热点06 定语从句引导词对比用法-十年（2013—2022）高考英语热门考点梳理与变式练

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十年（2013—2022）高考英语热门考点梳理与变式练
热点06 定语从句引导词对比用法

1.(2013﹒上海)An ecosystem consists of the living and nonliving things in an area ______ interact with one another.
A. that B. where C. who D. what
【答案】A
【解析】题干的意思是：“生态系统是由一个区域里相互作用的生物和非生物构成的”。分析句子结构，______ interact with one another是定语从句，先行词是the living and nonliving things，通过还原法可知，先行词在从句中作主语，不是人，所以用that。务必记住：what不可引导定语从句。
2.(2013﹒江苏)The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China，________ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.
A.where B.which C.what D.when
【答案】B
【解析】试题分析：考查定语从句。先行词为 passion，定语从句中缺少宾语，故用关系代词 which。句意：世界银行总裁说他记得早在童年时代就开始了对中国的热爱。故B正确。
3.(2013﹒天津)We have launched another man－made satellite，________ is announced in today's newspaper.
A. that B. which C.who D.what
【答案】B
【解析】本句中which指代的就是前面整句话的内容，即我们又发射了一颗人造卫星这件事，可翻译成“这一点”。
4.(2013﹒全国卷II)When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house______I would be staying.
A. what B. when C. where D. which
【答案】C
【解析】空处之后是一个定语从句，解题关键就是看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分。这个句子中，先行词是house，在定语从句中，做地点状语，即：I would be staying in the house，所以要用关系副词where。
5.(2013﹒全国卷I) “You can’t judge a book by its cover,” ________ .
A. as the saying goes old B. goes as the old saying
C. as the old saying goes D. goes as old the saying
【答案】C
【解析】go old意思是“变老”，和题意不符，故排除选项A。选项B和D显然使用了全倒装语序，但本句不满足条件，不可能作为本题的正确答案。所以最佳答案是选项C，其中的as引导的非限制性定语从句，意思是“如……一样”。
6.(2014﹒天津)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, ________ uses it differently.
A. all of which B. each of which C. all of them D. each of them
【答案】B　
【解析】句意：英语是一种被好几种不同文化共同使用的语言，每一种文化使用它时都是不同的。首先A 项和C项中的all暗示空格后用use，故排除A、C；根据空格后的uses使用的是一般现在时，可知空格处需用单数名词或代词，可选B、D；再根据uses是谓语动词，可知空格处是主语，只有each of which能作主语，并构成了定语从句。
7.(2015﹒湖南)It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages..
A. as B. where C. that D. which
【答案】D
【解析】试题分析：根据分析，此句是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是place，在定语从句中是作主语的，所以用关系代词引导。As引导非限定性定语从句时要放在句首，故排除，选用which。句意：这真是一个令人愉快的地方，这里的蜿蜒的小路和美丽的小村庄一定和100年前看起来是一模一样的。故选D
8.(2015﹒天津)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ______ his employees enjoy their work.
A. where B. which C. when D. who
【答案】A
【解析】试题分析：句意：公司老板正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛，在这种气氛中，其员工喜欢他们的工作。句中先行词为atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。根据句意可知选A。
9.(2015﹒四川)The books on the desk, covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
A.which B. what C. whose D. that
【答案】C
【解析】试题分析：考查定语从句。本题考查定语从句的关系词，先行词为the books，和covers之间存在所有关系，故选择C，意为书的封面。句意为：桌上的书是给我们的奖励，那些书的封面闪闪发光。
10.(2015﹒江苏)The number of smokers, _____ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
A. it B. which C. what D. as
【答案】D
【解析】试题分析：句意：据报道，吸烟者人数仅（过去）一年就减少了17%。as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末，指代的是整个一句话。故选D项。考生容易误选B项which，把逗号前面的the number of smokers看成先行词，后面非限制性定语从句用which引导。殊不知，这里关系代词指代的是“The number of smokers has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.”整个一句话。另外，as和which在定语从句都可以指代一句话，但前者有“正如……”的意思，后者则没有。还可以抓住as is reported这一常用结构，类似的还有as is known/expected/planned/mentioned/said等。
11.(2016﹒江苏)Many young people, most ______were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
A.of which B.of them C.of whom D.of those
【答案】C
【解析】试题分析: 考查定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词是Many young people, 关系代词whom指代先行词，在定语从句中作为介词of的宾语。句意:很多年轻人都前往偏远地区追求它们的梦想，其中大部分人都是受过良好教育。故C正确。
12.(2016﹒天津)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ____ the weather may be better.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
【答案】D
【解析】试题分析：句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。使用定语从句，先行词是next week，定语从句中不缺少主宾表，缺少时间状语。故选D。
13.(2017﹒天津)My eldest son, _______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
A. that B. whose C. his D. who
【答案】B
【解析】试题分析:本句是-一个非限制性定语从句， 先行词是My eldest son,根据句意和空后名词确定引导词在从句中作定语，选项中只有whose修饰名词作定语。故选B。
14 (2018﹒天津)Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
A. whom B. that
C. whose D. her
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句关系词。句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。分析句子，句中先行词为Kate，在非限定性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，故用关系代词whose。故选C。
15. (2018﹒江苏)Self-driving is an area _______ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
A. that B. where
C. which D. when
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。故选B。
16.(2019﹒江苏) We have entered into an age _______ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
A. which B. what C. when D. that
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入到了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age（一个时代），且先行词在从句中做时间状语，所以关系词用when。 故选C。
17.(2019﹒天津) Their child is at the stage__________ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
A. why B. where
C. which D. what
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual words but not full sentences是一个定语从句，先行词是the stage，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where，故选B。
18.(2019﹒新课标I卷)One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
【答案】One afternoon I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
【解析】考查定语从句。先行词one afternoon表示时间在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词使用when。故将where改为when。
19.(2019﹒新课标II卷)Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， ___62___ she opened with her late husband Les.
【答案】where
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。
20.(2019﹒新课标III卷)They were well trained by their masters ___64___ had great experience with caring for these animals.
【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。
21.(2019﹒新课标III卷) In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.
【答案】
In the cafe, customers will enjoy  themselves in the historical environment  is created for them. 
【解析】本句考查定语从句。先行词environment 在从句中做主语，指物，关系代词用that/which。故 把what改为that/which。
22.(2019﹒浙江)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ___58___gives off light in the dark.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。
23.(2019﹒北京)The students benefiting most from college are those ___9___ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.
【答案】who/that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。___3___ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.是定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who或that。
24.(2020﹒江苏)Many lessons are now available online, from _____ students can choose for free.
