(新高考)高考英语二轮复习课时精炼考向55 阅读理解之语篇知识与主旨类试题题的深层理解策略(2份打包，解析版+原卷版)

考向55 阅读理解

语篇知识与主旨类试题题的深层理解策略

【策略学习】

文章大意题

文章大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。

策略1：主题句法

解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。

(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句

(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句

策略2：高频词法

全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。

策略3：逆向思维法

在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。

1. 正确选项特征：涵盖性强，覆盖全文

2. 错误选项特征

(1)以偏概全，主次不分

(2)无中生有，曲解文意

【典例】　(2020·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)

Some parents will buy any high－tech toy if they think it will help their child，but researchers said puzzles help children with math－related skills.

Psychologist Susan Levine，an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago，found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知)after controlling for differences in parents’ income，education and the amount of parent talk，Levine said.

The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child－parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.

“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not，on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes，”Levine said in a statement.

The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would，and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time.Higher－income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently，and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills.However，boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls，and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.

The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.

27. What is the text mainly about?

A. A mathematical method.

B. A scientific study.

C. A woman psychologist.

D. A teaching program.

【分析】

·第一步　读文章，概括文意：本文介绍了芝加哥大学的一项科学研究，该研究表明，对于2到4岁的孩子来说，玩拼图游戏对他们今后空间技能的提高有益；高收入家庭的孩子接触拼图游戏的时间更长，而且男孩子比女孩子玩的拼图更复杂。

·第二步　利用关键词法定主旨：文章多次出现了researchers，expert，study，findings等词，主要介绍的是一项科学研究。

·第三步　排除3种错误选项：选项A、D无中生有曲解文意； 选项C以偏概全主次不分。

段落大意题

段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。

做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。

【典例】　(2020·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D)

The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies have found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example，discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.

32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A. A new study of different plants.

B. A big fall in crime rates.

C. Employees from various workplaces.

D. Benefits from green plants.

【分析】

·第一步　首尾兼顾定段意：通读全文可知，Recent studies have found positive effects.是本段的主旨，后通过列举两项科学研究来说明绿色植物对人类的好处。

·第二步　析选项，斟酌判断：

·第三步　比对选项得出答案。

标题归纳题

标题归纳类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)；覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)。

要首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章标题，如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。

▲ 利用4大技巧解题

▲结合3大特点解题

▲排除3种错误选项

【典例】　(2020·浙江7月卷阅读C)

Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking，planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age，a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology  suggests.

Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1，000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.Then，for eight years，the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.

Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激)，demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests.And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs.The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.

“This works just like physical exercise，”says Francisca Then，who led the study.“After a long run，you may feel like you’re in pain，you may feel tired.But it makes you fit.After a long day at work—sure，you will feel tired，but it can help your brain stay healthy.”

It’s not just corporate jobs，or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit，Then points out.A waiter’s job，for example，that requires multitasking，teamwork and decision－making could be just as stimulating as any high－level office work.And “running a family household requires high－level planning and coordinating(协调)，”she says.“You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries.”

Of course，our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons—including other environmental influences or genetic factors.Still，continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.

30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A. Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills

B. Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs

C. Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp

D. Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age

【分析】

·第一步　找准文章的主题句：通读全文，本文是“总—分”结构，文章开头提出主旨“Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking，planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age”。

·第二步　根据正误选项特征，斟酌判断：A、B选项无中生有，曲解文意；D选项以偏概全；主次不分；选项C“棘手的工作可能会帮助你保持思维敏捷”精炼地概括了文章内容。

·第三步　比对选项得出答案。

【检测训练】

1

A number of companies have used the wind, the sun and the ground heat to produce energy. Now, the Ocean Renewable Power Company, or ORPC, is using the force of flowing rivers and ocean currents. The company recently presented the new technology at an energy conference. Christopher Sauer, the CEO and co－creator of ORPC says the technology was designed for small, rural communities that do not have easy access to power sources.

The ORPC technology is an energy generator which can be put under water, called RivGen. It works in a series of steps. First, the generator is put in the middle of a steel cage. The cage goes on top of a wide boat with a flat bottom. Wheels— or, turbines (涡轮机) — are attached to each side of the generator. Once the boat is fixed to one place, it is flooded with water. The boat, cage, and generator all sink to the bottom of the river. There, the river current turns the wheels and creates as much as 50 kilowatts of power.

CEO Christopher Sauer says RivGen is not very tall, so it can work in water areas that are not very deep. Other companies are not able to work in shallow water, he adds. Sauer says the turbines are safe for the animals that live in the river. Meanwhile, the turbines’ shape permits the generator to harvest power from tidal currents in the ocean. The company’s ocean turbine, called TidGen, can create up to 600 kilowatts of electricity, enough to power a small settlement.

