2023届高考英语二轮复习专题01构词法学案

这是一份2023届高考英语二轮复习专题01构词法学案，共11页。学案主要包含了考点详解，命题解读，考点预测，复习建议，典例剖析，2022全国甲卷，牛刀小试，真题实战等内容，欢迎下载使用。
  专题01  构词法2023年高考英语冲刺复习考点通关大全 【考点详解】 【命题解读】                                               分析近三年年高考卷，仅在语法填空中涉及到构词法中的就有两到三个小题。可知，近年高考越来越注重对构词法的考查。通过引导学生掌握构词法，分析词的组成，有助于学生提高词汇的分析能力，扩大词汇量。此外，利用构词法还有助于记住单词的形、义和词性，避免出现拼写的错误，提高综合能力。【考点预测】预计2023年高考将侧重考查词性的转换，命题侧重对名词、形容词、副词的转换的考查。【复习建议】1.掌握派生法、合成法、转化法2.侧重培养通过语境上下文的推理判断词性的能力3.注重词汇积累 考点一  （派生法）派生法就是由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词。词根是派生词的基础，而词缀起到决定派生词的词汇意义和语法属性的作用。 （一）形容词的后缀和前缀1. 名词+-cial--形容词benefit--beneficial 有益的   office--official 官方的       face--facial 面部的    race--racial 种族的  finance--financial 金融的    society--social 社会的     【典例剖析】 (2022全国卷乙卷) l provide ___________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.【答案】financial【解析】设空处后面有名词aid，充当provide的宾语，故修饰名词应当使用形容词作定语。2.名词+-al(表示“有……属性或者与……有关”)--形容词agriculture--agricultural 农业的    nature--national 国家的    education--educational教育的3. 动词/名词+-able/-ible--形容词accept--acceptable 可接受的    value--valuable    love--lovable    rely--reliable4. 名词+-ful--形容词care--careful 仔细的   beauty--beautiful 漂亮的    use--useful有用的  【典例剖析】 (2022全国卷II) Branches of Plum Blossoms: The_________(beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds(蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.【答案】beautiful【解析】本题考查多个形容词修饰名词。表示“漂亮的长长的枝条”。多个形容词修饰名词时，一般描绘性的形容词放在表示大小、形状的形容词前面，容易被误用为副词。5. 名词+-y/-ly--形容词wealth--wealthy 富裕的    friend--friendly 友好的    dead--deadly 致命的    rain--rainy多雨的    noise--noisy 吵闹的    luck--lucky幸运的    elder--elderly上年纪的      【典例剖析】 【2022全国甲卷】 Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and __________ (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people going about their _________ (day) routines.【答案】watchtowers；daily【解析】句意“人们本该两个小时就绕完城墙，但是我们停在不同的瞭望塔前拍照或者只是为了看看当地人们的生活”。修饰名词routines应当使用形容词，表示“日常生活”。6. 动词+ive--形容词act--active 积极的    create--creative有创造力的7. 名词+-ous--形容词anxiety--anxious 焦急的    variety--various 各种各样的    glory--glorious光荣的8.名词+en(表示材料或质地)--形容词gold--golden 金色的    wood--wooden 木制的9. 动词+ent--形容词diffee--different 不同的    depend--dependent 依赖的 10.名词+less--形容词  home--homeless无家可归的    use--useless无用的    care--careless粗心的11.以-some结尾的形容词tiresome令人厌烦的    troublesome    awesome12.以a-开头的形容词live--alive活着的    wake--awake醒着的    sleep--asleep睡着的    afraid害怕的    alone独自的 （二）动词的前缀和后缀 1前缀en-+形容词--动词rich--enrich 使丰富    large--enlarge变大；扩大   2.前缀en-名词--动词 danger--endanger使危险3.形容词/名词+后缀-en--动词short--shorten缩短    sharp--sharpen使尖锐    deep--deepen加深    dark--darken变暗    strength--strengthen加强4.形容词+-ify--动词simple--simplify使简化    beauty--beautify使美化    clear-- clarify使净化5.以-ize结尾的动词real--realize意识到    memory--memorize记忆；识记 （三）名词的后缀后缀例词­-age (状态；集合)shortage缺少；marriage婚姻­-an/­ian (人，……家)American美国人；musician音乐家­-ence/­ency (构成抽象名词)dependence依靠；frequency频率­-ance (性质，状态)importance重要性­-ant/­ent (人)assistant助手；student学生­-cion/­sion/­tion/­ation (动作，状态)suspicion怀疑；tension紧张；repetition重复; expect--expectation 期望   ­-ee (动作承受者或受影响者)employee受雇者；refugee难民­-er/or (人或物)writer作家；actor演员­-ess (女性)actress女演员；waitress女服务员；hostess女主人­-ism (主义，……教)communism共产主义­-ist (……主义者，……家)communist共产主义者­-ment (行为；结果；状态；性质)argument争论；government政府；development发展­-ship (关系，身份)friendship友谊­-hood (身份；性质)childhood童年­-th (结果，过程)growth成长­-ty (状态；性质)anxiety焦虑­-ure (结果；行为；状态；实物)pressure压力；picture图画；pleasure高兴­-al (动作过程；结果)arrival到达；approval同意    【典例剖析】 (2022全国卷II) Chinese New Year is a _______(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.答案为celebration。【答案】celebration【解析】 主考察的英语构词知识，由动词变为名词的后缀-tion。改词的变形规则是去掉原来动词celebrate 当中不发音的e 字母，再加ion 就成了原动词的名词形式。改句中 意思是“庆祝活动”（英语解释为an accasion or party when you celebrate something ），改空前面已经有了不定冠词a,故填celebration。2.