员)”和后句的“older players (老球员)”表示对比，应用连词while而，然而(表示对比)。故填while。
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. exploring B. recognizing C. visionary D. specialized E. reference
F. generated K. distinguishing G. relative H. equivalent I. traced J. functioning
Nobel Prize Awarded to Svante Paabo for Discoveries in Evolution
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded Monday to Sweden-born geneticist Svante Paabo, ___11___ him for discoveries related to the genomes of extinct human groups that shed light on the genetic characteristics unique to present-day humans. The committee said Dr. Paabo, whose father was also a Nobel laureate, overcame challenges in recovering and analyzing ancient DNA to sequence the genome of the Neanderthal(尼安德特人). He also discovered a previously unknown human ___12___, called the Denisova.
Sequencing the genomes of extinct hominins -- a grouping of humans that includes present-day people, or Homo sapiens, as well as close relatives such as Neanderthals who died out millennia ago -- provided a crucial ___13___ point for scientists in understanding the genetic divergence(趋异)that makes Homo sapiens unique, the committee said. Dr. Paabo’s work laid the foundations for a new field of science known as paleo-genomics, or the use of genetic analysis to shed light on human evolution.
“By revealing genetic differences ___14___ all living humans from extinct hominins(古人类), his discoveries provide the basis for ___15___ what makes us uniquely human,” said the Nobel committee. “He’s a true ___16___ and this is very well-deserved,” said Ed Green, a professor of bio-molecular engineering at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Dr. Paabo’s discoveries also laid the groundwork for research on how ancient gene sequences from extinct relatives influence the ___17___ of present-day humans. One example is a gene common among present-day Tibetans that makes those people better adapted to life at high altitude. It can be ___18___ to the Denisovan genome.
The Nobel committee said Dr. Paabo’s discoveries ___19___ a new understanding of human evolutionary history, showing that when Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa, at least two other distinct human populations inhabited Eurasia: Neanderthals in the western part and Denisovans in the east. Homo sapiens encountered and interbred with both.
Dr. Paabo wins a prize of 10 million Swedish kroner, the ___20___
【答案】11. B 12. G
13. E 14. K
15. A 16. C
17. J 18. I
19. F 20. H
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了瑞典出生的遗传学家Svante Paabo获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，以及他的发现对生物学的意义。
【11题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：周一，瑞典出生的遗传学家Svante Paabo获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，表彰他对已灭绝人类群体基因组的相关发现，揭示了当今人类独有的遗传特征。结合句意表达“因……而奖励某人”用recognize sb. for sth.，句中已有谓语动词was rewarded，因此空处作状语，recognize和逻辑主语The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine之间是主动关系，应用现在分词。故选B。
【12题详解】
考查名词。句意：他还发现了一个以前不为人知的人类亲戚，叫做丹尼索瓦人。根据冠词a和discovered可知，空处应填名词单数形式作宾语，根据下文“the Denisova”可知是指人类的近亲，relative“亲戚”符合题意。故选G。
【13题详解】
考查名词。句意：委员会表示，对已灭绝的人（包括现代人或智人，以及数千年前灭绝的尼安德特人等近亲）的基因组进行测序，为科学家理解使智人独特的基因差异提供了关键参考点。根据下文“for scientists in understanding the genetic divergence(趋异)that makes Homo sapiens unique,”可知，他的发现极具参考价值，a crucial reference piont“关键参考点”符合题意，名词reference作定语。故选E。
【14题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：诺贝尔委员会表示:“通过揭示所有现存人类与灭绝的古人类之间的基因差异，他的发现为探索是什么使我们成为独一无二的人类提供了基础。”根据下文“iving humans from extinct hominins”可知，是区别现存人类和灭绝古人类的差异，动词distinguish符合题意，此处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，和逻辑主语differences之间是主动关系，应用现在分词。故选K。
15题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意同上。根据“what makes us uniquely human”可知，此处指探索是什么让我们成为独一无二的人类，动词explore符合题意，位于介词for，应用其动名词形式。故选A。
【16题详解】
考查名词。句意：“他是一个真正的有远见的人，这是当之无愧的，”加州大学圣克鲁斯分校生物分子工程教授埃德·格林说。根据冠词a可知，空处应填单数名词作表语，结合句意表示“有远见的人”用visionary。故选C。
【17题详解】
考查动名词。句意：Paabo博士的发现也为研究来自已灭绝亲属的古老基因序列如何影响现代人类的功能奠定了基础。根据下文“One example is a gene common among present-day Tibetans that makes those people better adapted to life at high altitude.”可知，此处是指如何影响现代人类的正常运行，动词function符合题意，此处应用其动名词形式作宾语。故选J。
【18题详解】
考查动词和语态。句意：它可以追溯到丹尼索瓦人的基因组。根据上文“One example is a gene common among present-day Tibetans that makes those people better adapted to life at high altitude.”可知，此处是指藏族人能够适应高海拔的情况可以追溯倒丹尼索瓦人，动词trace符合题意，和主语it为被动关系，故用过去分词和can be构成被动语态。故选I。
【19题详解】
考查动词和时态。句意：诺贝尔委员会表示，帕博博士的发现对人类进化史产生了新的理解，表明当智人从非洲迁移出去时，欧亚大陆上至少还有两个不同的人类群体：西部的尼安德特人和东部的丹尼索瓦人。空处为宾语从句的谓语动词，根据“a new understanding of human evolutionary history”可知，是他的发现引起了对人类进化史的新理解，动词generate符合题意，主语为一般过去时，从句陈述事实，也应用一般过去时。故选F。
【20题详解】
考查名词。句意：帕博博士获得了相当于1000万瑞典克朗的奖金。结合句意，此处是指Paabo获得的奖金兑换成瑞典克朗是1000万，即1000万瑞典克朗的等价物，名词equivalent符合题意。故选H。
III.Reading Comprehensions
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
It’s late in the evening: time to close the book and turn off the computer. You’re done for the day. What you may not realize, ___21___, is that the learning process actually continues - in your dreams.
It might sound like science fiction, but researchers are increasingly ___22___ the relationship between the knowledge and skills our brains absorb during the day and the fragmented, often bizarre imaginings they ___23___ at night. Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we’ve learned is associated with ___24___ performance in that activity (suggesting that there’s some truth to the popular notion that we’re “getting” a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it). What’s more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and ___25___ what we learn. While we sleep, research indicates, the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during ___26___ hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural virtual reality. A vivid example of such ___27___ can be seen in a video researchers made recently about sleep disorders. They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking, in which the sleeper performs the kind of physical movement that does not ___28___ occur during sleep. They then videotaped the ___29___ as they slept. Lying in bed, eyes closed, one female patient on the tape _____30_____ the dance moves she learned earlier.
This shows that while our bodies are _____31_____, our brains are drawing what’s important from the information and events we’ve recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast _____32_____ of what we already know.
In a 2010 study, researchers at Harvard Medical School reported that college students who dreamed about a computer maze(迷宫)task they had learned showed a 10-fold improvement in their _____33_____ to find their way through the maze compared with the participants who did not dream about the task.
Robert Stick-gold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime or taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the _____34_____ of dreaming about the material. Think about that as your head _____35_____ the pillow tonight.