A. whose B. which C. when D. whom
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which引导。故选B。
25.(2020﹒天津)Dr. Rowan, ______ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
A. whose B. of whom C. of which D. which
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意:罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。______ secretary resigned two weeks ago是非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr. Rowan，引导词在从句中作定语，表示”Dr. Rowan’s “，表示”……的”，应用关系代词whose引导该从句，故选A。
26.（2021·天津）William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
A．from which B．in which C．with whom D．for whom
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：威廉·哈斯蒂曾经说过，历史会告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。分析句子可知，past mistakes为现行词，_____ we can learn without repeating them.为定语从句，从句中谓语动词can learn可知，要从过去的错误中学习，learn from“从……中学习”，可知应用from which引导定语从句。故选A。
27.（2021·天津）At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands ________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
A．where B．which C．that D．when
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子成分可知，stands 作先行词，空格后的句子为定语从句来修饰stands ，从句中不缺主宾表，故选关系副词，先行词stands 在从句中作地点状语，所以应用where。故选A。
28.（2021·天津）In the spring, a season ________ we are learning new rhythms of life，many of us find comfort in the natural world.
A．when B．where C．what D．which
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：春天是我们学习新的生活节奏的季节，许多人在大自然中找到了舒适感。此处a season是先行词，在后面的定语从句中作时间状语，定语从句由关系副词when引导。故选A。
29.（2019· 浙江卷·语法填空）On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ___58___ gives off light in the dark.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。
30.（2017· 新课标卷I·语法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.
【参考答案】 which
【答案解析】句意：很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处。分析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整句话。
31. （2017· 新课标卷II· 短文改错）In their spare time, they are interesting（改为interested） in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.
【参考答案】 which
【答案解析】非限制性定语从句需要用which引导，故将that改为which。
32.（2018·新课标II卷·短文改错）They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
【参考答案】which前加in 或which改为where
【试题解析】考查定语从句的关系词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。
33. （2019· 新课标II卷·语法填空）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ___62___ she opened with her late husband Les.
【答案】where
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。
34. （2017· 新课标卷III·语法填空）But Sarah, 64 has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
【参考答案】 who
【答案解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知， 64 has taken part in shows along with top models是非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为Sarah，指人，要用who。
35.（2016·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）But my connection with pandas goes back 64（to） my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65 I was the first Western TV reporter 66（permitted）(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
【参考答案】when
【答案解析】考查定语从句。后面是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少状语，又因先行词是时间，故填when。
36. （2017·新课标卷I·语法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the health.
【参考答案】 which
【答案解析】句意：很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处。分析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整句话。

一、关系代词引导的定语从句
一、常见关系代词的基本用法
1. that
可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。不能引导非限制性定语从句；不可置于介词后作宾语。
2. which
指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语。如：
The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语）
3. who, whom, whose
（1）who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，只可指人
（2）whom: 宾格，在从句中只能作宾语；只可指人
（3） whose: 表所属关系，在从句中作定语。译为：某人的，某物的
（4）whose + 名词 =the + n. + of which (某物的) = he + n. + of whom (某人的)
注意：
① 关系代词作介词宾语(在定语从句中，介词提前时，介词后：表人用 whom；表物用 which)
② 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时，介词可放于从句之首，也可放于从句之末。但以放于句首较为正式。（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时，介词必须放在句末。）
4. as
as引导定语从句，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语
（1）如为限制性的，多用于the same …as ; the same as(与……相同)；such …as …（如此，这样）; as many/much as（和……一样多）；so/as …as（与……一样）等结构中。如：
（2）如为非限制性的，as还可以单独引导一个定语从句，代替整个主句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为＂正如，这一点＂。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）
As we all know, smoking is harmful to one’s health. (as作宾语) 众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
二、that、 which只能用其中一个的情况
1. 只能用that，不能用which的情况
（1）先行词是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词或先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰。
☞All the people that come from the country work much harder.
所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。
（2）先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、the only，the very，the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。如：
☞The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。
☞This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
☞This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。
（3）先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。如：
☞The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
☞The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。
（4） 关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时，通常只用that，不用which。如：
☞He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是过去的那位明星了。
☞Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。
（5） 句中其他位置已出现which， 为避免重复， 不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如：
☞Which is the car that has overtaken us？ 超过我们的是哪辆车？
2. 只用which，不能用that的情况
（1） 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成＂介词＋关系代词＂结构来修饰表事物的先行词时， 关系代词必须用which。如：
☞The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。
☞This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。
注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 如：
☞This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。
（2） 先行词为＂those＋表事物的复数名词＂时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。例如：
☞Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior.
学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。
☞A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published.
书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。
（3）当先行词指物，关系词在句中作主语或宾语，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用which，而不用that。
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
1. 关系副词when，where，why的先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为reason)的名词，在从句中作状语。有时可用＂介词＋which＂结构替换。
☞I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我还记得我第一次来北京的那天。
2. 当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，即使先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词仍用which/that。
☞Is this the reason (that) he explained for his rudeness at the meeting?
这是他在会议上解释的无礼的原因吗？
3. 当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point，situation，case，stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。
☞The media can often help solve problems and draw attention to situations where help is needed.
媒体经常能够帮助解决问题，把注意力吸引到需要帮助的情况。
关系代词和关系副词的选择
用法
依据
根据从句谓语动词
若是及物动词，后面若无宾语，用关系代词；若是不及物动词则用关系副词。
根据关系词在从句中作的成分
把关系词放进定语从句中，若作主语或宾语用关系代词；作状语则用关系副词。
三、非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句是对意义已经非常明确的先行词给予补充、说明，删去非限制性定语从句，主句的意思仍是概念清晰、结构完整的。非限制性定语从句的引导词有who，whom，which，whose，as，when，where等，that不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，从句之前要用逗号。
先行词指人，则用who，whose，which等；
先行词指物，要用which；
先行词表时间或者地点，并在句中作时间状语或者地点状语时要用when或者where引导。
一、使用非限制性定语从句的情况：
1. 关系代词指代整个主句时，使用非限制性定语从句。
☛You did a lot for me, for which I was grateful. 你为我做了许多，对此我很感激。
☛The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 众所周知，钓鱼岛属于中国。
☛A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。
2. 当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名地名等专有名词时，使用非限制性定语从句。
☛China, which is my motherland, is developing fast. 中国是我的祖国，正在快速发展。
☛Eason, who was a pop star, got married last year. 伊森去年结婚了，他是明星。
☛Last Sunday they reached Nanjing , where a conference was to be held. 他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。
3. 当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属（son，daughter等）时，使用非限制性定语从句。
☛He has a daughter, who is studying in London. 他有个女儿，现在正在伦敦学习。（只有一个女儿）