Right now, the amount of power TidGen can harvest changes as the strength of the tide goes up and down. But ORPC workers are trying to make the power output steady. In time, they want TidGen power to be part of the main energy grid (电网). Sauer estimates ORPC’ s current price is about 50 cents per kilowatt－hour. That price does not make the ORPC system competitive with natural gas. However, for small rural communities, diesel (柴油) energy can cost more than $ 1 per hour. In these situations, energy from flowing water could be more economical.

1. What does ORPC use to produce electricity?

A. Wind. B. Sun. C. Water. D. Ground heat.

2. What’ s paragraph 3 mainly about?

A. The working principle of RivGen. B. The design feature of RivGen.

C. The system composition of RivGen. D. The main function of RivGen.

3. What’ s the advantage of RivGen?

A. It can work in shallow water. B. It can accelerate ocean currents.

C. It can power a large settlement. D. It can increase the number of fish.

4. What does the underlined word “economical” in the last paragraph probably mean?

A. Pollution－free. B. Money－saving.

C. Mass－production. D. Resource－consuming.

2

Sirio Persichetti, seventeen years old, can not speak and feed himself. Sirio has spastic tetraplegia, a disease that affects movement in three of a person's four legs and arms. His mouth is permanently open, which prevents him from forming words correctly or swallowing. He is fed liquid nutrition through a tube in his stomach. And he has had a tracheotomy to help him breathe.

But he deals with his condition with such a love for life that his mother, Valentina, decided to create a website for him. He made accounts on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter to share his everyday life. He shares heart-warming videos of himself under the title Sirio and the Tetrabonds. The videos have touched the hearts of people all over the world. “I wanted to tell the story of disability in a different way, tell it for what it is and give people alike hope,” Sirio said.

The public’s reaction to young Sirio has been huge. Some of his videos have been watched more than130, 000 times. “In a short time, the response, especially from families living in similar situations, was powerful and exciting so we decided to keep going,” his mother said. Sirio’s followers respond with a countless number of “likes” and messages of support.

Sirio said he wanted to end the stigma —- or unfair beliefs— that often surrounds disability. I wanted to show that children with special needs can still have fun and lead a happy life. Valentina said she never expected her son to become famous on social media. “But we realized that is useful,” she added, “that it helps and is a necessary step to make the life of many people much more normal.”

5. What do we know about Sirio from Paragraph 1?

A. He was born with the disease.

B. He is unable to use his arms and legs.

C. He relies on liquid nutrition to support life.

D. His disease has cost his family a great deal.

6. Why did Sirio make accounts on social media?

A. To inspire others like him.

B. To raise money for his disease.

C. To find a possible cure for his disease.

D. To escape from his bitter life for the time being.

7. Which of the following best describe Sirio?

A. Optimistic. B. Ambitious. C. Cooperative. D. Obedient.

8. What can be the best title for the text?

A. An Unusual Disease Changes a Teenager’s Life

B. A Student with Disability Has Taken off on the Internet

C. Those at a Disadvantage Tend to Arouse People’s Sympathy

D. A Special Teenager Tries to Change People’s Ideas about Disabilities

3

NO ONE EVER said science education was easy. Certainly the concepts we teach, like conservation of momentum or quantum mechanics, can be hard to grasp. But what really complicates the attempt is that we' re also trying to teach a deeper lesson at the same time — to help students understand the nature of science itself.

All too often, young people get the impression that science is about learning certain “laws" and then applying them to different situations. After all, that's what we make them do on tests, to show that they've been doing the work. But that’s not it at all. Science is the process of building these concepts through the collection of experimental evidence.

And while I'm on it, let's call these concepts what they really are—not laws, but models. Science is all about building and testing models. It's difficult to help students understand that aspect of science when we just give them the models to begin with. Sure, in physics we often include historical or mathematical evidence to support big ideas , but that often isn't enough.

Of course, we can't start from nothing. If students had to build their own models from the ground up, it would be like trying to learn programming by inventing computers. As Isaac Newton is supposed to have said, we stand on the shoulders of giants. We must take models built by others and go from there.

What I'd like to suggest is that this actually provides a great way into the adventure of science and an opportunity to meet our objectives as educators. If you can create a situation that challenges students' assumptions and produces conceptual conflict, that's a great opportunity for learning.