21. A. therefore B. otherwise C. instead D. however
22. A. focusing on B. experimenting with C. building up D. inquiring about
23. A. conceal B. generate C. dissolve D. remove
24. A. worsened B. measured C. improved D. affected
25. A. maintaining B. comprehending C. questioning D. sharing
26. A. working B. sleeping C. opening D. waking
27. A. replay B. pattern C. reality D. experience
28. A. normally B. especially C. infrequently D. possibly
29. A. researchers B. subjects C. psychologists D. walkers
30. A. reflected on B. forgot about C. engaged in D. referred to
31. A. in peace B. at rest C. in operation D. at work
32. A. store B. majority C. range D. collection
33. A. willingness B. ability C. desire D. tendency
34. A. benefits B. risks C. difficulties D. potential
35. A. hits B. imagines C. leaves D. punches
【答案】21. D 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. D 27. A 28. A 29. B 30. C 31. B 32. A 33. B 34. D 35. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过讲述一项研究阐述了做梦如何让你的学习效果得到改善。
【21题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，你可能没有意识到的是，学习过程实际上在你的梦中继续。A. therefore因此；B. otherwise否则；C. instead代替，反而；D. however然而。根据前文“What you may not realize”可知此处是表示转折意义。故选D项。
【22题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：这听起来可能像科幻小说，但研究人员越来越关注我们大脑白天吸收的知识和技能与晚上产生的通常奇怪的想象之间的关系。A. focusing on专注于；B. experimenting with做实验；C. building up建立；D. inquiring about询问。根据下文“Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we’ve learned is associated with ___4___ performance in that activity”以及“What’s more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding”可知研究人员对这二者之间的关系是极其“关注”的。故选A项。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意同上题。A. conceal隐藏；B. generate产生；C. dissolve溶解；D. remove去除。根据上文“fragmented, often bizarre imaginings”可知这些imaginings 是在晚上做梦的时候产生的。故选B项。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：科学家们发现，梦到我们所学的任务与提高该活动的表现有关(这表明，当我们开始做外语梦时，我们正在“学习”外语这一流行观点是有一定道理的)。A. worsened恶化；B. measured测量；C. improved改进；D. affected影响。根据下文的“suggesting that there’s some truth to the popular notion that we’re “getting” a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it”可知做梦都在学习外语， 说明是要“提高”在外语学习上的表现。故选C项。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：更重要的是，做梦可能是理解、组织和保留我们所学知识的重要部分。A. maintaining维护；B. comprehending理解；C. questioning询问；D. sharing共享。根据下文“While we sleep, research indicates, the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during ___6__ hours”可知做梦对加深记忆，保留所学知识是有用的。故选A项。
【26题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，当我们睡觉的时候，大脑会回放清醒时所经历的活动模式，从而让我们进入心理学家所说的神经系统(神经的)虚拟现实。A. working工作；B. sleeping休眠；C. opening开；D. waking苏醒。根据前文的“activity it experienced”可知这些活动是人们在清醒的时候经历的。故选D项。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员最近制作的一段关于睡眠障碍的视频中可以看到这种回放的生动例子。A. replay回放；B. pattern模式；C. reality现实；D. experience经验。根据前文的“the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced”可知replay原词再现。故选A项。
【28题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们向一群患有梦游症的患者教授了一系列舞蹈动作，其中睡眠者进行了通常在睡眠中不会发生的身体动作。A. normally正常地；B. especially特别地；C. infrequently不经常地；D. possibly可能地。根据前文“They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking”可知这些舞蹈动作是新教授的， 这些梦游者之前是没有出现这种动作。故选A项。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然后，他们拍摄了受试者睡觉时的视频。A. researchers研究人员；B. subjects主语，主题，接受试验者；C. psychologists心理学家；D. walkers步行者。根据前文“a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking”可知此处拍摄的是参加试验的人。故选B项。
【30题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：躺在床上，闭着眼睛，录像带上的一名女性患者做了她之前学过的舞蹈动作。A. reflected on反思；B. forgot about忘记；C. engaged in从事，参与，做；D. referred to参考，提到。根据下文“the dance moves she learned earlier.”可知这位女性在睡梦中又做了白天教授的舞蹈动作。故选C项。
【31题详解】
考查介词词义辨析。句意：这表明当我们的身体休息时，我们的大脑正在从我们最近遇到的信息和事件中提取什么是重要的，然后将这些数据整合到我们已经知道的大量存储中，也许可以解释为什么梦是新鲜体验和旧记忆的奇怪混合。A. in peace和平的；B. at rest静止；C. in operation操作；D. at work工作。此处指的是我们的身体“在休息时”。故选B项。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意同上题。A. store存储；B. majority多数；C. range范围；D. collection收集。根据下文“what we already know”可知是已经存储的知识。故选A项。
【33题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：与没有梦到过电脑迷宫任务的大学生相比，梦见过电脑迷宫的大学生在迷宫中找到出路的能力提高了10倍。A. willingness意愿；B. ability能力；C. desire欲望；D. tendency趋势。“在迷宫中找到出路”是能力的体现。故选B项。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在睡前学习或在下午学习后小睡一会，可能会增加梦到这些材料的可能性。A. benefits利益；B. risks风险；C. difficulties困难；D. potential潜力。睡前学习或在下午学习后小睡有助于记忆的牢固，有助于“replay”这些材料的产生故选D项。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：今晚你的头碰到枕头上时，想一想这些吧。A. hits打；B. imagines想象；C. leaves离开；D. punches拳打。根据常识，睡觉时要把头放枕头上。故选A项。
Section B
Directions: Read the following two passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂
Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂
36. What can we learn about the worms in the study?
A. They take plastics as their everyday food.
B. They are newly evolved creatures.
C. They can consume plastics.
D. They wind up in landfills.
37. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .
A. identify other means of the breakdown
B. find out the source of the enzyme
C. confirm the research findings
D. increase the breakdown speed
38. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A. help to raise worms
B. help make plastic bags
C. be used to clean the oceans
D. be produced in factories in future
39. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To explain a study method on worms.
B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.
C. To present a way to break down plastics.
D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
【答案】36. C 37. B 38. D 39. C
【解析】
【分析】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic.可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选C。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。故选B。
【38题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂可以推断出，Bertocchini希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。
【39题详解】
写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.可知，有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂可知，Bertocchini希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选C。
点睛：根据不同文体，推断目的意图。不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的，通常作者的写作目的有以下三种：1) to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑），常见于故事类的文章。2) to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点），常见于广告类的文章。3) to inform readers（告知读者某些信息），多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章。阅读时要善于根据文章的文体来学会推断作者的情感态度和目的。本题的最后一题为写作意图题。文章为说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究发现---蠕虫可以分解塑料。因此可以推着写作意图是告知、告诉读者一种新的分解塑料的方法。
(B)
“Buffalo, buffalo, Buffalo, buffalo, buffalo, buffalo, Buffalo, buffalo’’ is a real sentence.
How?
Let's break it down, starting with simple phrase.
Monkeys from Pisa bully deer from London.
Ok, admittedly, it's an impossible scenario, but it is a grammatically fine sentence. In English, we can use place names as adjective, so let's shorten the sentence a little.
Pisa monkeys bully London deer.
Now we'll throw in some giraffes from Paris to even the score with those mean monkeys.
Pisa monkeys, whom Paris giraffes intimidate, bully London deer.
English is peculiar in that you can omit relative pronouns, e.g., “ the person whom I love’’ can be expressed as ‘’the the person I love.’’ Let’s do that to this sentence.
Pisa monkeys Paris giraffes intimidate bully London deer.
This kind of pronoun removal can be a little more dedicate to grasp when written than when spoken. Saying the above sentence with pauses after monkeys and intimidate can help. Now we need to replace both of the verbs, intimidate and bully, with their (admittedly uncommon) synonym, buffalo.
Pisa monkeys Paris giraffes buffalo buffalo London deer.
Again, pauses help keep the meaning in mind: Put a pause after monkeys and the first buffalo. Now we'll replace all the worldwide place names with the second-largest city in New York State, Buffalo.(That’s Buffalo’s tallest building, One Seneca Tower, below.)
Buffalo monkeys Buffalo giraffes buffalo buffalo Buffalo deer.
You can probably guess what the next step is. But before we replace all the animals with the common name for the American bison, note how the capital letters in the above sentence help you keep the place names separate from the other usages of the word. Ok, here goes:
Buffalo, buffalo, Buffalo, buffalo, buffalo, buffalo, Buffalo, buffalo.
One last thing to note: This exceptional sentence is possible because the plural of the animal buffalo is buffalo, not buffalos, otherwise all the words wouldn’t be identical.
40. How should we read the following sentence with proper pauses?
A. Buffalo buffalo Buffalo / buffalo buffalo /buffalo Buffalo buffalo.
B. Buffalo Buffalo /Buffalo buffalo buffalo / buffalo Buffalo buffalo.
C. Buffalo buffalo Buffalo / buffalo buffalo buffalo / Buffalo buffalo.
D. Buffalo buffalo /Buffalo buffalo / buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo.
41. What’s the key element to make this sentence possible?
A. The relative pronouns in English can be omitted.
B. In English, place names can be used as adjectives.
C. The city has the same name with a kind of American bison.
D. The word buffalo has the same form of singular and plural.
42. Where can you probably find this article?
A. Wandering the Earth
B. Linguistics Around Us
C. Popular Animal Science
D. Collins English Grammar
【答案】40. C 41. D 42. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要以一句话为例，说明了语言学中句子组成和拆分的规律。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第五段第一句Again, pauses help keep the meaning in mind: Put a pause after monkeys and the first buffalo.（再一次，停顿有助于记住意思:在猴子和第一只水牛之后停顿。）和第六段首句Saying the above sentence with pauses after monkeys and intimidate can help. Now we need to replace both of the verbs, intimidate and bully, with their (admittedly uncommon) synonym, buffalo.（说上面这句话时，加上猴子和恐吓之后的停顿会有所帮助。现在，我们需要把恐吓和恶霸这两个动词都换成它们的同义词水牛(确实不常见)。）可知说明前面第三个词后停顿一下，接着第六个词后需要停顿一下，故答案为C。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句One last thing to note: This exceptional sentence is possible because the plural of the animal buffalo is buffalo, not buffalos, otherwise all the words wouldn’t be identical.（最后要注意的是:这个特殊的句子是可能的，因为单词buffalo的复数是buffalo，而不是buffalos，否则所有的单词就不一样了。）可知使这个句子成为可能的关键因素是名词buffalo的单复数是一致的。故选D。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段Let's break it down, starting with simple phrase.（让我们从简单的短语开始。）以及第四段中In English, we can use place names as adjective, so let's shorten the sentence a little.（在英语中，我们可以用地名作形容词，所以让我们把句子缩短一点。）等表明主要研究语言学中句子组成和拆分的规律，可知文章最有可能在Linguistics Around Us中找到，故答案为B。
【点睛】文章出处类推理判断题。做这类题重要的是要抓住文章的内容或结构特征，这是推理判断的前提和基础。如报纸，前面会出现日期、地点、通讯社名称等；广告，其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明、器皿设备的使用说明有产品名称或操作方法，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数和药量等。如第三小题，根据第三段Let's break it down, starting with simple phrase.（让我们从简单的短语开始。）以及第四段中In English, we can use place names as adjective, so let's shorten the sentence a little.（在英语中，我们可以用地名作形容词，所以让我们把句子缩短一点。）等表明主要研究语言学中句子组成和拆分的规律，可知文章最有可能在Linguistics Around Us中找到，故答案为B。
(C)
Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers responsible for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making not only by banks but also by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.
