(新高考)高考英语二轮复习课时精炼考向11 句子成分与简单句和并列句(2份打包，解析版+原卷版)

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考向11句子成分与简单句和并列句
考向一 句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。现简单回顾如下：
1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
2.谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
3.表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
4.宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
5.宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
6.定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
7.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
8.同位语：当两个词或词组在一个句子中具有相同的语法地位而且描述相同的人或事物时，我们称它们为同位语。同理，当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.（Mr. Smith是主语our new teacher的同位语,指同一人）
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.（a friend of my brother's是宾语Tom的同位语，指同一人）
【典例示例】
指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
答案：
1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；
考向二 简单句与并列句
一、句子种类分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?
3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class
4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!
2、按句子的结构可分三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
二、简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.
2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.
注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
三、并列句的分类
1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
【典例示例】
1.Practice more，　　　 you’ll learn English better.
　A. or B. so C. and D. but
【答案】C
【解析】句意：多练习，你的英语就能学得更好。or 否则，或者；so因此；and和，与;于是，然后;but 但是。空格前后为顺承关系，故选C。　　
2.Don’t go to crowded places，　　you may have the flu easily.
A. and　　　B. but　　　　C. or　　　 D. so　
【答案】C
【解析】句意：不要去拥挤的地方，否则你可能会很容易得流感。and 并且；but 但是；or否则；so所以。根据句意知选C。　　
3.Going to the movies is good，　　 I really only like listening to music.
A. and　 B. but 　 　　C. so D. or　　
【答案】B
【解析】句意：去看电影很好，但是我真的仅仅喜欢听音乐。and和；but但是；so所以；or或者。根据句意可知两句是转折关系，故选B。　　
4.I don’t know 　　　　.
A. where can we buy the tickets
B. how much it costs to fly to Shanghai
C. who is he waiting for
D. why was he late for school this morning
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我不知道飞到上海的费用是多少。宾语从句只能用陈述语序，所以选B。　　
5.—Can you tell me 　　　　 your parents at home?
—I often wash clothes and sweep the floor.
A. how will you help B. how you help
C. how you will help D. how do you help
【答案】B
【解析】宾语从句应用陈述语序，排除A、D两项。答语用了一般现在时，所以所填写句子也用一般现在时，排除C项。　　　
6.We didn’t go home 　　　　the old man was sent to the hospital.
　A. until B. when C. while D.whether
【答案】A
【解析】not... until“直到……才”。句意为“直到把老人送去医院，我们才回家”。故选A。　　
7.—Do you like sports?
—Yes，I do some running in the park every day　　　the weather is terrible.
A. if B. after 　　C. unless D. while　
【答案】C
【解析】句意：“你喜欢运动吗? ”“是的，如果天气不糟糕，我就会每天在公园里跑步。”由此可判断答案选C。　　
8.We can talk with friends on the Internet 　　　it’s easier and cheaper.
　　A. though B. as C. or D. but　　
【答案】B
【解析】句意为“我们可以在网上与朋友们聊天是因为它既容易又便宜”。as用作连词表示原因。答案选B。　　
9.The girl is　　　 a nice girl 　　we all want to help her.
　　A. such;that B. too;to
　　C. so;that D. very;that
【答案】A
【解析】选项D不构成词组，首先排除。too... to句型中to后接动词原形，本句为主从句的形式，故排除B。such a nice girl=so nice a girl，排除C。答案选A。　
10.　　　 there were only five soldiers left at the front，　　　　 they went on fighting.
　　A. Because;so B. If;and 　　C. Though;but D. Though;/　　　
【答案】D
【解析】由句意知，虽然前线只有五位战士，但他们继续战斗。答案选D。
【检测训练】
1. Don’t be too hard on your daughter. ________, she is only a child.
A. After all B. First of all C. In all D. Above all
2. The speech the minister made on TV________ the education reform made both teachers and students excited.
A. being concerned B. to concern C. concerned D. concerning
3. The number of Chinese who escaped poverty ________ for more than percent of the world's impoverished people, measured by the poverty threshold set by the World Bank.
A. accounted B. accounting C. were accounted D. having accounted
4. Many scientists feel that the current climate changes ________ from the heavy pollution.
A. arise B. arouse C. rise D. raise
5. ________, you will get used to the life here and have your understanding of life.