9. What is the misunderstanding of teaching science?

A. It's complicated. B. It focuses on the nature of science.

C. It's very difficult. D. It lies in leaching and testing “laws”.

10. Which way to teach science is highly recommended by the author?

A. Encouraging students to always start from nothing.

B. Providing students with some models to follow suit.

C. Guiding students to begin with models built by others.

D. 0ffering students proof io support important concepts.

11. The author cites Isaac Newton's words to            .

A. justify the experiment B. praise the statement

C. show the achievement D. support the argument

12. What is the best title of die passage?

A. The Best Way to Teach Science 

B. The Best Way of Concept Building

C. The Best Way to Learn Science 

D. The Best Way to Handle Concept Conflict

4

Every day we experiencc one of the wonders of the world around us without even realizing it . It is not the amazing complexity of television, nor the impressive tcchnology of transport. The universal wonder we share and experience is our ability to make noises with our mouths, and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each other’s minds. This ability comes so naturally that we tend to forget what a miracle (奇迹）it is.

Obviously, the ability to talk is something that marks humans off from animals. Of course, some animals have powers just as amazing. Birds can fly thousands of miles by observing positions of the stars in the sky in relation to the time of day and year. In Nature’s talent show, humans are a species of animal that have developed their own special act. If we reduce it to basic terms, it’s an ability for communicating information to others by varying sounds we make as we breathe out.

Not that we don’t have other powers of communication. Our facial expressions convey our emotions, such as anger, or joy, or disappointment. The way we hold our heads can indicate to others whether we are happy or sad. This is so-called “body language”. Bristling (直立的) fur is an unmistakable warning of attack among many animals. Similarly, the bowed head or drooping tail shows a readiness to take second place in any animal gathering.

Such a means of communication is a basic mechanism that animals, including human beings, instinctively acquire and display. Is the ability to speak just another sort of instinct? If so, how did human beings acquire this amazing skill? Biologists can readily indicate that particular area of our brain where speech mechanisms function, but this doesn’t tell us how that part of our bodies originated in our biological history.

13. According to the passage, the wonder we take for granted is ________.

A. the miracle of technology

B. our ability to use language

C. the amazing power of nature

D. our ability to make noises with mouth

14. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?

A. Body language is unique to humans.

B. Animals express emotions just as humans do.

C. Humans have other powers of communication.

D. Humans are no different from animals to some degree.

15. What feature of “body language” is common to both humans and animals?

A. Lifting heads when sad.

B. Keeping long faces when angry.

C. Bristling hair when ready to attack.

D. Bowing heads when willing to obey.

16. What’s the passage mainly about?

A. The special role humans play in nature.

B. The development of body language.

C. The difference between humans and animals in language use.

D. The power to convey information to others.

5

Bird expert Stephen Kress remembers the first time he encountered puffins (角嘴海雀). “I was totally amazed from the moment I saw them,” he says. Two years after his first encounter, while teaching at a nature camp in Maine, Kress learned that the state's puffin colonies were all but destroyed by hunters in the late 1800s. The puffins were killed for their eggs, meat and feathers.

Kress decided to learn more about these “special birds.” His fascination grew into Project Puffin, a decades-long effort to bring the puffins back to Maine. Kress ran the project while working for the National Audubon Society, a major bird conservation nonprofit in the US.

Project Puffin’s origins lie on an uninhabited seven-acre island, six miles off the coast of Maine, called Easter Egg Rock. The tiny island, accessible only by rowboat, is free from predators (捕食者) and edged with rocks under which the puffins nest.

Starting in 1973, Kress’s team collected chicks from Greet Island, off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada, which had a healthy puffin population. The team hand -raised puffins in artificial holes, feeding them vitamin-enriched fish twice a day. “They would come out when they were six weeks old and they would work their way to the edge of the island and swim off,” says Kress.

For four years, however, none of the birds returned to the island to breed (繁殖). The project’s supporters began to question whether they would ever succeed. “That's when I began trying to think like a puffin,” Kress says.“Puffins nest in colonies because they like being with others of their kind and large groups provide protection from predators.” He thought that the young puffins did remember the island but were not brave to come ashore. Kress’s new idea was to place wooden puffins around the island, to help the birds feel safe. It worked.

Thanks to his pioneering method, Project Puffin says there are now around 1,300 pairs of puffins nesting on islands in the Gulf of Maine. What's more, the techniques Kress developed to save puffins are now used by seabird conservationists around the world.