“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the strawberries out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient(短期的) investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hold back a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been called “quarterly capitalism”.
In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities( 股 票 ), quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be an advantage of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.
In the US the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to delay performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.
Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure(披露) of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.
Within companies, the right compensation design can provide motivation for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all shareholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
43. According to Paragraph 1 one reason for imposing the new rule is the _______.
A. enhance banker’s sense of responsibility
B. help corporations achieve larger profits
C. build a new system of financial regulation
D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives
44. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be _______.
A. indirect B. negative
C. favorable D. temporary
45. The US and France examples in paragraphs 5 and 6 are used to illustrate_______.
A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.
B. the significance of long-term thinking.
C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”
D. the popularity of short-term thinking.
46. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue
C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
【答案】43. A 44. B 45. C 46. B
【解析】
【分析】本文为新闻报道。英国金融法规实施了一条不寻常的规定，让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任。所有的公司都要做出“长期”投资，为子孙后代建设更强的经济。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据题干关键词Paragraph 1和one motive in imposing the new rule定位到第一段第三句The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers responsible for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution.这项“clawback”规则的主要目的是让银行家为有害的风险承担责任，并修复公众对金融机构的信任。由此可知，实施新规则的原因是强化银行家的责任感。分析选项：选项A的enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility（增强银行家的责任感）符合题意。干扰项B项help corporations achieve larger profits（帮助公司获得更大的利润）并未提及，是常识性干扰。选项C的build a new system of financial regulation（建立新的金融监管体系）原文并未提及，属于无中生有；选项D的guarantee the bonuses of top executives（保证高层管理人员的奖金）与原文提到的any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years（任何有保证的高管奖金都可能推迟10年），与表述相反，是错误的。综合可知，选A。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据题干关键词the influence of transient investment on public companies定位到原文第三段第二句Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. 短暂的投资者，要求公司季度利润高会妨碍公司投资于长期研究或建立客户忠诚度的努力，因此可知“短期投资”的影响是不好的，分析选项B中的“negative”意思是“负面的，消极的”，与原文中的“hinder(阻碍，打扰)”是一致的。因此B符合题意，故选B。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据题干关键词US and France examples定位到原文五、六段，第五段为美国的例子（美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高管绩效津贴，继而促进缓解“短期主义”盛行的现状）和第六段以法国为促进“长期主义”投资采取的方法（法国持股两年以上者拥有更大的选票权）。第六段首句承前启后过渡到Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism”(促进“长期主义”投资还有很多方法)。由此可推断出第五和第六段中以美法为例来说明促进“长期主义”投资的方法。故选C。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章围绕西方国家的金融行业的“短期主义”投资和“长期主义”投资展开，第一段由一项限制高管津贴措施引出话题：促进金融投资的“长期主义的规划”。第二段介绍目前英国“短期主义”投资占主流，是没有耐心（impatience）。第三段介绍“短期主义”的弊端，第四段介绍美国现阶段的“短期主义”投资的愈发盛行。第五段和第六段举例美国缓解“短期主义”投资、法国为促进“长期主义”投资采取的措施，尾段再次呼应首段：点明英国新政府提醒银行家们注重“长期主义”投资，长期的投资需要耐心（patience）。由此可知“耐心是公司的美德”为短文最佳标题。分析选项，可知B选项Patience对应原文形容short temisim（没耐心impatience）和 long temisim(有耐心patience)。而corporate原文多次出现，为本文的关键词，符合最佳选项。而其余三项都不能概括全文，可排除，只有B选项正确，故选B。
Section C
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
How Chinese philosophy can help you parent
It is the question I am most often asked at the playground when other parents find out I am a professor of ancient Chinese philosophy: ‘Does Chinese philosophy influence your parenting?’ It’s a fun question to answer, because becoming a parent led me to look very differently at the texts I translate and teach._____47_____ They guide and challenge me as a mother on a daily basis, but in ways that depart dramatically from what my culture and society tells me.
All of us want our children to be successful, partly because we love them and want them to be happy. But it is easy to mistakenly equate ‘success’ with certain kinds of academic or athletic achievements. Of course, one can define success in this way; these are widely and uncritically accepted as indicators of success in our society today. _____48_____ A successful life-a life well lived-is one in which a person flourishes: they are happy, fulfilled, and find meaning in what they do and who they are. This type of fulfillment, they argue, comes not from participating in the ‘right’ activities, attending prestigious schools or having earning power. _____49_____
The teachings of the most well-known and beloved philosophers from the Confucian and Daoist traditions late to the 3rd and 4th centuries BCE. They lived in a difficult time in Chinese society - a time of growing political instability, which eventually erupted into warfare and violence - but they disagreed on the source of the problem and how to fix it. Confucians have a lot of active, hands-on ways to help children grow, such as participating in rituals and traditions, while the Daoists recommend simpler activities, such as exploring and savoring the beauty of nature._____50_____
Parenting is messy. It is not simple or straightforward but complex and difficult. There are no magic solutions that make things easy or smooth. Most of us will need to piece together different approaches in order to find something that works well and feels right in different situations, for different children, and at different times in a child’s life.
A. Parenting is tough, especially because there isn’t a one-size-fits all approach.
B. Rather, it comes from loving and being loved by others within the context of meaningful, lasting relationships and giving generously of what you have to others.
C. I find that there are many lessons that are useful, accessible and timely when applied to the challenges of parenting.
D. But ancient Chinese philosophers believed that real success is not measured by prestige fame, money or power.
E. Their diverse views on living a good life are precisely what makes Chinese philosophy such a great resource for parents.
F. Here are a few of the suggestions that ancient Chinese philosophers have for us.
【答案】47. C 48. D 49. B 50. E
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了中国哲学如何帮助你做父母。
【47题详解】
根据上句“It’s a fun question to answer, because becoming a parent led me to look very differently at the texts I translate and teach.(这是一个很有趣的问题，因为为人父母后，我对自己翻译和教授的文本有了不同的看法)”可知，后文应为作者自己的看法。C项：I find that there are many lessons that are useful, accessible and timely when applied to the challenges of parenting(我发现，当应用到养育孩子的挑战时，有许多经验教训是有用的、可获取的和及时的)承接上句，说明自己的看法。故选C。
【48题详解】
上句“But it is easy to mistakenly equate ‘success’ with certain kinds of academic or athletic achievements. Of course, one can define success in this way; these are widely and uncritically accepted as indicators of success in our society today. (但人们很容易错误地将“成功”与某些学术或体育成就等同起来。当然，我们可以这样定义成功；在当今社会，这些被广泛而不加批判地认为是成功的标志)”提出将“成功”与某些学术或体育成就等同起来是错误的认知，所以后文应讲述正确的认知是什么，D项：But ancient Chinese philosophers believed that real success is not measured by prestige, fame, money or power(但中国古代哲学家认为，真正的成功不是用声望、名望、金钱或权力来衡量的)提出了古代哲学家对成功的认识，上下文语意连贯。故选D。
【49题详解】
根据上句“This type of fulfillment, they argue, comes not from participating in the ‘right’ activities, attending prestigious schools or having earning power (他们认为，这种满足感不是来自于参加“正确的”活动、就读名校或拥有赚钱能力)”可知，后句应为这种满足感的来源；B项：Rather, it comes from loving and being loved by others within the context of meaningful, lasting relationships and giving generously of what you have to others(相反，它来自于在有意义的、持久的关系中爱别人和被别人爱，以及慷慨地给予别人你所拥有的)说明这种满足感的来源，合乎题意。故选B。
【50题详解】
根据上句“Confucians have a lot of active, hands-on ways to help children grow, such as participating in rituals and traditions, while the Daoists recommend simpler activities, such as exploring and savoring the beauty of nature (儒家有很多积极的、亲力亲为的方法来帮助孩子成长，比如参加仪式和传统，而道家则推荐更简单的活动，比如探索和品味自然之美)”可知设空处应为他们对美好生活的不同看法的作用；E项：Their diverse views on living a good life are precisely what makes Chinese philosophy such a great resource for parents(他们对美好生活的不同看法，这对父母来说是很好的资源)说明不同看法的作用，承接上句，合乎题意。故选E。
第 II 卷
I.Summary Writing
51. Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why we choose scrolling over sleeping
Imagine cozying up in your bed after a long day. You scroll through your favorite social media apps for what feels like ten minutes, but then you realize hours have passed. It’s now 2:30 am, and you know you need to get some sleep to wake up refreshed for work. But you just can’t get yourself to stop scrolling and turn in for the night. You promise yourself just five more minutes -- then it’s 3:00 am.
If you can relate to this scenario, you’re not alone. Now called “revenge bedtime procrastination,” the Sleep Foundation describes this phenomenon as the tendency “to sacrifice sleep for leisure time that is driven by a daily schedule lacking in free time.”