A. As time going by B. With time go by
C. As time goes by D. With time goes by
6. ________ that he understands what is to be done.
A. Making sure B. To make sure C. Make sure D. Having made
7. Would you please ________ our party?
A. do me a favor attending B. do me the favor to attend
C. do me the favor attend D. to attend
8. ________ the telephone number several times，but he couldn’t learn it by heart.
A. He had been told B. Having been told
C. Although he had been told D. Having told
9. He doesn’t think that the plan is practical, _____?
A. does he B. doesn’t he C. is it D. isn’t it
10. --- ________bargaining is always such great fun?
---Usually people consider it a test to see who can stand their ground longer.
A. What is it that B. Why is it that C. What it is that D. Why it is that
11. If you want to learn more about it,________ here.
A. clicking B. click C. clicked D. to click
12. ________useful information you gave me! Thank you very much.
A. What B. What a
C. What an D. How
13. —Happy Teachers' Day! Here are some flowers for you.
—________beautiful the flowers are! Thank you.
A. How B. How a C. What D. What a
14. ________up, or you 'll be late for school again.
A. To hurry B. Hurry
C. Hurrying D. Hurried
15. ________ buy your ticket from a ticket machine. There are lots of people there.
A. Not B. Not too
C. Don’t D. Don’t to
16. —Look! ________ clean the classroom looks!
—Yes. I’m sure somebody ________ it up.
A. What; has cleaned B. How; has cleaned
C. What; cleaned D. How; cleaned
17. ________ exciting news! We’ve never had ________ long vacation before.
A. What; such a B. What an; such a
C. How; such a D. What; so
18. --- What do you think I should do?
----________your teacher’s advice, in my opinion, and everything will be OK.
A. Follow B. Following C. to follow D. Followed
19. You can't imagine ________great danger the firefighters were faced with when they tried to put out the big fire.
A. which B. how C. whether D. what
20. I told you that every effort paid off and you should stick to your goal, ________?
A. didn’t I B. shouldn’t you C. isn’t it D. didn’t it
21. Few of them hurt themselves in the accident last night, __________?
A. don’t they B. didn’t they C. did they D. do they
22. —You wouldn’t mind my opening the window, would you?
— ________, just go ahead.
A. Yes, I wouldn’t B. No, I would C. Yes, I would D. No, I wouldn’t
23. —_____?
— He has been preparing for his final exams. Good luck to him.
A. What has he been up to recently B. What’s wrong with him
C. How long has he been here D. How often does he have exams
24. James eventually made it home after a long journey, ?
A. was he B. did he C. didn't he D. wasn't he
25. Lose one hour in the morning ________ you will be looking for it the rest of the day.
A. but B. and C. or D. so
26. Before driving, please _______ your safety belt.
A. fast B. faster C. to fasten D. fasten
27. Last week, I _________ my grandfather, because I was busy with the exam.
A. don’t visit B. didn’t visit C. wasn’t visit D. aren’t visit
28. _____ your parents ______ you a present for your birthday every year?
A. Does; give B. Are; give C. Do; give D. Are; gives
29. —What do you think of China?
—__________ different life is today from__________ it used to be.
A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that
30. When Miss Beria speaks in class, we have to keep quiet, ________?
A. do we? B. don’t we C. does she D. doesn’t she
31. I don’t think what he said at the meeting makes any sense, ____________?
A. do I B. don’t I C. doesn’t it D. does it
32. ______ down the TV—Granny is sleeping in the next room.
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn
33. ______ food you’ve cooked! Thank you for your treat.
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
34. —You can't finish the book in less than an hour, I suppose?
—______. I won't break my promise, you know.
A. Yes, I'm sure I can B. No, but I can
C. Sorry. I make you disappointed D. However, I've tried my best
35. _________ he _________ himself there? No. I don't think so.
A. Do, enjoy B. Does, enjoies C. Does, enjoys D. Does, enjoy
36. Mr. Black often _________ fishing on Sunday, _________ he?
A. goes; doesn't B. goes; isn’t C. doesn't go; docs D. doesn't go; is
37. --- Smith does not go fishing on weekdays, _________ ?
--- _________, he does.
A. does he. No B. does he. Yes C. doesn't he. No D. doesn't he. Yes
38. —_______ Tom ____ to work hard to help his family?
—Yes , he _________.