☛This is my teacher, who has something to tell you. 这是我的老师，他有一些事情要告诉你。
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1. 形式不同
限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。
2. 功能不同
限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。
☛People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
☛His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整)
3. 翻译不同
在翻译定语从句时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。
☛He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
☛I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。
4. 含义不同
比较下面的两个句子：
☛I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)
☛I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
5. 先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。
☛Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)
☛He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)
☛Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
☛Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
6. 关系词不同
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。
三、as，which引导的定语从句
（一）相同点
两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，位于主句之后有时可互换。
☛The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted. 会议被推迟了，这正是我们想要的。
☛He was a doctor, as/which I knew from his manner. 他是一名医生，我是从他的举止中知道的。
（二）不同点
1. as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。
☛As is known to all, fish can’t live without water. 众所周知，鱼离开水无法生存。
☛Air, as we know, is gas. 正如我们所知，空气是气体。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中，which后的be动词不可省；而as后的be动词可以省略。
☛She told me she won the match, which was a lie. 她告诉我们她赢得了比赛，这是一个谎言。
☛The material is elastic, as (was) shown in the figure. 这种材料是有弹性的，正如图中所示。
3. which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语；而as作主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be，seem，become等，一般不用其他行为动词。
☛He saw the girl, which delighted him. 他看见了那个女孩，这让他很高兴。
☛He didn’t say anything at the meeting, as/which seemed very strange. 他在会议上一言未发，这看起来非常奇怪。
4. as常用＂正如＂含义，常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（情况常常如此）；as we all can see（正如我们看到的）；be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。
☛As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
☛Kate was late for school, as often happened. 凯特上学迟到了，正如常发生的那样。
5. 在非限制性定语从句中，which可指代主句中的某一个单词，as不可以。
☛My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well. 我哥哥喜欢打篮球，他打得非常好。
☛Beijing, which he was born in, is our capital. 北京，他出生的地方，是我们的首都。
6. ＂介词+关系代词（介宾代物）＂中关系代词只能用which。
The Travel Agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened for new branches. 那家与我们交易了好几年的旅行社又开了新的分店。
☛Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent. 空气是一种气体的综合体，其中氧气占了21%。
7. 从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用which。
☛He can write a letter in English, which I can not. 他可以用英语写信，我不能。
☛Metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone will not. 金属能承受得住用锤子敲打，但是石头则不能。
8. 非限制性定语从句中的关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时，常用which。
☛He said he had passed the exam, which was untrue. 他说他通过了考试，这是假的。
四、＂介词+关系代词＂引导的定语从句
●＂介词＋关系代词＂的用法
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，我们通常用＂介词＋关系代词＂引导定语从句。如果指＂人＂，用＂介词＋whom＂；如果指＂物＂，用＂介词＋which＂。
●＂介词＋关系代词＂结构中介词的选用
1. 一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：①先行词的意义；②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；③句子的意思。
☞I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记孩童时代我在乡村度过的时光。
2. 表示＂整体和部分关系＂，介词常用of。在some，any，few，none，all，both，neither，most，each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。
☞John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members.
约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。
3. 有时＂介词＋where＂可以引导定语从句，此时要和＂介词＋which＂引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
☞His head soon appeared out of the window, from where he saw nothing but trees.
他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)
●在定语从句中，含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化)，如look after, look for等。
●＂of which / whom＂有时可以用＂whose＋名词＂结构来改写。
●当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时，通常用in which或that引导定语从句(in which或that可省略)；如果定语从句中不缺少状语，则用关系代词引导(that 或which 可省略)。
五、定语从句与其他句型的区别
一、限制性定语从句与同位语从句的区别
关系副词引导限制性定语从句中的关系词有跟他们含义相应的先行词，而引导同位语从句时则没有与他们含义相应的先行词。
☞Sorry, I’ve forgot the day when we met for the first time.
抱歉，我记不起我们第一次见面的日子了。（定语从句，先行词the day 与when含义相应）
☞I’ve no idea when we met for the first time.
我不知道我们第一次是什么时候见面的。（同位语从句，idea与when没有任何联系）
二、定语从句与时间状语从句的区别
当定语从句的引导词与时间状语从句的连接词都是when时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明时间名词，只能放在先行词的后面；而时间状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。
☞Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）
☞It was already five o’clock when the class was over.
=When the class was over, it was already five o’clock.
当课结束时，已经是五点钟了。（时间状语从句）
三、定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
当定语从句的引导词与地点状语从句的连接词都是where时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明地点名词；而状语从句则说明动作发生的地点，where没有对应的地点名词或代词。
☞This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这就是几年前我们常居住的地方。（定语从句）
☞Let’s go where we can find a better job.
我们到我们能找到更好工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
四、定语从句与强调句型的区别
定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制，关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面，句子中的It有所指；而强调句型是对某部分加强语气，强调语气的连接词只能是that, who，并且句子中的It 没有任何意义；一般比较明显，而有时就难以区别，还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。
It is a book that he wants.
它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句，就要从语境上来考察。如果它是用来回答What is this / that? 这样的问题，意思是：它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want? 这样的问题，那么意思是：他想要的是一本书。显然，句子是强调句型。
五、定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
定语从句中的关系词在从句中还要作某种成分，因而从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词不作任何句子成分，因此句子成分完整。
☞It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（定语从句）
☞It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我么大家都喜欢它。（结果状语从句）
比较：It is such an interesting book that we all like. 强调句型。意思是：我们大家都喜欢的是一本如此有趣的书。
六、定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
定语从句一般有关系词、主谓结构完整；而独立主格结构没有关系词、也没有谓语动词。
☞The book being very interesting, we all like it. 由于这本书有趣，我们大家都喜欢它。
☞The book which / that is very interesting was published last year. 这本有趣的书是去年出版的。

一、单项选择
1．We’ll call on a man ________ I believe can give us very good advice.
A．which B．who
C．whom D．whomever
2．Chinese athletes won 26 gold medals in the 2016 Olympics, ________ was won by Zhang Mengxue.
A．the first of them B．the first of which C．of which first D．of whose first
3．Those without outside space can rent small pieces of land ________ they can grow things, ________ is really a great idea.
A．where; that B．on which; which C．which; which D．where; it
4．She was angry to see the beautiful coat ________ she had bought the day before ________ with snow.
A．which; cover B．that; covered C．/; covering D．where; covered
5．It was in this school ________ the name he will never forget ________ he won the speaking competition about how the army and rescue workers made joint efforts to return the earthquake disaster area to normal.
A．of which; that B．where; that C．whose; where D．that; that
6．After working for 10 years, I find teaching is a job ___________you are doing something serious but interesting.
A．that B．which C．when D．where
7．—What do you think of the activity organized by our school last Saturday?
—It really gave as a platform ___________ we learned team spirit.
A．that B．where C．which D．when
8．Could it be in the restaurant ______ you had dinner with your partner yesterday ______ you lost your handbag?
A．which; that B．where; that C．that; which D．that; where
9．A war is so cruel that it always causes great losses, _____ has happened in Ukraine and other countries.
A．what B．as C．where D．which
10．It is going to be some time________he sees his father again,________ business has just been set up in the UK.
A．before; his B．until; his
C．before; whose D．until; whose
11．It is one of the most surprising moments in Oscar history________actor Will Smith walked on stage and slapped Chris Rock for a joke________Rock made about Smith’s wife's hair.