动词+-al--名词arrive--arrival 到达     survive--survival 幸存    approve--approval 同意  【典例剖析】 (2022全国乙卷) It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the travelerto become ____61____ (educate) about the areas - both in terms ofgeographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the ____62____ (develop) of the local areas.【答案】educated; development【解析】 61空内为动词, 考查词性转换, 谓语或者非谓语形式。此题为固定搭配, become/be + ~ed + 介词; 故答案为: educated. [拓展]此题为常见考法, be interested in, be amazed at, be concerned about 这些词组必须记牢。62空内为动词, 考查词性转换, 设空前为定冠词the后面应当使用名词。此题为 the + 名词 + of 结构, 故填development。   （四）副词的后缀1.形容词+-ly--副词（以某种方式）slow--slowly缓慢地    extreme--extremely极度地    complete--completely完全地2.以辅音字母加y结尾的单词，改y为i，加-lyhappy--happily高兴地    merry--merrily快乐地3.去e加-ly true--truly真正地4.以-le结尾的形容词去e加lysimple--simply简单地    gentle--gently温柔地    terrible--terribly糟糕地    possible--possibly可能地（五）表示否定或相反意义的意义1.un-/dis-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/non-不，非able--unable不能够    cover--uncover揭露    polite--impolite不礼貌的    honest--dishonest不诚实的    patient--impatient不耐烦的    regular--irregular不规则的    legal--illegal非法的2.mis-错误地lead--mislead误导    take--mistake误会；误解    understand--misunderstand误解3.-less表示否定或相反意义的后缀use-useless无用的    hope--hopeless毫无希望的    home--homeless无家可归的 考点二  （合成法）  合成法就是把两个或两个以上的独立的词结合在一起构成新词，这样的词一般称为合成词或复合词。（一）复合名词的主要构成方式1.名词＋名词silkworm蚕   classroom教室    daybreak佛晓    flashlight手电筒    necklace项链    haircut理发2.合成形容词good-looking好看的    hard-working勤奋的    cold-blooded冷血的   newborn新生的    bittersweet苦乐参半的    airsick晕飞机的    homesick想家的    easygoing随和的    3.合成动词名词+动词broadcast播送    babysit看孩子  副词+动词  overcome克服    undergo经历    downfall垮台；outbreak爆发 考点三  转化法一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性，称之为转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与转化前的意义有密切联系，但其拼写形式不变。名词转化为动词face脸—face面对形容词转化为动词dirty脏的—dirty弄脏动词转化为名词design设计—design图案形容词转化为名词daily每日的—daily日报形容词转化为副词deep深的—deep深深地  【牛刀小试】 1.Therefore, let's take the ________ (responsible) to build up a low­carbon city by riding bicycles. Come on and join us!2.As far as I am concerned, my ________ (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese­English dictionary within easy reach.3.My presence is something they can draw real ________ (strong) and hope from.4.Life is a ________ (mix) of good times and bad times, and happy moments and unhappy moments.5.After some time, when both of you have renewed your ________ (confident) in each other, go back to the time when you nearly fell apart.6.The Forbidden City attracts visitors because of its long history and ________ (culture) significance, but perhaps it should add one more thing to its list of attractions: earthquake shelter.7.Many fads are ________ (harm). Back in my day, people cut the sleeves and collars of sweat shirts off and wore them inside out. No big deal.8.While your IQ tells you how ________ (intelligence) you are, your EQ tells you how well you use your intelligence.9.The old people there were talkative and they told us their ________ (person) stories cheerfully.10.My little boy, do you feel more ________ (comfort) now than before?答案：1.responsibility　2.suggestion　3.strength　4.mixture　5.confidence　6.cultural　7.harmless  8.intelligent　9.personal　10.comfortable　 【真题实战】 1．(2020·北京高考)Oliver says if you're ________ (luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them if/whether you can join in when it's possible.2．(2022·全国卷Ⅱ)________ (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.3．(2022·全国卷Ⅱ)Branches of Plum Blossoms (梅花): The ________ (beauty) long branches covered with pink－colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.4．(2020·山东高考)Historical ________ (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.5．(2022·全国卷Ⅰ)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ________ (poor) studied. 6．(2021·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ________ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉)．答案：1.lucky    2.Certainly   3.beautiful    4.accuracy    5.poorly    6.strengthen