A. Has, × . has B. Has, × , does
C. Does, has , has D. Does, have, does
39. Sarah had her washing machine repaired the day before yesterday, ________ she?
A. had B. did
C. hadn't D. didn't
40. Don’t waste time any more, ________ you will regret later.
A. or B. but C. and D. then
41. You’d better not stay outdoors in this kind of weather, ______ you?
A. do B. don’t C. had D. hadn’t
42. There won’t be more pollution in ten years, _______?
A. is it B. will it C. will there D. does it
43. The boss doesn’t allow the clerks to smoke in the office, ________?
A. does he B. doesn’t he C. is he D. isn’t he
44. Be careful with your passport and money when you are in a foreign country, ________?
A. will you B. can you C. aren’t you D. don’t you
45. Don’t forget to give Polly some food and change her water, ______?
A. will you B. shall we C. won’t you D. do you
46. He’s still not understood by his close friend although he has said sorry to him, _________?
A. hasn’t he B. has he C. isn’t he D. is he
47. ——You’ve never seen dinosaur eggs, have you?
——_________. How I wish to visit the Dinosaur World.
A. Yes, I have B. No, I haven't C. Certainly, I have D. Of course, I haven't
48. The pack of pencils to our school wasn’t delivered, ______ it?
A. did B. didn’t C. was D. wasn’t
49. We can hardly tell what life without the Internet will be like in the future,________?
A. can we B. can’t we C. will it D. won’t it
50. The sick man’s allowed to take a walk in the garden every day, _____________?
A. isn’t he B. hasn’t he C. is he D. wasn’t he


参考答案
1. A
【解析】考查固定短语辨析。句意：别对你女儿太苛刻。 毕竟，她只是个孩子。A. After all毕竟；B. First of all首先；C. In all总共；D. Above all 首先。根据上文“Don’t be too hard on your daughter.”可知对你女儿太苛刻，因为毕竟，她只是个孩子，after all符合语境。故选A。
2. D
【解析】考查介词。句意：部长在电视上发表的关于教育改革的讲话使教师和学生都很兴奋。分析可知， ________ the education 在句中作定语，concerning介词，意为“关于”，符合语境，此处为介词短语作后置定语。故选D项。
3. A
【解析】考查谓语动词和非谓语动词的区分。句意：以世界银行设定的贫困门槛衡量，中国脱离贫困的人数多于世界贫困人口的百分比。句子缺少谓语动词，选项B和选项D为非谓语动词，所以排除选项B和选项D。account for意为“（比例）占”，和主语The number of Chinese构成主动关系。此处是一般过去时，故选A。
4. A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多科学家认为目前的气候变化是由严重污染引起的。A. arise发生，出现，引起 ；B. arouse引起(感情、态度)；C. rise升起（不及物动词）；D. raise提升（及物动词）。arise from“因……产生；由……引起”是固定短语，符合句意。故选A项。
5. C