A．which; that B．that; when C．when; that D．which; which
12．China has many rivers, ______ the Changjiang River is the longest.
A．which B．in which C．among which D．one of which
13．I lent some money to Bernard, ______ house was knocked down during the typhoon.
A．which B．who C．whom D．whose
14．Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize, ______ is considered a very distinguished international honour.
A．that B．what C．as D．which
15．A good government is not to pick technologies, but to establish conditions ________ innovation is supported and encouraged into the marketplace.
A．when B．that C．whose D．where
16．The explorer took only ________ men and things ________ he really needed into the jungle with him.
A．those; which B．such; as
C．those; who D．such; that
17．I wish to thank Professor Smith, without ______ help I would never have got this opportunity.
A．who B．whose C．whom D．which
18．Mr. Johnson, our teacher and friend, ______ invited to attend the meeting, ______ he would deliver a speech to the students.
A．was; which B．were; that C．were; where D．was; where
19．My family will be always thankful for the people from ________ we received aid.
A．who B．that C．whom D．which
20．Was it in the village ______ we used to live in ______ the accident happened?
A．that; where B．which; that C．where; that D．which; where
21．Watch out! You’re standing on a dangerous bridge, ______ stairs are being repaired.
A．which B．where C．that D．whose
22．Wolves are highly social animals, ______ success depends upon cooperation.
A．whom B．that C．whose D．her
23．The Dragon Tower, from ________ top visitors can enjoy a good sight of Harbin, attracts hundreds of tourists every day.
A．which B．whose C．its D．where
24．Inspired by dolphins, people have learnt how to send signals underwater, ______ is currently employed in tsunami early-warning systems.
A．which B．that C．who D．what
25．It was the fantastic science fiction ______ I found myself relating to the hero.
A．that B．where C．why D．which
26．My favorite writer is a key role in literature, most of ______ books put on the stage and screen.
A．who B．whom C．whose D．her
27．We will never forget the days ________ my family visited Shanghai together.
A．when B．which C．what D．that
28．Have you seen the sunflowers________ are bought as presents for your Mother’s Day.
A．who B．which C．whose D．/
29．He made another wonderful invention, ________ of great importance to science.
A．which I think is B．which I think it is
C．which I think it D．I think which is
30．The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point ________ he can walk correctly and safely.
A．when B．where
C．which D．whose
二、完形填空
Dear Professor Wang,
I want to ____31____ you for offering me such useful advice during my research. I have completed my article about ____32____ , and I'm quite ____33____ with it. It has just been ____34____ our school website. I never knew that advertisements were so interesting! The ____35____ I wrote will really help others. I hope that after they ____36____my article, my schoolmates will ____37____ understand that public service ads are ____38____ to educate us about public welfare issues, and that commercial ads are meant to ____39____ products or services. Before our talk, I did not think very much about how an advertiser might be trying to fool ____40____ into buying a product or a service. Now I think I will be much smarter about what things to buy. ____41____there are lots of exciting images and persuasive language. I will remember to think about the things I buy. I will ____42____ pay a lot more attention to the nationwide public service ad campaigns, because now I know ____43____ helpful they can be. I will ____44____ my friends to pay attention to them as well.
Thank you again for helping me find so much ____45____ information!
Yours faithfully,
Wu Shang
31．A．introduce B．advise C．tell D．thank
32．A．advertisements B．sports C．services D．products
33．A．worried B．satisfied C．angry D．upset
34．A．pointed B．played C．published D．written
35．A．article B．information C．knowledge D．website
36．A．feel B．hear C．touch D．read
37．A．finally B．luckily C．freely D．hardly
38．A．convinced B．delighted C．determined D．intended
39．A．promote B．save C．prepare D．protect
40．A．students B．professors C．customers D．advertisers
41．A．Because B．If C．Even though D．When
42．A．still B．also C．too D．even
43．A．how B．what C．although D．whether
44．A．force B．decide C．know D．encourage
45．A．useless B．useful C．thankful D．boring
三、语法填空
1
Schoolwork can be stressful sometimes, especially in the final year of high school, which can affect our health. Therefore, finding a good way to deal ___46___ pressure is important. I just discovered my new favorite method: trampolining (蹦床运动)!
The door opens and you are amazed ___47___ (see) people jumping and flying around like superheroes. The trampoline park is full of ___48___ (colour) trampolines. For beginners, it is the best area to start.
It was a little bit ___49___ (frighten) at the beginning, as we could hardly walk on the trampolines. ___50___ when I started to jump, I felt all the stress leave my body. After jumping for a while, I ___51___ (lie) down and closed my eyes, imagining I had become a bird that could touch the sky.
There were some other bouncing (弹跳) ___52___ (activity). My favorite one was the basketball dunking (扣篮) area, ___53___ included a basketball hoop above runway trampolines. With the power of bouncing, I could dunk like ___54___ NBA superstar. It was not only relaxing, but also fun!
While outdoor activities ____55____ (large) depend on the weather, indoor trampoline parks are really good places to go whenever you want to have a good time.
2
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
A college student who shows great courage in fighting severe kidney (肾脏) disease while following his dreams in scientific ____56____(invent) has inspired many people.
Zou Yongsong, 27, is a student at Changsha University of Science &Technology in Changsha, Hunan Province. At the age of four, Zou caught ____57____ high fever, and poor medical treatment in the village left his kidneys ____58____ (serious) damaged. Since then he has suffered kidney problems and has had to take medicine daily ____59____ (fight) the disease.
Though he suffered the pain ____60____   (bring) by the disease, he didn’t give up attending school. After years of hard work, Zou was admitted to Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology. In 2017 his condition became ____61____ (bad) and he had to receive dialysis (透析) treatment. ____62____, the physical suffering did not stop him ____63____ (dream) of a career in science. Even during his stay in hospital, he insisted ____64____ working on patent (专利权) applications. Over the last two years, six of his patents and copyrights _____65_____ (approve).
Because he shows courage and optimism when facing difficulty and misfortune, Zou was awarded the Touching Hunan award in November.
3
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式,并将答案填写在答题卡上。
Trains are cleaner, greener, more spacious and ____66____ (general) less troublesome than planes. Once ____67____(view) as travel’s past, rail is now starting to look a lot like the future. In the USA, a huge expansion of the train network is drawing ____68____ (people) attention. And in Europe, some very cool plans have been made for a whole new generation of sleeper trains.
Sleeper services, ____69____ operate overnight between major destinations, get rid of the main disadvantage of train travel: the lengthy journey time. Like a red-eye flight on rail, you can board the train in the centre of one city and wake up in ____70____, ready to drink a cup of coffee and explore.
Once numerous, Europe’s night trains have been cut back gradually over recent decades. But that trend is reversing (逆转).We’re very excited to hear about the ____71____ (announce) of five new European night train routes, launching over the next four years. A total of eight European countries ____72____ (link) by the new routes.