People who spend most of their waking hours experience a severe lack of “me time” in which they can be free of responsibilities. Nowadays, some people feel guilty even for resting, so there is a strong desire for uninterrupted personal time.
Daphne Lee, the journalist whose viral tweet popularized the term, describes revenge bedtime procrastination as an attempt to regain control of our lives. If you are spending most of the day working for someone else, following someone else’s orders, and disciplining yourself into doing what you’re “supposed” to do, it is only natural to desire freedom — at least for the few quiet hours around midnight.
Revenge bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by various groups, despite being motivated by the same reasons. Parents of young children spend most of their day trying to balance work and childcare, so there is a powerful desire to spend some time alone, free of all obligations. For many parents, this is only possible at night when work hours are over and the kids are asleep. Likewise, college students with a demanding class schedule and workers who put in a lot of overtime may be particularly susceptible to bedtime procrastination.
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【答案】Retaliatory bedtime procrastination is a natural attempt to regain control of your life. The sacrifice of sleep for leisure time is caused by the lack of free time in the daily schedule. Despite the same motivation, vengeful bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by different groups.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了人们晚上不睡觉浏览社交媒体的原因。报复性拖延时间是重获生活控制权的一种自然尝试。为了休闲时间而牺牲睡眠是由于日常安排中缺乏自由时间造成的。尽管动机相同，但不同群体对报复性睡前拖延症的体验不同。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①the Sleep Foundation describes this phenomenon as the tendency “to sacrifice sleep for leisure time that is driven by a daily schedule lacking in free time.”
②People who spend most of their waking hours experience a severe lack of “me time” in which they can be free of responsibilities.
③Daphne Lee, the journalist whose viral tweet popularized the term, describes revenge bedtime procrastination as an attempt to regain control of our lives.
④Revenge bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by various groups, despite being motivated by the same reasons.
2.缜密构思将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Retaliatory bedtime procrastination is a natural attempt to regain control of your life.
The sacrifice of sleep for leisure time is caused by the lack of free time in the daily schedule.Despite the same motivation, vengeful bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by different groups.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Retaliatory bedtime procrastination is a natural attempt to regain control of your life, during which they can get rid of duty.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第二段和第三段进行了概括。其中which引导的非限制性的定语从句表达高级。
[高分句型2]The sacrifice of sleep for leisure time is caused by the lack of free time in the daily schedule. 用被动语态对第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
II.Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 她坚决要求出席所有的采访。(insist)(汉译英)
【答案】She insisted on attending all the interviews.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词短语、动名词和时态。表示“坚决要求”应用动词短语insist on；表示“出席所有采访”动词短语为attend all the interviews；作动词短语insist on的宾语应使用动名词attending；根据句意可知本句应使用一般过去时。故翻译为She insisted on attending all the interviews。
53. 她刚一宣布完获奖名单，泪水便夺眶而出。(No sooner) (汉译英)
【答案】No sooner had she announced awards list than tears burst into her eyes.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词、短语和倒装句。表示“一……就……”应用固定句型no sooner...than...；表示“宣布”为动词announce，在句中作谓语；表示“获奖名单”为名词 awards list。表示“泪水便夺眶而出”为 burst into，分析句子的结构可知，否定词置于句首应为部分倒装句，结构为：be动词/助动词/情态动词置于主语之前，no sooner后面的主句应该使用过去完成时，than后面的句子使用一般过去时。故翻译为No sooner had she announced awards list than tears burst into her eyes.
54. 母亲的话让我相信，在生活中无论遇到什么苦难都不能半途而废。(convince) (汉译英)
【答案】Mother’s words convince me that no matter what suffering I encounter, I can not give up halfway.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词、短语和从句。表示“母亲的话”应用mother’s words，在句中作主语；表示“相信”应用动词convince，在句中作谓语；表示“苦难”为名词suffering，表示“无论遇到什么”为 no matter what，为让步状语从句的引导词，表示“遇到”应用encounter，在 no matter what引导的让步状语从句充当谓语，表示“在生活中无论遇到什么苦难都不能半途而废”为 no matter what suffering I encounter, I can not give up halfway，充当convince的宾语，句子成分完整，应用that引导，叙述客观事实，应用一般现在时。故翻译为Mother’s words convince me that no matter what suffering I encounter, I can not give up halfway.
55. 中国在新能源领域方面的迅猛发展，为其赢得牵头制定新型电力系统国际标准的机会。(win) (汉译英)
【答案】China’s rapid development in the new energy sector has won it the opportunity to lead the development of international standards for new power systems.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词、短语和名词。表示“迅猛发展”应用名词短语rapid development在句子中做主语，表示“为其赢得机会”短语为win it the opportunity;表示“牵头”动词为lead; 根据句意可知本句应使用现在完成时。故翻译为China’s rapid development in the new energy sector has won it the opportunity to lead the development of international standards for new power systems。
VI.Guided Writing
56. Directions:Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
请写一篇短文，文章必须包括：
1.描述图片
2.就“低头族(phubbing)”这一现象谈谈你的看法
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【答案】The cartoon vividly reflects a common phenomenon: many people are becoming increasingly addicted to the virtual world presented by smartphones. It warns us that the phenomenon of phubbing has grown to such an extent that it shouldn't be treated lightly.
Since they inevitably distract people's attention, things like that are entirely possible. In fact, phubbing has a far more profound impact on people and society. Phubbing is not only a distraction, but also a poison to our relationships with others. To reverse the trend of phubbing, the key is to pay more attention to the charm of real life. With time and efforts wasted on the smartphones back, we are perfectly capable of hanging out with friends, having dinner with our family, and most importantly, embracing the reality.
It's time to say goodbye to technological devices. Hug your real life, and you'll be surprised how much meaningful stuff you can get done without these inventions.
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于图画作文。要求考生对图中反映的低头族现象提出自己的看法和建议。
【详解】1.词汇积累
愈发沉迷于：are becoming increasingly addicted to→ are becoming increasingly obsessed with
不可避免地：inevitably→ unavoidably
能够：are perfectly capable of→ are perfectly able to
惊讶的：surprised→ amazed
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：With time and efforts wasted on the smartphones back, we are perfectly capable of hanging out with friends, having dinner with our family, and most importantly, embracing the reality.
拓展句：With time and efforts wasted on the smartphones back, we are perfectly capable of hanging out with friends, having dinner with our family, and what is the most important is embracing the reality.
【点睛】【高分句型1】It warns us that the phenomenon of phubbing has grown to such an extent that it shouldn't be treated lightly.（运用了such...that…如此……以至于……固定句式）
【高分句型2】Hug your real life, and you'll be surprised how much meaningful stuff you can get done without these inventions.（运用了祈使句+and+一般将来时的句式结构）
2022-2023学年上海市大同中学高三上学期期中考试英语试卷
II.Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Japan’s Seniors Discover New Way to Stay Young: Competitive Video-gaming
Sixty-six-year-old Atsuko Oyama shares a goal ____1____(hold) by many people a half-century younger. She wants to get 100 kills in the first-person shooter video-game “Apex Legends.”
E-sports promoters who have seen Japan ____2____(fall) behind powerhouses such as the U. S. in video-game competitions think the senior market ____3____ be the way to catch up. And if the over-65 set feels a little more energized after winning over a few rival warriors, so much the better.
Japan is the world’s oldest nation, and its efforts to boost the size of its younger population have been mostly unsuccessful. It is, however, at the forefront of initiatives ____4____ (keep) old people thinking younger.
Ms. Oyama, ____5____ player name is Mama, tried out for the team known as the Matagi Snipers after her daughter saw an ad asking for players. She now practices a couple of hours a day at home, sometimes going to acupuncture(针灸)to take care of her tired neck.
The Matagi Snipers, named for a traditional group of bear hunters in northern Japan, ____6____ (practice) since September at their home base in northern Akita prefecture.
____7____ an average age of 68, the 14-person team hopes eventually to compete in professional tournaments in first-person shooter titles such as “Apex Legends,” from Electronic Arts Inc., and Epic Games Inc.’s “Fortnite.”
Before they can gun for prize money or monetize YouTube page views, they need to heed the guidance of coach Yoshito “Lemon” Suda, 28. Some members, to his surprise, didn’t know ____8____ to use a computer, let alone play a video-game.
“For the first month, it was more like a gathering of some good friends,” Mr. Suda said. “I had to give them a pep talk and tell them, ‘You’re not here for that. You’re going to be professional.’”
The members took it to heart, he said, and now he sees some online playing at midnight.
Mr. Suda begins each practice session with a lecture. After the lecture, it was time to play. Masashi “K” Shinoda, 69, was having a hard time ____9____(sense) the presence of enemies.
Coach Lemon motivates his team by telling them age is an advantage. “There is a huge difference in social experience between people who have lived only 20 years versus 60 years,” he said. Younger players tend to be more violent ____10____ older players can communicate better and lean on teamwork.