【解析】考查with复合结构及as引导的状语从句结构辨析。句意：随时间的流逝，你将习惯那里的生活，会对生活有你自己的理解。A. As time going by（错误表达）；B. With time go by（错误表达）；C. As time goes by随时间的流逝； D. With time goes by（错误表达）。参考四个选项，都想表达同样的意思“随时间的流逝”。as是连词，应引导时间状语从句，动词go作谓语，根据语境一般现在时正确，所以C项正确；使用with复合结构作时间状语，with是介词，go是宾语补足语，与逻辑主语time为主动关系，应使用going，故BD项错误。故选C项。
6. C
【解析】考查非谓语动词和谓语动词的辨析。句意：一定要让他明白该怎么做。宾语从句that he understands what is to be done前没有谓语动词，所以此处应用谓语动词，主句是祈使句，用动词原形。故选C。
7. B
【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：你能不能帮个忙，来参加我们的派对？do sb.the favor to do sth.表示“帮某人的忙去做某事”。故选B。
8. A
【解析】考查句型结构。句意：他被告诉电话号码很多次了，但是他就是记不住。根据句中的but可知，but连接的是两个并列句，排除BD项；although与but不能连用，故排除C项，故选A。
9. C
【解析】考查反意疑问句。句意：他认为这个计划不切实际，是吗？A. does he他是吗；B. doesn’t he 他不是吗；C. is it它是吗；D. isn’t it它不是吗。分析可知，句子句式属于“I(we) don’t think +that从句”，在该句式中，从句为否定意义，反意疑问句部分的系动词/助动词/情态动词和主语要与that从句保持一致且用肯定式，因此在本题中，反意疑问句应是与从句中的系动词“is”保持一致，主语与“the plan”保持一致，用第三人称单数“it”代替，故反意疑问句为：is it。故选C项。
10. B
【解析】考查强调句。句意：——为什么讨价还价总是如此有趣呢？——通常人们认为这是一个考验，看看谁能更长时间地坚持自己的立场。此处是强调句型的特殊问句，应该用“特殊疑问词+ is/was + it that...”，答句给出了答疑，句中应询问原因，故用疑问词why，故选B项。
11. B
【解析】考查祈使句。句意：如果你想了解更多，请点击这里。此处为肯定祈使句，句首动词click应用动词原形。故选B。
12. A
【解析】考查感叹句。句意：你给了我多么有用的信息啊！非常感谢。information是不可数名词，故排除B和C项；用how引出的感叹句结构为： How +形容词/副词 + 主语+ 谓语（+其他）， 故排除D。本题使用的感叹句结构为：what+adj. + 不可数名词 + 主语+谓语! 故选A。
13. A
【解析】考查感叹句。句意：——教师节快乐！这些花送给你。——多漂亮的花儿呀！谢谢！本题考查感叹句。flowers是复数，排除B、D两项；beautiful是形容词，应该用副词来修饰，what是代词，故选A。
14. B
【解析】考查特殊句式。句意：快点，不然你又要迟到了。根据连词or表示“否则，要不然”连接两个并列的句子可以判断，本题考查特殊句式：祈使句+and/or+陈述句。祈使句通常省略主语，以动词原形开头，只有B项符合，故选B。
15. C
【解析】考查祈使句。句意：不要从自动售票机买票，那里有很多人。祈使句的否定形式是在句子前面加don’t，故选C。
16. B
【解析】考查感叹句和现在完成时。句意：——看！教室看起来多么干净啊！——是啊。我确定有人已经打扫了。在感叹句中，修饰形容词clean，应用how，排除A、C两项；有人打扫才会干净，侧重对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时，故选B。
17. A
【解析】考查感叹句和such,so的用法。句意：多么令人兴奋的消息！以前我们从来没有这么长的假期。第一空考查感叹句，exciting news是名词词组，且news不可数，应用what；第二空long vacation是名词词组，应用such，且vacation是可数名词单数，应添加不定冠词a，即用such a。故选A。
18. A
【解析】考查固定句型。句意：——你认为我应该做什么？——在我看来，采纳你老师的建议，一切都会好起来的。分析句子可知，此处考查固定句型“祈使句+ and/or +陈述句”。故选A。
19. D
【解析】考查感叹句。句意：你无法想象当消防队员试图扑灭大火时，他们面临着多大的危险。imagine后接宾语从句，此宾语从句是一个感叹句，what + adj.+不可数名词+主语+谓语，此处用what。故选D项。
20. A
【解析】考查反意疑问句。句意：我告诉过你，每一次努力都有回报，你应该坚持你的目标，不是吗？在反意疑问句中，当陈述部分是主从复合句时，附加疑问句部分中的动词和主语代词通常应和主句中的动词和主语保持一致。故选A项。
21. C
【解析】考查反义疑问句。句意：几乎没有人在昨晚的事故中受伤,是吗？根据句中“last night,”可知，事件发生在昨天晚上，所以时态用一般过去时；另根据主句中“Few of them hurt”可知，主句的意思为否定含义，所以反义疑问句用肯定形式。结合选项，选项C符合题意，故选C。