____73____ short, your European travels over the ____74____ (come) years are going to involve hanging around not at airports ____75____ through railway stations. Needless to say, we’re into it. All aboard!
4
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Lantern Festival falls on the fifteenth day of the first month of the lunar year and it is the first significant festival after Chinese New Year. It also marks the final day of the Chinese New Year ____76____ (celebration).
The main activity during the Lantern Festival is looking at lanterns. No matter where you go, you can see beautiful lanterns ____77____ the day of the festival. In the evening, most cities will organise lantern shows ____78____ add to the festive atmosphere. The shows have lanterns of different shapes, including animals, flowers, people, buildings and more.
Usually, riddles ____79____ (write) on the lanterns. People crowd around and try ____80____ (guess) the riddles. This is one of the most popular activities since the beginning of the festival.
Yuanxiao is the special food of the Lantern Festival. The round shape of yuanxiao symbolises reunion, harmony and happiness. ____81____ (interesting), the Lantern Festival was known as Chinese Valentine’s Day in the past. Many ancient Chinese poets have written poems about the Lantern Festival which describe happy moments and the stories of young lovers. ____82____, in most parts of China today, the festival has lost these ____83____ (origin) meanings. With a history of over 2,000 years as a traditional festival, the Lantern Festival is celebrated both in China and abroad. Chinese people ____84____ (live) in any part of the world can experience and share ____85____ exciting festival.
5
阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
The 3rd Flushing (法拉盛) Poetry Festival will be held in April this year to celebrate modern Chinese poets ____86____ (live) overseas and encourage cross-cultural conversation and translation of poetry from these poets. Poems should be submitted before February 15, 2021 ____87____ (compete) in the festival, which will be open to the public in Chinese and English ____88____ free.
The festival was started by poets of Chinese descent (血统) in the USA, and this ____89____ (year) event will be hosted by the editorial committee of First Line New York, an online poetry magazine ____90____ (attach) to the Flushing Poetry Festival. The purpose is to encourage Chinese poets overseas to publish their original writing, and build a bridge between Chinese poets and poets writing in English and ____91____ languages. The festival will be held during the time of the National Poetry Month in the USA, ____92____ the place and the form of the event will be decided later due to the COVID-19 situation.
The lst and 2nd Flushing Poetry Festivals were held in 2018 and 2019 ____93____ (separate) and winning poetry ____94____(publish) online. The schedule of the two previous festivals included _____95_____ award ceremony, poetry reading and group discussion.

参考答案
一、
1．B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们将请一位我相信能给我们很好的建议的人来。A.which 哪个；B.who谁；C.   whom谁；D.whomever无论是谁。分析可知“I believe”只是插入语，不影响句子结构，“ can give us very good advice”是定语从句，修饰man，从句缺主语，指人，用关系代词who引导该定语从句。whom/whomever只能作宾语，which一般指物。故选B。
2．B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：中国运动员在2016年奥运会上获得了26枚金牌，其中第一枚金牌由张梦雪获得。此处为“介词+关系代词”结构非限制性定语从句修饰先行词 26 gold medals ，表示“其中第一”短语为the first of，应用which引导。故选B。
3．B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：那些没有外部空间的人可以租一小块土地来种东西，这真是个不错的主意。第一空引导限制性定语从句，先行词为small pieces of land，从句“________ they can grow things”中缺少地点状语，应用关系副词where或介词+关系代词，即on which来引导；第二空是非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整个句子，且定语从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词which来引导，故选B。
4．B
【解析】考查定语从句和非谓语动词。句意：她很生气，因为她昨天买的漂亮外套被雪覆盖了。分析句子可知，第一空处“she had bought the day before”是限制性定语从句，修饰先行词coat，指物，先行词在从句中作宾语，可用关系代词that或which引导该从句；第二空处cover作动词see后宾语the beautiful coat的补足语，是非谓语动词，与其逻辑主语the beautiful coat之间是被动关系，应用过去分词covered表示被动。综合选项，故选B项。
5．A
【解析】考查定语从句和强调句型。句意：正是在这所学校里——他永远不会忘记它的名字——他赢得了关于军队和救援人员如何共同努力使地震灾区恢复正常的演讲比赛。分析句子可知，第一空处“the name he will never forget”是定语从句，修饰先行词school，先行语在从句中作the name的定语，意为“学校的名字”，可用关系代词whose或者“介词+关系代词”结构of which引导该定语从句，表示所属关系；综合分析全句，句中使用了强调句型“It + is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子其它部分”，本句中强调的是原句中地点状语“in this school ________ the name he will never forget”，句子其它部分由that引出。结合选项，故选A项。
6．D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：工作了10年后，我发现教书是一份工作，在此工作中你在做一些严肃但有趣的事情。分析句子可知，这是一个定语从句，先行词为 a job，在从句中作抽象的地点状语，应用关系副词where引导该从句。故选D项。