17. What happened to Maine’s puffins in the late 19th century?

A. They were well protected. B. They were a tourist attraction.

C. They were nearly going extinct. D. They were raised for their meat.

18. Why do Project Puffin’s origins lie on Eastern Egg Rock?

A. It is inaccessible to hunters.

B. It seems an ideal Puffin habitat.

C. It is near the National Audubon Society.

D. It seems a perfect place for bird-watching.

19. What inspired Kress to think like a puffin?

A. Finding proper food for puffins.

B. Digging artificial holes for puffins.

C. Moving puffin chicks from Great Island.

D. Getting adult puffins to breed at Eastern Egg Rock.

20. What may be the best title for the passage?

A. A New Way to Save Seabirds B. A Bird Conservation Nonprofit

C. A Bird Species to Be Hand-raised D. A Great Seabird Migration Project

6

If there had to be a father of handwashing in history, it would be Ignaz Semmelweis. While working at Vienna General hospital, the Hungarian doctor, faced with a situation in which maternal death (孕产妇死亡) in hospitals were significantly higher than local clinics, tried hard clues as to why.

Germs (细菌) were yet to be discovered, and it was still believed in the 1840s that disease was spread by bad smells in the air. So it didn’t seem a problem that trainee doctors hanging out of labs to dissect (解剖) human bodies would pop up to the maternity ward (产房) to deliver a baby without washing their hands.

Then an accidental finger cut by a knife during a dissection caused a doctor to die, seemingly of the same sign the mothers had been getting. Semmelweis assumed that something from the dead bodies was to blame, which might, through the hands of doctors, make their way into women’ s bodies during childbirth.

To test his theory, he ordered doctors to wash their hands and instruments in some chlorine solution. As a result, the death rate for new mothers dropped to about 1 percent, compared with that of as high as 18 percent before the experiment.

However, he faced great resistance, and met a sad end. People at that time didn’t think of themselves as sort of walking Petri dishes. And the majority of doctors then were from middle- or upper-class families, and thought of themselves as very clean people.

Over the next 40 years, a better understanding of germs developed, and attitudes to hygiene (卫生) gradually shifted. In 1876, the German scientist Robert Koch discovered the anthrax bacillus (炭疽), kicking off the new research field of medical bacteriology. Many more germs were later identified. Surgeons started to take handwashing seriously.

By the 1890s and into the early 1900s, handwashing moved from being something doctors did to something everybody had been told to do.

21. What was the situation like in the 1840s?

A. Germs might have been discovered then.

B. Women suffered from delivering babies then.

C. The air at that time was dirty and full of viruses.

D. People were unaware of how disease was spread.

22. What does the underlined word “Solution” probably mean?

A. Liquid. B. Option. C. Tissue. D. Shell.

23. How did the public feel about handwashing at first?

A. It was effective. B. It was necessary.

C. It was ridiculous. D. It was dangerous.

24. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?

A. Steps to Protect Yourself

B. Disease Spreading by Your Hand

C. Hand Washing Critical in Fighting Viruses

D. The First Recorded Discovery of Handwashing

7

Fractional ownership is a percentage ownership of a specific asset (资产）. It has often been used to share the ownership of expensive assets such as expensive boats, private planes and so on. When the value of the asset increases, the ownership shares do as well. Co-owners also share equally the costs carried by the asset. Most recently, the same concept of fractional ownership was applied to art as well. The logic is the same. Multiple people own one artwork and share the benefits and the costs of the asset. Galleries and artists, instead of selling one artwork to one person, they can sell it to more than 1000 art lovers.

Co-ownership of art gives the possibility to everyone to participate in the art market. The potential market for artworks is suddenly way bigger. Only a few people can afford artworks that cost more than £100,000. But everyone can afford to buy some shares priced at £10 each. On top of this, all co-owners share the costs involved with the acquisition of an artwork. For art lovers that are just starting to collect art for investment (投资） reasons, co-ownership of art can be a great tool to start learning and understanding the market without risking too much capital. For big collectors instead, sharing the ownership of an artwork is an easy way to diversify their portfolio (投资组合） without having the burden of managing the asset.

For many years only wealthy people could afford to buy expensive artworks. Because of this, most artworks are hidden in private collections and dark storages since decades where the public has no access to. And, if we think that art is supposed to deliver important messages and topics and is the representation of our past and present, it seems incredible that art has become something that few people can fully enjoy. Fractional ownership of art, by giving everyone the possibility to co-own art, has the power to greatly change this. Suddenly, zxxk art becomes an asset available to everyone and, by being more accessible, it starts to attract way more people.

25. Which of the following is a kind of fractional ownership?

A. A wealthy businessman owns a private ship.

B. A museum event is attended by 1000 art lovers.

C. Galleries and artists sold one artwork to one person.

D. 10 friends bought a house priced at S10,000 together.

26. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?

A. The potential market for artworks.

B. The source of capital for investment.

C. The benefit of fractional ownership.

D. The development of fractional ownership.

27. What might the author agree to?

A. Art contributes greatly to social economy.

B. Co-ownership of art benefits the general public.

C. Only wealthy people could afford expensive artworks.

D. Fractional ownership is a way to invest without risk.