22. D
【解析】考查反义疑问句和回答。句意：——你不介意我打开窗户，是吗？——不，我不介意，请吧。当陈述部分是否定形式时，回答要按事实。根据just go ahead可知，回答者不介意打开窗户，表示否定，因此用no和wouldn’t。故选D项。
23. A
【解析】考查特殊疑问句。句意：——他最近在忙什么？——他一直在为期末考试做准备。祝他好运。根据答句“He has been preparing for his final exams.”可知，问句应该是询问他最近在忙什么，选项A符合语境。B选项询问的是“他怎么了？”；C选项询问的是“他在这里多久了？”；D选项询问的是“他多久考试一次？”。故选A。
24. C
【解析】考查反义疑问句。句意：詹姆斯经过漫长的旅程终于回到家了，不是吗？分析句子可知，这是一个反义疑问句，陈述句部分存在实义动词made，且主语为James，因此反义疑问句部分使用助动词否定形式提前后接指代主语的代词he。故选C项。
25. B
【解析】考查连词词义辨析。句意：在早上失去的一个小时，你需要花费一天时间去弥补。A. but 但是；B. and而且；C. or 或者；D.so因此。结合后文“you will be looking for it the rest of the day”以及空前是以lose动词原形开头是祈使句，可知，此处是“祈使句+and+简单句”结构，前后文为并列关系。故选B。
26. D
【解析】考查祈使句。句意：开车前请系好安全带。A. fast快速的；B. faster更快的；C. to fasten使固定，扎牢（不定式）D. fasten使固定，扎牢。分析句子成分可知，该句是一个祈使句，设空处需填入动词原形。故选D项。
27. B
【解析】考查时态和助动词。句意：上周我没有去看祖父，因为我忙于考试。根据时间last week，可知此处描述过去发生的事情，需要用一般过去时态。本句已经出现了实意动词visit，有实意动词的句子变否定需要在动词前加didn't，故选B项。
28. C
【解析】考查助动词和一般疑问句。句意：你的父母每年都给你生日礼物吗？本句是一般疑问句，把原句变成陈述句应该是My parents give me a present for my birthday every year. 原句没有be动词，所以一般疑问句式需要用do或does引导。本句主语是your parents，是第三人称复数形式，所以用do引导，do后面的动词give用原形，故选C项。
29. A
【解析】考查感叹句和宾语从句。句意：——你认为中国怎么样？——中国今天的生活和过去是多么不同啊。第一空为感叹句，感叹后文形容词different，应用how；第二空为宾语从句，从句中缺少表语，指今天的生活和过去是多么不同，应用what。故选A。
30. B
【解析】考查反意疑问句。句意：Beria老师在课堂上讲话时，我们必须保持安静，不是吗?按照" 前肯定，后否定，前否定后肯定"的原则，这里的附加疑问句部分应用否定形式。可以排除，A、C两项，根据句意可知，本句的反意疑问句反的是主句，前面的主语是we，句子为一般现在时。故反意疑问句部分用don't。故选B项。
31. D
【解析】考查反意疑问句。句意：我认为你在会议上所说的话没有任何意义，不是吗？当主句主语为第一人称，动词think，believe，suppose，imagine，expect等后的简短问句应与从句相一致；从句的否定转移到主句时，其仍属否定句，故其后的简短问句应用肯定式。宾语从句中的主语为what he said at the meeting，所以用代词it代指。故选D。
32. D
【解析】考查祈使句。句意：把电视关小点——奶奶在隔壁睡觉。turn down 调小、关小。根据语境可知空格所在的句子是一个表示命令的句子，即祈使句，省略潜在的第二人称主语you，故空格处填动词原形。故选D。
33. D
【解析】考查感叹句。句意：你做的饭菜真好吃!谢谢你的款待。感叹句的构成：1.what引导的感叹句：what+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语；what+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语；what+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语；what+不可数名词+主语+谓语。2.how引导的感叹句：how+形容词/副词+主语+谓语。本句中food为不可数名词，因此需要使用what+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语。故选D。
34. A