7．B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：——你觉得我们学校上周六组织的活动怎么样？——这是我们学习团队精神的一个平台。此处为定语从句修饰先行词platform，先行词在从句中作地点状语，用where引导。故选B。
8．B
【解析】考查定语从句及强调句。句意：可能是在你昨天和伴侣共进晚餐的餐厅里，你丢失了手包吗？根据句意及句子结构可知，第一空考查定语从句，引导词指代先行词restaurant，并在从句中作地点状语，第一空用where引导；第二空考查强调句，句子结构是it be+被强调部分+who/that，被强调部分是in the restaurant ______ you had dinner with your partner yesterday，引导词应用that。故选B。
9．B
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：战争是如此残酷，以至于它总是造成巨大的损失，就像在乌克兰和其他国家发生的那样。根据句意及句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，缺少的引导词指代先行词“A war is so cruel that it always causes great losses”在从句中作主语，且表示“正如”，应用as引导该从句。故选B。
10．C
【解析】考查固定句型和定语从句。句意：要过一段时间他才能再见到他父亲，他父亲的公司刚刚在英国成立。it is some time before...是固定句型，意为“过一段时间才……”，因此第一空是before，引导时间状语从句；分析句子结构可知，第二空引导的是非限制性定语从句，“his father”和business之间是所属关系，因此第二空用关系代词whose，故选C。
11．C
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。句意：这是奥斯卡历史上最令人惊讶的时刻之一，演员威尔·史密斯走上舞台，因为洛克开了一个关于史密斯妻子头发的玩笑而掌掴克里斯·洛克。分析句子可知，句中含有两个限制性定语从句。第一个定语从句的先行词是one of the most surprising moments，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用关系副词when引导；第二个定语从句的先行词是joke，关系词在定语从句中作宾语，故用关系代词that/which。故选C项。
12．C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：中国有许多条江，其中，长江是最长的。分析句子结构可知，该句是非限制性定语从句，设空处需填引导词，从句主语是the Changjiang River，系表结构是is the longest，并结合句意“其中”，则设空处需填among which，充当从句状语。故选C项。
13．D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我借给伯纳德一些钱，他的房子在台风中被掀翻了。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是Bernard，指人，在从句中作名词house的定语，应用关系代词whose引导。故选D。
14．D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：屠呦呦获得了诺贝尔奖，这被认为是一项非常杰出的国际荣誉。分析可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词Nobel Prize是物，因此空格处用关系代词which，故选D。
15．D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：一个好的政府不是挑选技术，而是建立支持和鼓励创新进入市场的条件。句中先行词为conditions，是抽象地点名词，且定语从句中缺少地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故选D。
16．B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这位探险家只带他真正需要的人和东西进入丛林。such ... as ...用于引导定语从句，as在定语从句中作needed的宾语。such ...that ...用于引导结果状语从句 ，that在从句中不作成分。故选B。
17．B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我想要感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助我就不会走得这么远。分析句子可知，本句为定语从句，先行词Professor Smith，在后面定语从句中作help的定语，所以关系代词为whose。故选B项。
18．D
【解析】考查主谓一致和定语从句。句意：我们的老师和朋友约翰逊先生被邀请参加会议，在会上他将向学生们发表演讲。第一个空处要填谓语动词，主语Mr. Johnson表单数，所以谓语动词也要用单数形式was invited；第二空处是非限制性定语从句，先行词meeting是地点名词，从句中不缺少主语和宾语，所以用关系副词where引导该从句。故选D。
19．C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我的家人将永远感谢那些我们从他们那得到援助的人们。分析句子可知，句子为限制性定语从句，先行词为people，指人，在从句中作介词from的宾语，应用关系代词whom引导从句。故选C项。
20．B
【解析】考查定语从句和强调句。句意：事故是在我们过去住的那个村庄发生的吗？根据句子结构，第一空为which引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the village，先行词在定语从句中作live in的宾语，应用关系代词which引导；分析句子，全句使用了强调句型“It + is/was + 被强调部分 + that + 句子其它部分”的一般疑问句形式，本句强调的是原句中地点状语“in the village where we used to live in”，句子其它部分由that引出。故选B。
21．D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：小心!你站在一座危险的桥上，桥的楼梯正在修理。句子先行词为a dangerous bridge，在非限定性定语从句中作名词stairs 的定语，所以用关系代词whose引导。故选D。
22．C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：狼是高度群居的动物，它们的成功依赖于合作。分析可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，先行词Wolves和success之间是所属关系，因此空格处用表示所属的关系代词whose引导定语从句，故选C。
23．B
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句的关系代词。句意：龙塔每天吸引着数百名游客，从它的顶端游客可以欣赏到哈尔滨的美景。根据句子结构，此题考查非限制性定语从句，先行词为The Dragon Tower，先行词在从句中作定语，修饰名词top，故用关系代词whose。故选B项。
24．A
【解析】考查which引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：受海豚的启发，人们已经学会了如何在水下发送信号，这目前被用于海啸预警系统。分析句子结构及句意可知，空处应填非限制性定语引导词，先行词是空前主句的内容，且从句缺少主语，应用关系代词which引导从句。故选A。
25．B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在这部奇幻的科幻小说中，我发现自己与主人公产生了共鸣。分析可知，空格处引导的是定语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，先行词science fiction是抽象地点，因此空格处用关系副词where，作地点状语，故选B。
26．C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我最喜欢的作家是文学界的关键人物，他的大部分作品都被搬到了舞台和银幕。分析句子结构，逗号后是“most of+关系词”引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词writer，且结合语意，此处表示作家的大部分作品，空处应用关系词whose，在从句中作定语。故选C项。
27．A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们永远不会忘记我的家人一起访问上海的日子。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是the days，在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导。故填A。
28．B
【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：你看到了作为你的母亲节礼物买来的向日葵吗？此题考查限制性定语从句，the sunflowers为先行词，先行词在从句中作主语，为物，设空处可用关系代词which或者that，且不能省略。故选B项。
29．A
【解析】定语从句中加入插入语。句意：他又做出了一项了不起的发明，我认为这对科学非常重要。因插入语应位于引导词之后，所以D项不对，B、C两项无法构成正确结构。故选A。
30．B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：治疗将继续进行，直到患者能够正确和安全地行走。分析句子结构可知，空格后为定语从句，修饰名词point；表示“阶段、程度、地步”，在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用where引导定语从句。故选B。
二、
【答案与解析】这是一篇应用文。Wu Shang写信感谢王教授给自己的研究提供有用的建议，介绍了自己关于广告的文章以及对公益广告的体会。