【答案】1. held
2. fall##falling
3. might##may##could##can
4. to keep 5. whose
6. have been practicing
7. With##At
8. how 9. sensing
10. while
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了日本老年人发现了保持年轻的新方法：竞争性视频游戏。
【1题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：66岁的Atsuko Oyama和许多比他年轻半个世纪的人有着相同的目标。设空处在句中作非谓语，和句子的逻辑主语goal之间是逻辑被动关系，应用动词的过去分词的形式作后置定语。故填held。
【2题详解】
考查非谓语动词作补语。句意：看到日本在电子游戏竞赛中落后于美国等强国的电子竞技推广者认为，老年市场可能是追赶之路。设空处在句中为非谓语，固定短语see sb do/doing sth看见某人做过或者正在做某事，省略to的不定式或者现在分词作宾补。故填fall或者falling。
【3题详解】
考查情态动词。句意见上题解析。设空处表示“可能”应为might或者may或者could或者can。故填might或者may或者could或者can。
【4题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，它是让老年人保持年轻思维的前沿举措。设空处在句中为非谓语动词作表语，表示目的，应用动词不定式的形式。故填to keep。
【5题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：大山女士的玩家名叫Mama，在她的女儿看到一个招募球员的广告后，她参加了名为“Matagi狙击手”(Matagi sniper)的球队的选拔。设空处引导定语从句且在从句中定语，先行词为Ms. Oyama，应用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。
【6题详解】
考查谓语动词。句意：Matagi狙击手以日本北部一个传统猎熊团体的名字命名，自去年9月以来，他们一直在位于秋田县北部的基地练习。设空处在句中作谓语，根据时间状语since September和语境，可知表示从过去一直持续到现在并且一直在进行的动作，应用现在完成进行时，主语为the Matagi Snipers(Matagi狙击手)，结合主谓一致。故填have been practicing。
【7题详解】
考查介词。句意：这个平均年龄68岁的14人团队希望最终能参加第一人称射击游戏的职业锦标赛，如“Apex Legends”。固定短语with/at an average age of…平均年龄为……。故填With或者At。
【8题详解】
考查疑问副词。句意：令他惊讶的是，一些成员并不知道怎么用电脑，更别说玩电子游戏了。分析句子的结构可知，此处为“特殊疑问词+不定式”结构作宾语，表示“如何，怎么”应用how。故填how。
【9题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：69岁的Shinoda Masashi “K”很难感觉到敌人的存在。设空处在句中作非谓语，固定短语have a hard time (in) doing sth做某事有困难。故填sensing。
【10题详解】
考查连词。句意：年轻的玩家往往更暴力，而年长的玩家可以更好地沟通，依靠团队合作。根据上句“younger players (年轻球员)”和后句的“older players (老球员)”表示对比，应用连词while而，然而(表示对比)。故填while。
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. exploring B. recognizing C. visionary D. specialized E. reference
F. generated K. distinguishing G. relative H. equivalent I. traced J. functioning
Nobel Prize Awarded to Svante Paabo for Discoveries in Evolution
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded Monday to Sweden-born geneticist Svante Paabo, ___11___ him for discoveries related to the genomes of extinct human groups that shed light on the genetic characteristics unique to present-day humans. The committee said Dr. Paabo, whose father was also a Nobel laureate, overcame challenges in recovering and analyzing ancient DNA to sequence the genome of the Neanderthal(尼安德特人). He also discovered a previously unknown human ___12___, called the Denisova.
Sequencing the genomes of extinct hominins -- a grouping of humans that includes present-day people, or Homo sapiens, as well as close relatives such as Neanderthals who died out millennia ago -- provided a crucial ___13___ point for scientists in understanding the genetic divergence(趋异)that makes Homo sapiens unique, the committee said. Dr. Paabo’s work laid the foundations for a new field of science known as paleo-genomics, or the use of genetic analysis to shed light on human evolution.
“By revealing genetic differences ___14___ all living humans from extinct hominins(古人类), his discoveries provide the basis for ___15___ what makes us uniquely human,” said the Nobel committee. “He’s a true ___16___ and this is very well-deserved,” said Ed Green, a professor of bio-molecular engineering at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Dr. Paabo’s discoveries also laid the groundwork for research on how ancient gene sequences from extinct relatives influence the ___17___ of present-day humans. One example is a gene common among present-day Tibetans that makes those people better adapted to life at high altitude. It can be ___18___ to the Denisovan genome.
The Nobel committee said Dr. Paabo’s discoveries ___19___ a new understanding of human evolutionary history, showing that when Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa, at least two other distinct human populations inhabited Eurasia: Neanderthals in the western part and Denisovans in the east. Homo sapiens encountered and interbred with both.
Dr. Paabo wins a prize of 10 million Swedish kroner, the ___20___
【答案】11. B 12. G
13. E 14. K
15. A 16. C
17. J 18. I
19. F 20. H
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了瑞典出生的遗传学家Svante Paabo获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，以及他的发现对生物学的意义。
【11题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：周一，瑞典出生的遗传学家Svante Paabo获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，表彰他对已灭绝人类群体基因组的相关发现，揭示了当今人类独有的遗传特征。结合句意表达“因……而奖励某人”用recognize sb. for sth.，句中已有谓语动词was rewarded，因此空处作状语，recognize和逻辑主语The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine之间是主动关系，应用现在分词。故选B。
【12题详解】
考查名词。句意：他还发现了一个以前不为人知的人类亲戚，叫做丹尼索瓦人。根据冠词a和discovered可知，空处应填名词单数形式作宾语，根据下文“the Denisova”可知是指人类的近亲，relative“亲戚”符合题意。故选G。
【13题详解】
考查名词。句意：委员会表示，对已灭绝的人（包括现代人或智人，以及数千年前灭绝的尼安德特人等近亲）的基因组进行测序，为科学家理解使智人独特的基因差异提供了关键参考点。根据下文“for scientists in understanding the genetic divergence(趋异)that makes Homo sapiens unique,”可知，他的发现极具参考价值，a crucial reference piont“关键参考点”符合题意，名词reference作定语。故选E。
【14题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：诺贝尔委员会表示:“通过揭示所有现存人类与灭绝的古人类之间的基因差异，他的发现为探索是什么使我们成为独一无二的人类提供了基础。”根据下文“iving humans from extinct hominins”可知，是区别现存人类和灭绝古人类的差异，动词distinguish符合题意，此处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，和逻辑主语differences之间是主动关系，应用现在分词。故选K。
15题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意同上。根据“what makes us uniquely human”可知，此处指探索是什么让我们成为独一无二的人类，动词explore符合题意，位于介词for，应用其动名词形式。故选A。
【16题详解】
考查名词。句意：“他是一个真正的有远见的人，这是当之无愧的，”加州大学圣克鲁斯分校生物分子工程教授埃德·格林说。根据冠词a可知，空处应填单数名词作表语，结合句意表示“有远见的人”用visionary。故选C。
【17题详解】
考查动名词。句意：Paabo博士的发现也为研究来自已灭绝亲属的古老基因序列如何影响现代人类的功能奠定了基础。根据下文“One example is a gene common among present-day Tibetans that makes those people better adapted to life at high altitude.”可知，此处是指如何影响现代人类的正常运行，动词function符合题意，此处应用其动名词形式作宾语。故选J。
【18题详解】
考查动词和语态。句意：它可以追溯到丹尼索瓦人的基因组。根据上文“One example is a gene common among present-day Tibetans that makes those people better adapted to life at high altitude.”可知，此处是指藏族人能够适应高海拔的情况可以追溯倒丹尼索瓦人，动词trace符合题意，和主语it为被动关系，故用过去分词和can be构成被动语态。故选I。
【19题详解】
考查动词和时态。句意：诺贝尔委员会表示，帕博博士的发现对人类进化史产生了新的理解，表明当智人从非洲迁移出去时，欧亚大陆上至少还有两个不同的人类群体：西部的尼安德特人和东部的丹尼索瓦人。空处为宾语从句的谓语动词，根据“a new understanding of human evolutionary history”可知，是他的发现引起了对人类进化史的新理解，动词generate符合题意，主语为一般过去时，从句陈述事实，也应用一般过去时。故选F。
【20题详解】
考查名词。句意：帕博博士获得了相当于1000万瑞典克朗的奖金。结合句意，此处是指Paabo获得的奖金兑换成瑞典克朗是1000万，即1000万瑞典克朗的等价物，名词equivalent符合题意。故选H。
III.Reading Comprehensions
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
It’s late in the evening: time to close the book and turn off the computer. You’re done for the day. What you may not realize, ___21___, is that the learning process actually continues - in your dreams.
It might sound like science fiction, but researchers are increasingly ___22___ the relationship between the knowledge and skills our brains absorb during the day and the fragmented, often bizarre imaginings they ___23___ at night. Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we’ve learned is associated with ___24___ performance in that activity (suggesting that there’s some truth to the popular notion that we’re “getting” a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it). What’s more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and ___25___ what we learn. While we sleep, research indicates, the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during ___26___ hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural virtual reality. A vivid example of such ___27___ can be seen in a video researchers made recently about sleep disorders. They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking, in which the sleeper performs the kind of physical movement that does not ___28___ occur during sleep. They then videotaped the ___29___ as they slept. Lying in bed, eyes closed, one female patient on the tape _____30_____ the dance moves she learned earlier.