【解析】考查反义疑问句的回答。句意：——我想，你总不能在一小时内看完这本书吧？——不，我确定我能。你知道，我不会食言的。A.Yes, I'm sure I can 不，我确定我能；B. No, but I can是的，但是我能；C. Sorry. I make you disappointed对不起，让你失望了；D. However, I've tried my best然而，我已经尽了全力。分析可知，本句考查反义疑问句的回答；反义疑问句只针对事实进行回答，即事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的就用no；根据“ I won't break my promise, you know.”可知，此人能在一小时内读完该书，即事实是肯定的，所以用yes回答。故选A。
35. D
【解析】考查一般疑问句。句意：他在那里玩得开心吗？不，我不这么认为。由主语he可知，此处是对第三人称进行提问，所以用does，至于后边用enjoy是因为助动词后边的动词用动词原形形式。故选D项。
36. A
【解析】考查时态和反意疑问句。句意：布莱克先生经常在星期天钓鱼，是吗?由 often可知时态是一般现在时，根据主语为Mr. Black，表示肯定的内容，可知谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式；后面疑问部分是对“钓鱼”进行询问，goes是实义动词，所以后面应该用助动词doesn't。故选A项。
37. B
【解析】考查反意疑问和回答。句意：——史密斯在工作日不去钓鱼，是吗?——不，他在工作日去钓鱼。反义疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致，此处是陈述部分否定式+疑问部分，疑问部分用肯定；再根据“ he does.”可知，回答的是yes“ 不”。故选B项。
38. D
【解析】考查一般疑问句和回答。句意：——Tom必须努力工作来帮助他的家庭吗？——是的，他必须努力。第一句陈述Tom目前的状态，应用一般现在时，且为一般疑问句，主语为Tom，谓语动词为have to do，应用助动词does，位于句首，句中谓语动词用原形；第二句是一般疑问句的肯定回答，yes, he does。故选D。
39. D
【解析】考查反义疑问句。本句中had是have的过去式，是一个行为动词，使用助动词didn’t构成反义疑问句。句意：Sarah前天把洗衣机修好了，不是吗？故D项正确。
40. A
【解析】考查连词。句意：不要再浪费时间了，否则你以后会后悔的。此题考查祈使句+and/or+简单句，若前后两句话是递进关系，则用and连接；若前后两句是转折关系，则用or。根据句意，空格前后两句话之间是转折关系，故用or。
41. C
【解析】考查反意疑问句。句意：这种天气你最好不要呆在户外，好吗？反意疑问句中,问句部分的动词与陈述部分的动词在语气上成相反的对应关系，即:肯定+否定? 否定+肯定? 当陈述部分有had better时，疑问部分通常用had/hadn't，You’d better是You had better的缩写形式，后接not，是否定句式，所以空格需填had。故选C项。
42. C
【解析】考查反意疑问句。句意：十年后不会有更多的污染，是吗？there be句型中陈述部分的助动词是will，反意疑问句的助动词也应是will，陈述部分是否定形式，问句部分用肯定形式，主语永远用there。故选C项。
43. A
【解析】考查附加疑问句。句意：老板不允许职员在办公室抽烟，对吗?这是个附加疑问句，陈述部分是否定，疑问部分则用肯定，根据陈述部分的doesn't可知，用助动词does引出疑问。故选A。
44. A
【解析】考查反意疑问句。句意：当你在国外时，小心你的护照和钱，好吗？陈述部分是肯定的祈使句，附加问句一般用will you 或won't you，故选A项。
45. A
【解析】考查附加疑问句。句意：别忘了给波莉一些食物和给她换点水，好吗?这是一个附加疑问句，陈述部分是祈使句，反问部分使用will或won't，陈述部分是否定，因此，疑问部分用否定。故选A。
46. D
【解析】考查反意疑问句。句意：虽然他向他的好朋友道歉了，但好朋友还是不理解他。陈述部分是主从复合句时，附加部分要看主句，主句的谓语部分是“is still not”，是否定形式，所以反意疑问句应用肯定形式is。故选D项。
47. B
【解析】考查反意疑问句的回答。句意：——你从没见过恐龙蛋，是吗？——是，我没有。我多么希望参观恐龙世界。回答反意疑问句时，不管问题是何种提法，若事实是肯定的，用yes回答；若事实是否定的，就用no来回答。根据句意，可知事实是否定的。故选B项。
48. C
【解析】考查反意疑问句。句意：发往我们学校的那包铅笔没有送到，是吗? 反意疑问句中问句部分的动词与陈述部分的动词在语气上成相反的对应关系，即： 肯定+否定? 否定+肯定?句子前部分主语为The pack of pencils to our school，是含有动词be的否定句（wasn't），所以后面用was肯定式表达。故选C项。
49. A
【解析】考查反意疑问句。句意：我们很难说将来没有互联网的生活会是什么样子，是吗？当陈述部分是包含从句的复合句时，反意疑问句视主句情况而定，陈述部分含有否定词hardly ，附加部分用肯定形式，故选A项。
50. A
【解析】考查反意疑问句。句意：这位病人被允许每天在花园里散步，是吗？根据句意，陈述部分的谓语部分是“is allowed（被允许）”，根据“前肯后否”原则，所以反意疑问句中应用isn’t。故选A项。