31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我想感谢你在我的研究过程中给了我这么有用的建议。A. introduce介绍；B. advise建议；C. tell告诉；D. thank感谢。根据后文“you for offering me such useful advice”可知是感谢对方提供建议，thank sb. for doing sth.表示“为……感谢某人”。故选D。
32．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我已经完成了关于广告的文章，我对它很满意。A. advertisements广告；B. sports运动；C. services服务；D. products产品。对应后文“I never knew that advertisements were so interesting!”可知文章是关于广告的。故选A。
33．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我已经完成了关于广告的文章，我对它很满意。A. worried担心的饿；B. satisfied满意的；C. angry愤怒的；D. upset沮丧的。根据后文“I wrote will really help others”可知作者对自己的文章满意，故选B。
34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它刚刚在我们学校的网站上发布。A. pointed指向；B. played玩耍；C. published出版，发布；D. written写。根据后文“our school website”指在网站上发布，应用publish。故选C。
35．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我写的这篇文章真的会帮助到别人。A. article文章；B. information信息；C. knowledge知识；D. website网站。对应上文“I have completed my article”指作者写的这篇文章可以帮助别人。故选A。
36．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我希望同学们看了我的文章后，终于明白公益广告是为了教育我们公益问题，商业广告是为了推销产品或服务。A. feel感觉；B. hear听见；C. touch触碰；D. read阅读。根据宾语my article指阅读文章，应用read。故选D。
37．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我希望同学们看了我的文章后，终于明白公益广告是为了教育我们公益问题，商业广告是为了推销产品或服务。A. finally终于；B. luckily幸运地；C. freely自由地；D. hardly几乎不。根据后文“understand that public service ads are”指终于明白公益广告的意义，故选A。
38．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我希望同学们看了我的文章后，终于明白公益广告是为了教育我们公益问题，商业广告是为了推销产品或服务。A. convinced确信的；B. delighted高兴的；C. determined坚定的；D. intended打算。根据后文“to educate us about public welfare issues”指公益广告是为了教育我们公益问题，应用短语be intended to表示“意图是，为了”。故选D。
39．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我希望同学们看了我的文章后，终于明白公益广告是为了教育我们公益问题，商业广告是为了推销产品或服务。A. promote推销，促进；B. save拯救；C. prepare准备；D. protect保护。根据后文“products or services”指商业广告是为了推销产品或服务。故选A。
40．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在我们谈话之前，我并没有想太多关于广告商如何试图欺骗顾客购买产品或服务的问题。A. students学生；B. professors教授；C. customers顾客；D. advertisers打广告的人。根据后文“into buying a product or a service”可知，商业广告是为了欺骗顾客购买产品或服务。故选C。
41．考查连词词义辨析。句意：即使有很多令人兴奋的图片和有说服力的语言，我会记得思考我买的东西。A. Because因为；B. If如果；C. Even though即使；D. When当……时候。引导让步状语从句，表示“即使”应用even though。故选C。
42．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我也会更加关注全国范围内的公益广告活动，因为现在我知道它们有多有用了。A. still仍然；B. also也；C. too太；D. even甚至。根据后文“pay a lot more attention to the nationwide public service ad campaigns”可知，作者从与王教授的谈话中受益，会思考买的东西，也会更加关注全国范围内的公益广告活动，故选B。
43．考查连词词义辨析。句意：我也会更加关注全国范围内的公益广告活动，因为现在我知道它们有多有用了。A. how如何；B. what什么；C. although虽然；D. whether是否。此处为感叹句，感叹形容词helpful应用how。故选A。
44．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我也会鼓励我的朋友们去关注它们。A. force迫使；B. decide决定；C. know知道；D. encourage鼓励。根据后文“my friends to pay attention to them as well”指鼓励朋友去关注活动，故选D。
45．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：再次感谢你帮我找到这么多有用的信息！A. useless无用的；B. useful有用的；C. thankful感谢的；D. boring无聊的。根据第一段中“me such useful advice during my research”可知这些信息很有用。故选B。
三、
1
46．with
47．to see
48．Colourful/colorful
49．frightening
50．But
51．lay
52．activities
53．which
54．an
55．largely
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者进行蹦床运动的经历及感受。
46．考查介词。句意：因此，找到一个好的方法来应对压力是很重要的。deal with为短语，表示“处理，应付”。故填with。
47．考查非谓语动词。句意：门开了，你惊奇地看到人们像超级英雄一样四处跳着、飞着。分析句子结构可知，此处是“形容词+不定式”结构，不定式作状语。see的不定式为to see。故填to see。
48．考查形容词。句意：蹦床公园里到处都是五颜六色的充气玩具。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填形容词colourful或colorful，作定语，修饰名词trampolines。故填colourful或colorful。
49．考查形容词。句意：刚开始有点吓人，因为我们几乎不能在蹦床上走。此处指“令人害怕的”，It充当主语，所以此处应用-ing形式的情感形容词frightening表示“令人害怕的”。故填frightening。
50．考查连词。句意：刚开始有点吓人，因为我们几乎不能在蹦床上走。但是当我开始跳的时候，我感觉所有的压力都离开了我的身体。结合语意，设空处前后是转折关系，所以此处应用连词but表转折。句首字母要大写。故填But。
51．考查动词时态。句意：跳了一会儿，我躺下，闭上眼睛，想象着自己变成了一只可以触摸天空的小鸟。根据该句中的closed可知，此处陈述的是过去发生的事情，故时态应用一般过去时。lie的过去式为lay。故填lay。
52．考查名词。句意：还有其他一些蹦蹦跳跳的活动。some other后跟可数名词复数。故填activities。
53．考查定语从句。句意：我最喜欢的是篮球扣篮区，那里有一个在跑道蹦床上方的篮球筐。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，area是先行词，指物，在后面的定语从句中充当主语，所以此处只能用which引导从句。故填which。
54．考查冠词。句意：因为弹跳产生了力量，我可以像NBA巨星一样灌篮。此处NBA巨星是泛指，而且NBA的发音以元音音素开头，所以应用不定冠词an修饰。故填an。
55．考查副词。句意：户外活动主要取决于天气。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填副词largely作状语，修饰谓语depend on。故填largely。
2
56．invention
57．a
58．seriously
59．to fight
60．brought
61．worse
62．However
63．dreaming
64．on
65．have been approved
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了大学生邹勇松身患严重肾病但仍然坚持学习、科研的故事。
56．考查名词。句意：一位表现出巨大勇气抗击严重肾病，同时追随他的科学发明梦想的大学生鼓舞了许多人。此处作介词in的宾语，且有形容词scientific修饰，应用名词invention。故填invention。
57．考查冠词。句意：邹四岁时发高烧，村里医疗不善，导致肾脏严重受损。固定短语catch a fever“发烧”，high是以辅音音素开头的词，应用a。故填a。
58．考查副词。句意：邹四岁时发高烧，村里医疗不善，导致肾脏严重受损。此处修饰过去分词damaged，应用副词，作状语。故填seriously。