This shows that while our bodies are _____31_____, our brains are drawing what’s important from the information and events we’ve recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast _____32_____ of what we already know.
In a 2010 study, researchers at Harvard Medical School reported that college students who dreamed about a computer maze(迷宫)task they had learned showed a 10-fold improvement in their _____33_____ to find their way through the maze compared with the participants who did not dream about the task.
Robert Stick-gold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime or taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the _____34_____ of dreaming about the material. Think about that as your head _____35_____ the pillow tonight.
21. A. therefore B. otherwise C. instead D. however
22. A. focusing on B. experimenting with C. building up D. inquiring about
23. A. conceal B. generate C. dissolve D. remove
24. A. worsened B. measured C. improved D. affected
25. A. maintaining B. comprehending C. questioning D. sharing
26. A. working B. sleeping C. opening D. waking
27. A. replay B. pattern C. reality D. experience
28. A. normally B. especially C. infrequently D. possibly
29. A. researchers B. subjects C. psychologists D. walkers
30. A. reflected on B. forgot about C. engaged in D. referred to
31. A. in peace B. at rest C. in operation D. at work
32. A. store B. majority C. range D. collection
33. A. willingness B. ability C. desire D. tendency
34. A. benefits B. risks C. difficulties D. potential
35. A. hits B. imagines C. leaves D. punches
【答案】21. D 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. D 27. A 28. A 29. B 30. C 31. B 32. A 33. B 34. D 35. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过讲述一项研究阐述了做梦如何让你的学习效果得到改善。
【21题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，你可能没有意识到的是，学习过程实际上在你的梦中继续。A. therefore因此；B. otherwise否则；C. instead代替，反而；D. however然而。根据前文“What you may not realize”可知此处是表示转折意义。故选D项。
【22题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：这听起来可能像科幻小说，但研究人员越来越关注我们大脑白天吸收的知识和技能与晚上产生的通常奇怪的想象之间的关系。A. focusing on专注于；B. experimenting with做实验；C. building up建立；D. inquiring about询问。根据下文“Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we’ve learned is associated with ___4___ performance in that activity”以及“What’s more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding”可知研究人员对这二者之间的关系是极其“关注”的。故选A项。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意同上题。A. conceal隐藏；B. generate产生；C. dissolve溶解；D. remove去除。根据上文“fragmented, often bizarre imaginings”可知这些imaginings 是在晚上做梦的时候产生的。故选B项。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：科学家们发现，梦到我们所学的任务与提高该活动的表现有关(这表明，当我们开始做外语梦时，我们正在“学习”外语这一流行观点是有一定道理的)。A. worsened恶化；B. measured测量；C. improved改进；D. affected影响。根据下文的“suggesting that there’s some truth to the popular notion that we’re “getting” a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it”可知做梦都在学习外语， 说明是要“提高”在外语学习上的表现。故选C项。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：更重要的是，做梦可能是理解、组织和保留我们所学知识的重要部分。A. maintaining维护；B. comprehending理解；C. questioning询问；D. sharing共享。根据下文“While we sleep, research indicates, the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during ___6__ hours”可知做梦对加深记忆，保留所学知识是有用的。故选A项。
【26题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，当我们睡觉的时候，大脑会回放清醒时所经历的活动模式，从而让我们进入心理学家所说的神经系统(神经的)虚拟现实。A. working工作；B. sleeping休眠；C. opening开；D. waking苏醒。根据前文的“activity it experienced”可知这些活动是人们在清醒的时候经历的。故选D项。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员最近制作的一段关于睡眠障碍的视频中可以看到这种回放的生动例子。A. replay回放；B. pattern模式；C. reality现实；D. experience经验。根据前文的“the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced”可知replay原词再现。故选A项。
【28题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们向一群患有梦游症的患者教授了一系列舞蹈动作，其中睡眠者进行了通常在睡眠中不会发生的身体动作。A. normally正常地；B. especially特别地；C. infrequently不经常地；D. possibly可能地。根据前文“They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking”可知这些舞蹈动作是新教授的， 这些梦游者之前是没有出现这种动作。故选A项。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然后，他们拍摄了受试者睡觉时的视频。A. researchers研究人员；B. subjects主语，主题，接受试验者；C. psychologists心理学家；D. walkers步行者。根据前文“a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking”可知此处拍摄的是参加试验的人。故选B项。
【30题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：躺在床上，闭着眼睛，录像带上的一名女性患者做了她之前学过的舞蹈动作。A. reflected on反思；B. forgot about忘记；C. engaged in从事，参与，做；D. referred to参考，提到。根据下文“the dance moves she learned earlier.”可知这位女性在睡梦中又做了白天教授的舞蹈动作。故选C项。
【31题详解】
考查介词词义辨析。句意：这表明当我们的身体休息时，我们的大脑正在从我们最近遇到的信息和事件中提取什么是重要的，然后将这些数据整合到我们已经知道的大量存储中，也许可以解释为什么梦是新鲜体验和旧记忆的奇怪混合。A. in peace和平的；B. at rest静止；C. in operation操作；D. at work工作。此处指的是我们的身体“在休息时”。故选B项。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意同上题。A. store存储；B. majority多数；C. range范围；D. collection收集。根据下文“what we already know”可知是已经存储的知识。故选A项。
【33题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：与没有梦到过电脑迷宫任务的大学生相比，梦见过电脑迷宫的大学生在迷宫中找到出路的能力提高了10倍。A. willingness意愿；B. ability能力；C. desire欲望；D. tendency趋势。“在迷宫中找到出路”是能力的体现。故选B项。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在睡前学习或在下午学习后小睡一会，可能会增加梦到这些材料的可能性。A. benefits利益；B. risks风险；C. difficulties困难；D. potential潜力。睡前学习或在下午学习后小睡有助于记忆的牢固，有助于“replay”这些材料的产生故选D项。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：今晚你的头碰到枕头上时，想一想这些吧。A. hits打；B. imagines想象；C. leaves离开；D. punches拳打。根据常识，睡觉时要把头放枕头上。故选A项。
Section B
Directions: Read the following two passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂
Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂
36. What can we learn about the worms in the study?
A. They take plastics as their everyday food.
B. They are newly evolved creatures.
C. They can consume plastics.
D. They wind up in landfills.
37. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .
A. identify other means of the breakdown
B. find out the source of the enzyme
C. confirm the research findings
D. increase the breakdown speed
38. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A. help to raise worms
B. help make plastic bags
C. be used to clean the oceans
D. be produced in factories in future
39. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To explain a study method on worms.
B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.
C. To present a way to break down plastics.
D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
【答案】36. C 37. B 38. D 39. C
【解析】
【分析】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic.可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选C。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。故选B。
【38题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂可以推断出，Bertocchini希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。
【39题详解】
写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.可知，有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂可知，Bertocchini希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选C。
点睛：根据不同文体，推断目的意图。不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的，通常作者的写作目的有以下三种：1) to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑），常见于故事类的文章。2) to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点），常见于广告类的文章。3) to inform readers（告知读者某些信息），多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章。阅读时要善于根据文章的文体来学会推断作者的情感态度和目的。本题的最后一题为写作意图题。文章为说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究发现---蠕虫可以分解塑料。因此可以推着写作意图是告知、告诉读者一种新的分解塑料的方法。
(B)
“Buffalo, buffalo, Buffalo, buffalo, buffalo, buffalo, Buffalo, buffalo’’ is a real sentence.
How?
Let's break it down, starting with simple phrase.
Monkeys from Pisa bully deer from London.
Ok, admittedly, it's an impossible scenario, but it is a grammatically fine sentence. In English, we can use place names as adjective, so let's shorten the sentence a little.
Pisa monkeys bully London deer.
Now we'll throw in some giraffes from Paris to even the score with those mean monkeys.
Pisa monkeys, whom Paris giraffes intimidate, bully London deer.
English is peculiar in that you can omit relative pronouns, e.g., “ the person whom I love’’ can be expressed as ‘’the the person I love.’’ Let’s do that to this sentence.
Pisa monkeys Paris giraffes intimidate bully London deer.
This kind of pronoun removal can be a little more dedicate to grasp when written than when spoken. Saying the above sentence with pauses after monkeys and intimidate can help. Now we need to replace both of the verbs, intimidate and bully, with their (admittedly uncommon) synonym, buffalo.
Pisa monkeys Paris giraffes buffalo buffalo London deer.
Again, pauses help keep the meaning in mind: Put a pause after monkeys and the first buffalo. Now we'll replace all the worldwide place names with the second-largest city in New York State, Buffalo.(That’s Buffalo’s tallest building, One Seneca Tower, below.)
Buffalo monkeys Buffalo giraffes buffalo buffalo Buffalo deer.
You can probably guess what the next step is. But before we replace all the animals with the common name for the American bison, note how the capital letters in the above sentence help you keep the place names separate from the other usages of the word. Ok, here goes:
Buffalo, buffalo, Buffalo, buffalo, buffalo, buffalo, Buffalo, buffalo.
One last thing to note: This exceptional sentence is possible because the plural of the animal buffalo is buffalo, not buffalos, otherwise all the words wouldn’t be identical.
40. How should we read the following sentence with proper pauses?
A. Buffalo buffalo Buffalo / buffalo buffalo /buffalo Buffalo buffalo.
B. Buffalo Buffalo /Buffalo buffalo buffalo / buffalo Buffalo buffalo.
C. Buffalo buffalo Buffalo / buffalo buffalo buffalo / Buffalo buffalo.
D. Buffalo buffalo /Buffalo buffalo / buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo.
41. What’s the key element to make this sentence possible?
A. The relative pronouns in English can be omitted.
B. In English, place names can be used as adjectives.
C. The city has the same name with a kind of American bison.
D. The word buffalo has the same form of singular and plural.
42. Where can you probably find this article?
A. Wandering the Earth
B. Linguistics Around Us
C. Popular Animal Science
D. Collins English Grammar
【答案】40. C 41. D 42. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要以一句话为例，说明了语言学中句子组成和拆分的规律。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第五段第一句Again, pauses help keep the meaning in mind: Put a pause after monkeys and the first buffalo.（再一次，停顿有助于记住意思:在猴子和第一只水牛之后停顿。）和第六段首句Saying the above sentence with pauses after monkeys and intimidate can help. Now we need to replace both of the verbs, intimidate and bully, with their (admittedly uncommon) synonym, buffalo.（说上面这句话时，加上猴子和恐吓之后的停顿会有所帮助。现在，我们需要把恐吓和恶霸这两个动词都换成它们的同义词水牛(确实不常见)。）可知说明前面第三个词后停顿一下，接着第六个词后需要停顿一下，故答案为C。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句One last thing to note: This exceptional sentence is possible because the plural of the animal buffalo is buffalo, not buffalos, otherwise all the words wouldn’t be identical.（最后要注意的是:这个特殊的句子是可能的，因为单词buffalo的复数是buffalo，而不是buffalos，否则所有的单词就不一样了。）可知使这个句子成为可能的关键因素是名词buffalo的单复数是一致的。故选D。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段Let's break it down, starting with simple phrase.（让我们从简单的短语开始。）以及第四段中In English, we can use place names as adjective, so let's shorten the sentence a little.（在英语中，我们可以用地名作形容词，所以让我们把句子缩短一点。）等表明主要研究语言学中句子组成和拆分的规律，可知文章最有可能在Linguistics Around Us中找到，故答案为B。
【点睛】文章出处类推理判断题。做这类题重要的是要抓住文章的内容或结构特征，这是推理判断的前提和基础。如报纸，前面会出现日期、地点、通讯社名称等；广告，其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明、器皿设备的使用说明有产品名称或操作方法，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数和药量等。如第三小题，根据第三段Let's break it down, starting with simple phrase.（让我们从简单的短语开始。）以及第四段中In English, we can use place names as adjective, so let's shorten the sentence a little.（在英语中，我们可以用地名作形容词，所以让我们把句子缩短一点。）等表明主要研究语言学中句子组成和拆分的规律，可知文章最有可能在Linguistics Around Us中找到，故答案为B。
(C)
Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers responsible for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making not only by banks but also by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.
“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the strawberries out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient(短期的) investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hold back a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been called “quarterly capitalism”.
In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities( 股 票 ), quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be an advantage of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.
In the US the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to delay performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.
Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure(披露) of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.
Within companies, the right compensation design can provide motivation for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all shareholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
43. According to Paragraph 1 one reason for imposing the new rule is the _______.
A. enhance banker’s sense of responsibility
B. help corporations achieve larger profits
C. build a new system of financial regulation
D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives
44. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be _______.
A. indirect B. negative
C. favorable D. temporary
45. The US and France examples in paragraphs 5 and 6 are used to illustrate_______.
A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.
B. the significance of long-term thinking.
C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”
D. the popularity of short-term thinking.
46. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue
C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
【答案】43. A 44. B 45. C 46. B
【解析】
【分析】本文为新闻报道。英国金融法规实施了一条不寻常的规定，让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任。所有的公司都要做出“长期”投资，为子孙后代建设更强的经济。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据题干关键词Paragraph 1和one motive in imposing the new rule定位到第一段第三句The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers responsible for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution.这项“clawback”规则的主要目的是让银行家为有害的风险承担责任，并修复公众对金融机构的信任。由此可知，实施新规则的原因是强化银行家的责任感。分析选项：选项A的enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility（增强银行家的责任感）符合题意。干扰项B项help corporations achieve larger profits（帮助公司获得更大的利润）并未提及，是常识性干扰。选项C的build a new system of financial regulation（建立新的金融监管体系）原文并未提及，属于无中生有；选项D的guarantee the bonuses of top executives（保证高层管理人员的奖金）与原文提到的any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years（任何有保证的高管奖金都可能推迟10年），与表述相反，是错误的。综合可知，选A。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据题干关键词the influence of transient investment on public companies定位到原文第三段第二句Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. 短暂的投资者，要求公司季度利润高会妨碍公司投资于长期研究或建立客户忠诚度的努力，因此可知“短期投资”的影响是不好的，分析选项B中的“negative”意思是“负面的，消极的”，与原文中的“hinder(阻碍，打扰)”是一致的。因此B符合题意，故选B。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据题干关键词US and France examples定位到原文五、六段，第五段为美国的例子（美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高管绩效津贴，继而促进缓解“短期主义”盛行的现状）和第六段以法国为促进“长期主义”投资采取的方法（法国持股两年以上者拥有更大的选票权）。第六段首句承前启后过渡到Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism”(促进“长期主义”投资还有很多方法)。由此可推断出第五和第六段中以美法为例来说明促进“长期主义”投资的方法。故选C。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章围绕西方国家的金融行业的“短期主义”投资和“长期主义”投资展开，第一段由一项限制高管津贴措施引出话题：促进金融投资的“长期主义的规划”。第二段介绍目前英国“短期主义”投资占主流，是没有耐心（impatience）。第三段介绍“短期主义”的弊端，第四段介绍美国现阶段的“短期主义”投资的愈发盛行。第五段和第六段举例美国缓解“短期主义”投资、法国为促进“长期主义”投资采取的措施，尾段再次呼应首段：点明英国新政府提醒银行家们注重“长期主义”投资，长期的投资需要耐心（patience）。由此可知“耐心是公司的美德”为短文最佳标题。分析选项，可知B选项Patience对应原文形容short temisim（没耐心impatience）和 long temisim(有耐心patience)。而corporate原文多次出现，为本文的关键词，符合最佳选项。而其余三项都不能概括全文，可排除，只有B选项正确，故选B。
Section C
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
How Chinese philosophy can help you parent
It is the question I am most often asked at the playground when other parents find out I am a professor of ancient Chinese philosophy: ‘Does Chinese philosophy influence your parenting?’ It’s a fun question to answer, because becoming a parent led me to look very differently at the texts I translate and teach._____47_____ They guide and challenge me as a mother on a daily basis, but in ways that depart dramatically from what my culture and society tells me.
All of us want our children to be successful, partly because we love them and want them to be happy. But it is easy to mistakenly equate ‘success’ with certain kinds of academic or athletic achievements. Of course, one can define success in this way; these are widely and uncritically accepted as indicators of success in our society today. _____48_____ A successful life-a life well lived-is one in which a person flourishes: they are happy, fulfilled, and find meaning in what they do and who they are. This type of fulfillment, they argue, comes not from participating in the ‘right’ activities, attending prestigious schools or having earning power. _____49_____
The teachings of the most well-known and beloved philosophers from the Confucian and Daoist traditions late to the 3rd and 4th centuries BCE. They lived in a difficult time in Chinese society - a time of growing political instability, which eventually erupted into warfare and violence - but they disagreed on the source of the problem and how to fix it. Confucians have a lot of active, hands-on ways to help children grow, such as participating in rituals and traditions, while the Daoists recommend simpler activities, such as exploring and savoring the beauty of nature._____50_____
Parenting is messy. It is not simple or straightforward but complex and difficult. There are no magic solutions that make things easy or smooth. Most of us will need to piece together different approaches in order to find something that works well and feels right in different situations, for different children, and at different times in a child’s life.
A. Parenting is tough, especially because there isn’t a one-size-fits all approach.
B. Rather, it comes from loving and being loved by others within the context of meaningful, lasting relationships and giving generously of what you have to others.
C. I find that there are many lessons that are useful, accessible and timely when applied to the challenges of parenting.
D. But ancient Chinese philosophers believed that real success is not measured by prestige fame, money or power.
E. Their diverse views on living a good life are precisely what makes Chinese philosophy such a great resource for parents.