59．考查非谓语动词。句意：从那以后，他就遭受了肾脏问题，不得不每天吃药来对抗这种疾病。此处作目的状语，应用动词不定式。故填to fight。
60．考查非谓语动词。句意：虽然他遭受了疾病带来的痛苦，但他没有放弃上学。the pain与bring之间是逻辑动宾关系，应用过去分词，作后置定语，表被动。故填brought。
61．考查形容词比较级。句意：2017年，他的病情恶化，不得不接受透析治疗。由“he had to receive dialysis (透析) treatment”可知，他的病情变得更差了，应用比较级。故填worse。
62．考查副词。句意：然而，身体上的痛苦并没能阻止他从事科学事业的梦想。此处与上文存在转折关系，且有逗号隔开，应用转折副词however，句首单词，首字母要大写。故填However。
63．考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，身体上的痛苦并没能阻止他从事科学事业的梦想。固定搭配stop sb.(from) doing sth.“阻止某人做某事”。故填dreaming。
64．考查介词。句意：即使在住院期间，他也坚持从事专利申请工作。insist on为固定搭配，译为“坚持做……”，故填on。
65．考查动词语态。句意：在过去的两年里，他的六项专利和版权已获得批准。由时间状语Over the last two years可知，应用现在完成时，主语与approve之间是逻辑动宾关系，应用被动语态。故填have been approved。
3
66．generally
67．viewed
68．people’s
69．which
70．another
71．announcement
72．will be linked
73．In
74．coming
75．but
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了火车的迅速发展及坐火车旅行的优点。
66．考查副词。句意：火车比飞机更干净、更环保、更宽敞，而且一般来说没有飞机那么麻烦。设空处修饰形容词比较级less troublesome，应用副词 generally，表示“一般地；大体上”，故填 generally。
67．考查过去分词。句意：曾经被视为旅行的过去，铁路现在开始看起来很像旅行的未来。Once引导的时间状语从句中省了主语和be动词，主语rail与动词view“视为”之间为被动关系，应用过去分词形式，故填viewed。
68．考查名词所有格。句意：在美国，列车网络的巨大扩张正吸引着人们的注意力。设空处修饰名词 attention，应用名词所有格，故填 people’s。
69．考查非限制性定语从句。句意：卧铺服务在主要目的地之间通宵运营，摆脱了火车旅行的主要缺点：旅行时间过长。设空处需要一个关系词引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sleeper services，在从句中作主语指物，应用关系代词 which引导该从句，故填 which。
70．考查代词。句意：就像火车上的红眼航班一样，你可以在一个城市的中心登上火车，在另一个城市醒来，准备喝一杯咖啡，然后进行探索。根据句意，此处应填代词 another，与前面one对应，one…another表示不确定范围中的人或物中的“一个，另一个”。故填 another。
71．考查名词。句意：我们非常高兴地听到五条新的欧洲夜间列车线路的宣布，它们将在未来四年内开通。设空前有定冠词the修饰，应用名词 announcement作hear about的宾语，表示“宣布，宣告”，此处为特指，故填announcement。
72．考查动词的时态语态。句意：新航线将连接八个欧洲国家。根据上一句中时间状语 over the next four years可知，本句应用一般将来时，主语 A total of eight European countries与动词link之间为被动关系，所以用一般将来时的被动语态，故填will be linked。
73．考查介词。句意：简言之，在未来几年里，你的欧洲之旅将不是在机场而是通过火车站。 in short“简言之，总之”，固定短语，且句首单词首字母需大写，故填In。
74．考查形容词。句意：简言之，在未来几年里，你的欧洲之旅将不是在机场而是通过火车站。设空处修饰名词years，应用形容词 coming作定语，表示“即将到来的”，故填coming。
75．考查连词。句意：简言之，在未来几年里，你的欧洲之旅将不是在机场而是通过火车站。 not…but表示“不是……而是”，连接并列的成分，故填but。
4
76．celebrations
77．on
78．which##that
79．are written
80．to guess
81．Interestingly
82．However
83．original
84．living
85．the
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国的传统节日元宵节。
76．考查可数名词复数。句意：它也标志着中国新年庆祝活动的最后一天。celebration在这里意为“庆祝活动”，是可数名词，结合语境及常识可知，新年庆祝活动不止一种，故此处应用其复数形式表泛指。故填celebrations。
77．考查介词。句意：无论你去哪里，你都可以在节日那天看到美丽的灯笼。具体到哪一天应用介词on。故填on。
78．考查定语从句关系词。句意：晚上，大多数城市都会组织灯会，增加节日气氛。分析可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为lantern shows，指物，在定语从句中作主语，故需用关系代词 which或that引导。故填 which/that。
79．考查时态、语态及主谓一致。句意：通常，谜语写在灯笼上。分析可知，所填词在句中作谓语，由语境及时间状语usually可知，此处是在陈述事实，应使用一般现在时，主语riddles和write为动宾关系，故需用一般现在时的被动语态，且主语 riddles是复数，故be动词应用are。故填 are written。
80．考查动词不定式。句意：人们围在周围，试着猜谜语。根据句意表示“尝试做某事”应用try to do sth.，动词不定式作宾语。故填 to guess。
81．考查副词。句意：有趣的是，元宵节在过去被称为中国的情人节。分析可知，此处应用副词作状语，修饰整个句子，所填词位于句首，首字母应大写。故填Interestingly。
82．考查副词。句意：然而，在今天的中国大部分地区，这个节日已经失去了原始的意义。结合句意可知，前后文之间为转折关系，故应用副词 however作状语，所填词位于句首，首字母应大写。故填However。
83．考查形容词。句意：然而，在今天的中国大部分地区，这个节日已经失去了这些原始的意义。修饰后文名词meanings应用形容词 original作定语。故填original。
84．考查现在分词。句意：生活在世界上任何地方的中国人都可以体验和分享这个激动人心的节日。分析可知，此处应填非谓语动词，且live与其逻辑主语Chinese people之间为主谓关系，故此处需用现在分词作后置定语。故填living。
85．考查冠词。句意：生活在世界任何地方的中国人都可以体验和分享这个激动人心的节日。根据语境可知，此处特指元宵节这个节日，应用定冠词the表特指。故填the。
5
86．living
87．to compete
88．for
89．year’s##yearly
90．attached
91．other
92．but
93．separately
94．was published
95．an
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了将于今年4月举行的第三届法拉盛诗歌节的相关内容。
86．考查现在分词。句意：第三届法拉盛诗歌节将于今年4月举行，以庆祝生活在海外的中国现代诗人，并鼓励跨文化对话和翻译这些诗人的诗歌。本句已有谓语will be held且无连词，动词live用非谓语形式，逻辑主语modern Chinese poets与动词live是主谓关系，live用现在分词（doing）表主动，作后置定语。故填living。
87．考查动词不定式。句意：诗歌应在2021年2月15日之前提交，参加该艺术节的比赛，该艺术节将以中文和英文免费向公众开放。此处作目的状语，应用动词不定式。故填to compete。
88．考查固定搭配。句意：诗歌应在2021年2月15日之前提交，参加该艺术节的比赛，该艺术节将以中文和英文免费向公众开放。固定搭配for free (免费)。故填for。
89．考查名词所有格或形容词。句意：该诗歌节由美国华裔诗人发起，每年一次的活动将由《一线纽约》编辑委员会主办，《一线纽约》是法拉盛诗歌节的附属在线诗歌杂志。该空可用名词所有格year’s或形容词yearly，表“每年的”，作定语，修饰名词event。故填year’s或yearly。
90．考查过去分词。句意：该诗歌节由美国华裔诗人发起，每年一次的活动将由《一线纽约》编辑委员会主办，《一线纽约》是法拉盛诗歌节的附属在线诗歌杂志。该空与前面谓语无连词连接，动词attach用非谓语形式，逻辑主语an online poetry magazine与动词attach是被动关系，attach用过去分词，作后置定语。故填attached。
91．考查代词。句意：目的是鼓励海外中国诗人发表他们的原创作品，并在中国诗人和用英语及其它语言写作的诗人之间架起一座桥梁。结合句意可知，用代词other (其它的)，修饰名词languages。故填other。
92．考查连词。句意：诗歌节将在美国全国诗歌月期间举行，但由于新冠肺炎疫情，活动的地点和形式将稍后决定。前后句子是转折关系，用转折连词but (但)。故填but。
93．考查副词。句意：2018年和2019年分别举办了第一届和第二届法拉盛诗歌节，获奖诗歌在网上发布。此处修饰动词held，用副词separately，作状语。故填separately。
94．考查时态语态。句意：2018年和2019年分别举办了第一届和第二届法拉盛诗歌节，获奖诗歌在网上发布。结合时间状语in 2018 and 2019可知，事情发生在过去，主语winning poetry和谓语动词publish是被动关系，用一般过去时的被动语态，动名词短语winning poetry作主语，谓语单数形式。故填was published。
95．考查冠词。句意：前两届诗歌节的日程安排包括颁奖典礼、诗歌朗诵和小组讨论。此处泛指“一个颁奖典礼”，且award以元音音素开头，用不定冠词an。故填an。