F. Here are a few of the suggestions that ancient Chinese philosophers have for us.
【答案】47. C 48. D 49. B 50. E
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了中国哲学如何帮助你做父母。
【47题详解】
根据上句“It’s a fun question to answer, because becoming a parent led me to look very differently at the texts I translate and teach.(这是一个很有趣的问题，因为为人父母后，我对自己翻译和教授的文本有了不同的看法)”可知，后文应为作者自己的看法。C项：I find that there are many lessons that are useful, accessible and timely when applied to the challenges of parenting(我发现，当应用到养育孩子的挑战时，有许多经验教训是有用的、可获取的和及时的)承接上句，说明自己的看法。故选C。
【48题详解】
上句“But it is easy to mistakenly equate ‘success’ with certain kinds of academic or athletic achievements. Of course, one can define success in this way; these are widely and uncritically accepted as indicators of success in our society today. (但人们很容易错误地将“成功”与某些学术或体育成就等同起来。当然，我们可以这样定义成功；在当今社会，这些被广泛而不加批判地认为是成功的标志)”提出将“成功”与某些学术或体育成就等同起来是错误的认知，所以后文应讲述正确的认知是什么，D项：But ancient Chinese philosophers believed that real success is not measured by prestige, fame, money or power(但中国古代哲学家认为，真正的成功不是用声望、名望、金钱或权力来衡量的)提出了古代哲学家对成功的认识，上下文语意连贯。故选D。
【49题详解】
根据上句“This type of fulfillment, they argue, comes not from participating in the ‘right’ activities, attending prestigious schools or having earning power (他们认为，这种满足感不是来自于参加“正确的”活动、就读名校或拥有赚钱能力)”可知，后句应为这种满足感的来源；B项：Rather, it comes from loving and being loved by others within the context of meaningful, lasting relationships and giving generously of what you have to others(相反，它来自于在有意义的、持久的关系中爱别人和被别人爱，以及慷慨地给予别人你所拥有的)说明这种满足感的来源，合乎题意。故选B。
【50题详解】
根据上句“Confucians have a lot of active, hands-on ways to help children grow, such as participating in rituals and traditions, while the Daoists recommend simpler activities, such as exploring and savoring the beauty of nature (儒家有很多积极的、亲力亲为的方法来帮助孩子成长，比如参加仪式和传统，而道家则推荐更简单的活动，比如探索和品味自然之美)”可知设空处应为他们对美好生活的不同看法的作用；E项：Their diverse views on living a good life are precisely what makes Chinese philosophy such a great resource for parents(他们对美好生活的不同看法，这对父母来说是很好的资源)说明不同看法的作用，承接上句，合乎题意。故选E。
第 II 卷
I.Summary Writing
51. Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why we choose scrolling over sleeping
Imagine cozying up in your bed after a long day. You scroll through your favorite social media apps for what feels like ten minutes, but then you realize hours have passed. It’s now 2:30 am, and you know you need to get some sleep to wake up refreshed for work. But you just can’t get yourself to stop scrolling and turn in for the night. You promise yourself just five more minutes -- then it’s 3:00 am.
If you can relate to this scenario, you’re not alone. Now called “revenge bedtime procrastination,” the Sleep Foundation describes this phenomenon as the tendency “to sacrifice sleep for leisure time that is driven by a daily schedule lacking in free time.”
People who spend most of their waking hours experience a severe lack of “me time” in which they can be free of responsibilities. Nowadays, some people feel guilty even for resting, so there is a strong desire for uninterrupted personal time.
Daphne Lee, the journalist whose viral tweet popularized the term, describes revenge bedtime procrastination as an attempt to regain control of our lives. If you are spending most of the day working for someone else, following someone else’s orders, and disciplining yourself into doing what you’re “supposed” to do, it is only natural to desire freedom — at least for the few quiet hours around midnight.
Revenge bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by various groups, despite being motivated by the same reasons. Parents of young children spend most of their day trying to balance work and childcare, so there is a powerful desire to spend some time alone, free of all obligations. For many parents, this is only possible at night when work hours are over and the kids are asleep. Likewise, college students with a demanding class schedule and workers who put in a lot of overtime may be particularly susceptible to bedtime procrastination.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Retaliatory bedtime procrastination is a natural attempt to regain control of your life. The sacrifice of sleep for leisure time is caused by the lack of free time in the daily schedule. Despite the same motivation, vengeful bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by different groups.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了人们晚上不睡觉浏览社交媒体的原因。报复性拖延时间是重获生活控制权的一种自然尝试。为了休闲时间而牺牲睡眠是由于日常安排中缺乏自由时间造成的。尽管动机相同，但不同群体对报复性睡前拖延症的体验不同。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①the Sleep Foundation describes this phenomenon as the tendency “to sacrifice sleep for leisure time that is driven by a daily schedule lacking in free time.”
②People who spend most of their waking hours experience a severe lack of “me time” in which they can be free of responsibilities.
③Daphne Lee, the journalist whose viral tweet popularized the term, describes revenge bedtime procrastination as an attempt to regain control of our lives.
④Revenge bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by various groups, despite being motivated by the same reasons.
2.缜密构思将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Retaliatory bedtime procrastination is a natural attempt to regain control of your life.
The sacrifice of sleep for leisure time is caused by the lack of free time in the daily schedule.Despite the same motivation, vengeful bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by different groups.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Retaliatory bedtime procrastination is a natural attempt to regain control of your life, during which they can get rid of duty.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第二段和第三段进行了概括。其中which引导的非限制性的定语从句表达高级。
[高分句型2]The sacrifice of sleep for leisure time is caused by the lack of free time in the daily schedule. 用被动语态对第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
II.Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 她坚决要求出席所有的采访。(insist)(汉译英)
【答案】She insisted on attending all the interviews.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词短语、动名词和时态。表示“坚决要求”应用动词短语insist on；表示“出席所有采访”动词短语为attend all the interviews；作动词短语insist on的宾语应使用动名词attending；根据句意可知本句应使用一般过去时。故翻译为She insisted on attending all the interviews。
53. 她刚一宣布完获奖名单，泪水便夺眶而出。(No sooner) (汉译英)
【答案】No sooner had she announced awards list than tears burst into her eyes.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词、短语和倒装句。表示“一……就……”应用固定句型no sooner...than...；表示“宣布”为动词announce，在句中作谓语；表示“获奖名单”为名词 awards list。表示“泪水便夺眶而出”为 burst into，分析句子的结构可知，否定词置于句首应为部分倒装句，结构为：be动词/助动词/情态动词置于主语之前，no sooner后面的主句应该使用过去完成时，than后面的句子使用一般过去时。故翻译为No sooner had she announced awards list than tears burst into her eyes.
54. 母亲的话让我相信，在生活中无论遇到什么苦难都不能半途而废。(convince) (汉译英)
【答案】Mother’s words convince me that no matter what suffering I encounter, I can not give up halfway.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词、短语和从句。表示“母亲的话”应用mother’s words，在句中作主语；表示“相信”应用动词convince，在句中作谓语；表示“苦难”为名词suffering，表示“无论遇到什么”为 no matter what，为让步状语从句的引导词，表示“遇到”应用encounter，在 no matter what引导的让步状语从句充当谓语，表示“在生活中无论遇到什么苦难都不能半途而废”为 no matter what suffering I encounter, I can not give up halfway，充当convince的宾语，句子成分完整，应用that引导，叙述客观事实，应用一般现在时。故翻译为Mother’s words convince me that no matter what suffering I encounter, I can not give up halfway.
55. 中国在新能源领域方面的迅猛发展，为其赢得牵头制定新型电力系统国际标准的机会。(win) (汉译英)
【答案】China’s rapid development in the new energy sector has won it the opportunity to lead the development of international standards for new power systems.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词、短语和名词。表示“迅猛发展”应用名词短语rapid development在句子中做主语，表示“为其赢得机会”短语为win it the opportunity;表示“牵头”动词为lead; 根据句意可知本句应使用现在完成时。故翻译为China’s rapid development in the new energy sector has won it the opportunity to lead the development of international standards for new power systems。
VI.Guided Writing
56. Directions:Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
请写一篇短文，文章必须包括：
1.描述图片
2.就“低头族(phubbing)”这一现象谈谈你的看法
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】The cartoon vividly reflects a common phenomenon: many people are becoming increasingly addicted to the virtual world presented by smartphones. It warns us that the phenomenon of phubbing has grown to such an extent that it shouldn't be treated lightly.
Since they inevitably distract people's attention, things like that are entirely possible. In fact, phubbing has a far more profound impact on people and society. Phubbing is not only a distraction, but also a poison to our relationships with others. To reverse the trend of phubbing, the key is to pay more attention to the charm of real life. With time and efforts wasted on the smartphones back, we are perfectly capable of hanging out with friends, having dinner with our family, and most importantly, embracing the reality.
It's time to say goodbye to technological devices. Hug your real life, and you'll be surprised how much meaningful stuff you can get done without these inventions.
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于图画作文。要求考生对图中反映的低头族现象提出自己的看法和建议。
【详解】1.词汇积累
愈发沉迷于：are becoming increasingly addicted to→ are becoming increasingly obsessed with
不可避免地：inevitably→ unavoidably
能够：are perfectly capable of→ are perfectly able to
惊讶的：surprised→ amazed
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：With time and efforts wasted on the smartphones back, we are perfectly capable of hanging out with friends, having dinner with our family, and most importantly, embracing the reality.
拓展句：With time and efforts wasted on the smartphones back, we are perfectly capable of hanging out with friends, having dinner with our family, and what is the most important is embracing the reality.
【点睛】【高分句型1】It warns us that the phenomenon of phubbing has grown to such an extent that it shouldn't be treated lightly.（运用了such...that…如此……以至于……固定句式）
【高分句型2】Hug your real life, and you'll be surprised how much meaningful stuff you can get done without these inventions.（运用了祈使句+and+一般将来时的句式结构）
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